{"id":4800,"date":"2026-04-21T11:08:44","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T11:08:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/lucifer\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:29:26","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:29:26","slug":"lucifer","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/lucifer\/","title":{"rendered":"Lucifer"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4800\" class=\"elementor elementor-4800 elementor-1019\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lucifer, God of the Christian Tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>The bringer of light who fell, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Abrahamic religions, a heavenly messenger being of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">angel<\/span> of pride.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: Personified supreme power in the pantheon of a culture, with clear responsibilities such as forces of nature, fate, war, fertility. Venerated through cults, sacrifices and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/christianity\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Christian tradition with its angels, demons and mystical beings.\">Christianity<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/anti-gods\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Powers of chaos and cosmic adversaries, antagonists in the dualism of the history of religion.\">Anti-God<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_luzifer-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4661\" alt=\"Lucifer - Gods from the Christian tradition, historical and illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_luzifer-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_luzifer-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_luzifer-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_luzifer.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lucifer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lucifer is a god of the Christian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>.<\/p><p>In Christian tradition, Lucifer is the figure of the highest fallen angel. The equation with Satan is medieval; originally \u201eLucifer\u201c (Latin for \u201elight bearer\u201c) is merely the name of the morning star and, in Isaiah 14:12, is applied figuratively to a fallen ruler.<\/p><p>The Church Fathers read this passage as the primal scene of the fall of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Abrahamic religions, a heavenly messenger being of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">angels<\/span>, thereby creating the central figure of medieval demonology.<\/p><p>In the modern era, Lucifer has undergone a complex reception: Milton\u2019s <em>Paradise Lost<\/em> gives him dignity and tragic depth; Goethe\u2019s Mephistopheles is an ironic descendant; in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Collective term for teachings that claim a hidden knowledge accessible only to initiates.\" tabindex=\"0\">esotericism<\/span> and modernity, Lucifer is at times interpreted positively as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of rebellion against heteronomous authority.<\/p><div><p><strong>Isaiah 14:12 as a key text<\/strong><\/p><p>In the history of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span>, the figure of Lucifer as a fallen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Abrahamic religions, a heavenly messenger being of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">angel<\/span> goes back to a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transitional epoch between antiquity and the Middle Ages, roughly the 3rd to 7th century.\" tabindex=\"0\">late-antique<\/span> Christian interpretation of Isaiah 14:12. In its original prophetic context, the verse (<em>How you have fallen from heaven, O morning star, O son of the dawn<\/em>) refers to the Babylonian king and is a mocking lament over his political downfall.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The theology and writings of the Church Fathers (2nd to 8th c.), e.g. Augustine, Jerome, Origen, Chrysostom.\" tabindex=\"0\">patristic<\/span> interpretation since Origen (<em>De principiis<\/em>, ca. 230) reads it typologically as the fall of the angels: the Hebrew <em>Helel ben Shahar<\/em> is rendered in the Vulgate as <em>Lucifer<\/em> (Latin for \u201elight bearer\u201c).<\/p><p>Jerome identifies the verse with the pre-creation fall of the angel, thereby fixing the Lucifer-mythological tradition for the Latin Middle Ages.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Brief profile: Lucifer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> Fallen angel of light<br>Origin: Late-antique Christian interpretation of Isa 14<br>Texts: Isa 14, Lk 10:18, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Theology and writings of the Church Fathers (2nd-8th c.), e.g. Augustine, Jerome, Origen, Chrysostom.\" tabindex=\"0\">patristics<\/span>, Milton<br>Period: 4th century to the present<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A fixed epithet that characterizes a deity or figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">Epithet<\/span>: Light bearer, morning star, son of the dawn<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Period of the texts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The patristics of the 4th and 5th centuries interpret Isa 14:12 as the fall of the angels. Medieval <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Italian theologian (1225-1274); principal work Summa Theologiae; Aristotelian synthesis of Christian philosophy.\" tabindex=\"0\">Thomas Aquinas<\/span>) develops this further. Milton (17th century) creates the principal literary figure. Romanticism and modernity discover Lucifer as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands representatively for a concept or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolic<\/span> figure of rebellion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Area of distribution<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Christian cultural sphere as a whole; especially present in Western European <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span> and literature. In the modern era, worldwide through literature, painting and popular culture.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Source situation<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Isa 14:12; Lk 10:18; 2 Cor 11:14; patristics (Origen, Jerome, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Augustine of Hippo (354-430); Christian Church Father, principal works Confessiones and De civitate Dei.\" tabindex=\"0\">Augustine<\/span>), Milton, Goethe, Byron, Romantic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span>, neo-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Collective term for teachings that claim a hidden knowledge accessible only to initiates.\" tabindex=\"0\">esoteric<\/span> literature.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Designation and spellings<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Latin:<\/strong> <em>Lucifer<\/em>, \u201elight bearer\u201c (from <em>lux<\/em> + <em>ferre<\/em>).<br>Hebrew (Isa 14:12): <em>Helel ben Shahar<\/em>, \u201eShining One, son of the dawn\u201c.<br>Greek: <em>Phosphoros<\/em>, \u201ebringer of light\u201c.<br>Medieval: Lucifer, mostly identified with Satan.<\/p><p>The name is astronomical: morning star (Venus). Isaiah 14 is a mocking lament against a Babylonian king who fell from heaven as the \u201emorning star\u201c. The early Church read this typologically as the fall of the highest angel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Characteristics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Appearance<\/strong><\/p><p>Originally the most beautiful of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Abrahamic religions, a heavenly messenger being of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">angels<\/span>. After the fall: dark and disfigured (patristics) or dignified and tragic (Milton). Modern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span> ranges from the horned devil to the romantic, melancholic genius.<\/p><p><strong>Behavior<\/strong><\/p><p>Before the fall: the highest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Abrahamic religions, a heavenly messenger being of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">angel<\/span> in God\u2019s presence. At the fall: he wishes to be like God and incites rebellion. After the fall: tempter, ruler of hell, and at the same time a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of immeasurable loss.<\/p><p><strong>Sphere of influence<\/strong><\/p><p>Cosmic, as a key figure in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> of the fall of the angels. Ethical, as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of pride. Literary and cultural, as a touchstone of human self-empowerment.<\/p><p><strong>Mythological origin<\/strong><\/p><p>An astronomical name for Venus, theologically charged through Isa 14 and New Testament accounts of the fall. In patristics, developed into the original figure of evil.<\/p><div><p><strong>Medieval <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Abrahamic religions, a heavenly messenger being of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">angelic<\/span> hierarchy and Dante<\/strong><\/p><p>In the medieval angelic hierarchy according to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Late-antique theological author (ca. 500); principal work De caelesti hierarchia.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pseudo-Dionysius<\/span> the Areopagite (<em>De caelesti hierarchia<\/em>, ca. 500), Lucifer originally belonged to the highest choir of the Seraphim, whose rebellion and fall are the paradigmatic example of pride (<em>superbia<\/em>).<\/p><p>Dante\u2019s <em>Divina Commedia<\/em> (ca. 1308, 1320) places Lucifer in the ninth and deepest circle of hell (<em>Cocytus<\/em>), as a three-headed being with three pairs of faces that gnaws on the three greatest traitors of humanity: Judas, Brutus and Cassius.<\/p><p>This position makes Dante\u2019s Lucifer the standard iconographic form for several centuries.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Only John Milton\u2019s <em>Paradise Lost<\/em> (1667) shifts the axis of sympathy: his Lucifer is a sublime tragic figure whose fall moves the reader; this reading shapes the Romantic reception of Lucifer (William Blake, <em>The Marriage of Heaven and Hell<\/em>, 1790; Lord Byron, <em>Cain<\/em>, 1821).<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profile: Lucifer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important aspects of Lucifer at a glance. You will find the detailed treatment of name, description, defense and parallels in chapters 2, 3, 5 and 6.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lucifer\u2019s origin<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Name of the morning star (Venus); applied typologically to the fall of the angels in Isa 14. In the Middle Ages, identified with Satan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Object of influence<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The aspiring, the proud, the intellectual elite (in patristics); as a literary figure: modern humanity in search of self-determination.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lucifer\u2019s appearance<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most beautiful of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Abrahamic religions, a heavenly messenger being of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">angels<\/span>; dark after the fall. Milton\u2019s Lucifer: dignified, tragic. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">Iconography<\/span> varies from a devilish figure to a melancholic genius.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sphere of influence<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Temptation to pride and to self-empowerment. Causes the fall of the angels. At the same time a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of the tragic loss of divine closeness.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protection<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As with Satan: sacraments, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The verbal turning of a person toward a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">prayer<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or conjuring address of a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> of saints, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ritual expulsion of a spirit or demon understood as harmful.\" tabindex=\"0\">exorcism<\/span>. Spiritual tradition: above all humility as a counter-means to Luciferian pride.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lucifer\u2019s parallels<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Icarus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span>), Prometheus (the revolt of the Titans), Samael (Jewish), Iblis (Islam), modern figures of rebellion (Byron\u2019s Cain, Milton\u2019s Satan).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protective practice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituals of defense<\/strong><\/p><p>As with Christian defense against <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demons<\/span> in general. Particularly emphasized in monastic and ascetic contexts: humility as a deliberate virtue against pride, regular confession, lectio as a protective practice.<\/p><p><strong>Conjurations<\/strong><\/p><p>Formulas of exorcism mostly name Lucifer together with Satan. Medieval sermons and collections of exempla warn against <em>superbia luciferina<\/em> (\u201eLuciferian pride\u201c).<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object to which a protective, misfortune-averting effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Amulets<\/span> and protective symbols<\/strong><\/p><p>Depictions of Michael showing the fall of Lucifer have their own <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Warding off evil: of signs and objects intended to keep harmful influences away.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaic<\/span> power. The Benedictine medal with \u201eVRS NSMV SMQL IVB\u201c, the classic Latin protective formula against Satan \/ Lucifer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reception<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Medieval <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span>:<\/strong> Dante places Lucifer in the lowest circle of hell, in eternal ice. Medieval church painting depicts the fall as a powerful pictorial topos; Michael with the sword against the falling <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Abrahamic religions, a heavenly messenger being of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">angel<\/span> of light.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Milton\u2019s Paradise Lost:<\/strong> John Milton\u2019s epic (1667) draws a Lucifer of tragic greatness: \u201eBetter to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven.\u201c This figure shapes the modern literary reception.<\/span><\/p><p><strong>Romanticism, Symbolism, modernity:<\/strong> Byron, Baudelaire, Stefan George see Lucifer as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of human self-empowerment. In modern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Collective term for teachings that claim a hidden knowledge accessible only to initiates.\" tabindex=\"0\">esotericism<\/span> (Luciferianism) he is at times turned to the positive, a reversal not shared by mainstream <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>.<\/p><div><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">Theological<\/span> and literary treatment<\/strong><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Standard works on the Lucifer tradition: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"US historian of religion (b. 1934); four-volume study of the history of the Devil (1977 to 1986).\" tabindex=\"0\">Jeffrey Burton Russell<\/span>, <em>Lucifer. The Devil in the Middle Ages<\/em> (Cornell University Press, Ithaca 1984); Bernard McGinn, <em>Antichrist. Two Thousand Years of the Human Fascination with Evil<\/em> (Harper, San Francisco 1994); Jonathan A. Glenn (ed.), <em>Lucifer in the Middle Ages<\/em> (1990).<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>For the literary treatment, Helen Gardner, <em>Religion and Literature<\/em> (Faber, London 1971); Christopher Ricks, <em>Milton\u2019s Grand Style<\/em> (Clarendon, Oxford 1963).<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>The identification of Lucifer with Satan is standardized in patristics, but is occasionally debated theologically; some more recent theologians (Avraham Yarmolinsky, Elaine Pagels, <em>The Origin of Satan<\/em>, 1995) argue for a more critical separation of the Jewish, model-related Satan tradition from the Christian-mythological Lucifer tradition.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4b958d3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp4b958d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd88c54d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd88c54d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Isaiah 14: the fall of the morning star<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee5ce79 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpee5ce79\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp31210db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp31210db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The name Lucifer has a precisely determinable origin.<\/p><p>It comes from the Latin Bible translation by Jerome, the Vulgate, and appears there in the Book of Isaiah, chapter 14, verse 12. The Hebrew word in this passage is <em>helel ben shachar<\/em>, which means roughly &#8222;Shining One, son of the dawn&#8220; and designates the morning star, that is, the planet Venus in the morning sky.<\/p><p>Jerome rendered it as <em>lucifer<\/em>, &#8222;light bearer&#8220;, a common Latin word for the morning star.<\/p><p>The context of the passage is a mocking lament. Isaiah 14 is an <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution at which a divine pronouncement is sought.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> against the king of Babylon.<\/p><p>The text scoffs: &#8222;How you have fallen from heaven, you radiant morning star.&#8220; What is meant is the fall of an arrogant earthly ruler who wished to rise above the stars and is cast down into the underworld. In its original sense it is not about a fallen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Abrahamic religions, a heavenly messenger being of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">angel<\/span>.<\/p><p>Only the Christian interpretation linked this passage with a notion of the fall of a prideful angel.<\/p><p>Early Christian theologians such as Origen read Isaiah 14, together with Ezekiel 28, a lament over the king of Tyre, as a coded depiction of the fall of a prince of angels. The &#8222;morning star&#8220; of the Babylonian mocking lament thus became the proper name of a fallen angel.<\/p><p>This history of interpretation is well documented and is widely shared by historical-critical scholarship. It shows that Lucifer as a proper name is not a biblical given, but the result of a long work of interpretation that solidified a poetic image into an independent figure.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6947b00 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6947b00\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7ba27cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp7ba27cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lucifer, Satan, devil: three terms and their merging<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7556b0e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7556b0e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpef87bcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpef87bcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the popular imagination, Lucifer, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a> and the devil are one and the same figure. In the history of religion, these are three terms of different origin that were only equated over the course of time.<\/p><p><em>Satan<\/em> is a Hebrew word and means &#8222;adversary&#8220; or &#8222;accuser&#8220;. In the Book of Job, the Satan is a member of the heavenly court, an accuser in God\u2019s service, not an independent counter-god.<\/p><p><em>Devil<\/em> comes via Greek from <em>diabolos<\/em>, likewise &#8222;slanderer, accuser&#8220;, with which the Greek Bible translation rendered the Hebrew <em>satan<\/em>. <em>Lucifer<\/em>, finally, is, as described, a Latin word from Isaiah 14.<\/p><p>The three strands grew together into a single figure in early Christian and medieval <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>. Added to this was the account of the fall of the rebellious <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Abrahamic religions, a heavenly messenger being of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">angels<\/span>, which drew on scattered biblical allusions and intertestamental literature, such as the Ethiopic Book of Enoch.<\/p><p>The result was the closed notion: a once high <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Abrahamic religions, a heavenly messenger being of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">angel<\/span> named Lucifer who rose against God, was cast out of heaven with his followers, and has since seduced humankind as Satan or the devil.<\/p><p>Some ecclesiastical tradition still distinguishes slightly to this day between the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Abrahamic religions, a heavenly messenger being of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">angel<\/span> before the fall, Lucifer, and the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effects are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> after the fall, Satan. Other currents use the names synonymously. For a precise understanding, it is important to keep the different origins in view rather than taking the merging for granted.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa39bbe1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa39bbe1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26a230c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp26a230c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The legacy of the early Church: why Lucifer was also a saint\u2019s name<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1b5e939 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1b5e939\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc2ca524 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc2ca524\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>An often overlooked finding shows how late the negative fixing of the name took place.<\/p><p>In the Latin Christianity of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transitional epoch between antiquity and the Middle Ages, roughly the 3rd to 7th century.\" tabindex=\"0\">late antiquity<\/span>, <em>Lucifer<\/em> was an ordinary personal name with nothing objectionable about it. The best-known bearer is Lucifer of Cagliari, a bishop of Sardinia in the 4th century, who appeared as an uncompromising opponent of Arianism. In parts of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> he is even listed as a saint.<\/p><p>In the Christian poetry of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to AD 600.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiquity<\/span> too, <em>lucifer<\/em> could be used unselfconsciously as a designation of the morning star, at times even in a positive sense referring to Christ.<\/p><p>In the <em>Exsultet<\/em>, the hymn of the Easter Vigil, Christ is spoken of as the true morning star; the Latin text here uses the word <em>lucifer<\/em> in its original, harmless meaning.<\/p><p>Only in the Middle Ages did the name finally establish itself as a designation of the fallen angel, so that it became impossible as a personal name. Scholarship sees in this a process in which the theological interpretation of Isaiah 14 gradually displaced the everyday meaning.<\/p><p>This finding is instructive for the history of religion. It demonstrates that the identity &#8222;Lucifer equals devil&#8220; was not fixed from the outset, but developed over centuries. Anyone who hears the name today inevitably thinks of the devil; a Christian of late antiquity would first have thought of the morning star or of a bishop.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75fe370 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp75fe370\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3d0a0fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3d0a0fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Milton\u2019s Lucifer and Romanticism: the rise of a literary figure<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0b17e71 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0b17e71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfd18aa3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfd18aa3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lucifer\u2019s literary career is closely tied to John Milton\u2019s epic <em>Paradise Lost<\/em> (1667). Milton depicts the fall of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Abrahamic religions, a heavenly messenger being of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">angels<\/span> and makes the figure he mostly calls <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a> the dramatic protagonist of the first books.<\/p><p>His Satan is eloquent, strong-willed and tragic; the famous line that it is better to reign in hell than to serve in heaven sums up his defiance.<\/p><p>Milton certainly did not intend to portray a hero, yet the effect was ambivalent. As early as the 18th and especially the 19th century, Romantic poets and critics read Milton\u2019s Satan as a fascinating, almost admirable figure of rebellion. William Blake formulated the provocative thesis that Milton was &#8222;of the devil\u2019s party without knowing it&#8220;.<\/p><p>In Romanticism, the fallen figure of light became an <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A vivid image that stands for an abstract idea.\" tabindex=\"0\">emblem<\/span> of the rebel, the seeker of freedom, the one rising up against an order perceived as tyrannical. Lord Byron, Percy Shelley and others took up the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span>. This &#8222;sympathetic&#8220; figure of Lucifer is a literary construction that departs far from the theological finding.<\/p><p>In modern popular culture, both are present: the threatening devil of the Christian tradition and the charismatic, ambivalent Lucifer of the literary line. Television series, novels and comics draw above all on the second.<\/p><p>For the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">study of religion<\/span>, it is important to separate this layer of reception from the biblical and early-Church <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> rather than mixing them.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further links<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Recommended internal links:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/christianity\/\">Christianity<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a> (often identical)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/azazel\/\">Azazel<\/a> (background)<\/li><li>The fall of the angels and the apocalyptic tradition<\/li><li>Milton, Paradise Lost<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Research literature<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>A selection of central works on Lucifer:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Russell, Jeffrey Burton: <em>Lucifer. The Devil in the Middle Ages<\/em>. Ithaca 1984.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Forsyth, Neil: <em>The Satanic Epic<\/em>. Princeton 2003 (on Milton).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kelly, Henry Ansgar: <em>Satan. A Biography<\/em>. Cambridge 2006.<\/span><\/li><li>Schrock, Chad: <em>Lucifer. The Devil in the Middle Ages<\/em>. Review.<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Pagels, Elaine: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/originofsatan00page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Origin of Satan<\/a><\/em>. New York 1995.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Standard literature (Christianity):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Markschies, Christoph<\/strong>: <em>Das <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to AD 600.\" tabindex=\"0\">antike<\/span> Christentum. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The lived religious attitude and practice of a person.\" tabindex=\"0\">Fr\u00f6mmigkeit<\/span>, Lebensformen, Institutionen. Beck, M\u00fcnchen 2006.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Further standard works in the <a href=\"\/en\/literature\/\">literature index<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f696167 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f696167\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17ff7e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"17ff7e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Frequently asked questions about Lucifer<\/h2><div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Who is Lucifer in the Christian tradition?<\/h3><p>Lucifer (Latin Lucifer, light bearer) originally designates the morning star Venus, the brightest star before sunrise. Only in the Vulgate translation of Isaiah 14:12 was the term applied to an <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Abrahamic religions, a heavenly messenger being of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">angel<\/span> cast down from heaven.<\/p><p>In the Christian Middle Ages, Lucifer merged with the figure of Satan into the fallen archangel who rebelled against God out of pride. In modern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Collective term for teachings that claim a hidden knowledge accessible only to initiates.\" tabindex=\"0\">esotericism<\/span> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Esoteric teaching founded in 1875 by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky; a synthesis of Eastern wisdom, Spiritualism, and occultism.\" tabindex=\"0\">Theosophy<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offshoot of Theosophy developed by Rudolf Steiner from 1912, with an emphasis on pedagogy, medicine and Christology.\" tabindex=\"0\">Anthroposophy<\/span>), Lucifer is interpreted in a more differentiated way as a Luciferian spiritual force of pride and self-overestimation.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>What is the difference between Lucifer and Satan?<\/h3><p>Historically they are two different figures. Satan comes from Hebrew (accuser) and at first appears neutrally in the Old Testament.<\/p><p>Lucifer is a Latin designation for the morning star which, through a translation of the passage Isaiah 14:12, was linked with a fallen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Abrahamic religions, a heavenly messenger being of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">angel<\/span> figure. Only medieval <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> merged the two into a single figure. Modern theological and esoteric currents often distinguish them again.<\/p><\/div><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Who is Lucifer in the Christian tradition?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Lucifer (Latin Lucifer, light bearer) originally designates the morning star Venus, the brightest star before sunrise. Only in the Vulgate translation of Isaiah 14:12 was the term applied to an <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Abrahamic religions, a heavenly messenger being of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">angel<\/span> cast down from heaven. In the Christian Middle Ages, Lucifer merged with the figure of Satan into the fallen archangel who rebelled against God out of pride. In modern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Collective term for teachings that claim a hidden knowledge accessible only to initiates.\" tabindex=\"0\">esotericism<\/span> (Theosophy, Anthroposophy), Lucifer is interpreted in a more differentiated way as a Luciferian spiritual force of pride and self-overestimation.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the difference between Lucifer and Satan?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Historically they are two different figures. Satan comes from Hebrew (accuser) and at first appears neutrally in the Old Testament. Lucifer is a Latin designation for the morning star which, through a translation of the passage Isaiah 14:12, was linked with a fallen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Abrahamic religions, a heavenly messenger being of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">angel<\/span> figure. Only medieval <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> merged the two into a single figure. Modern theological and esoteric currents often distinguish them again.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lucifer, God of the Christian Tradition The bringer of light who fell, angel of pride. GodChristianityAnti-God Table of Contents Lucifer Lucifer is a god of the Christian tradition. In Christian tradition, Lucifer is the figure of the highest fallen angel. The equation with Satan is medieval; originally \u201eLucifer\u201c (Latin for \u201elight bearer\u201c) is merely the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4661,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Lucifer","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Lucifer: God of the Christian Tradition | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"In Christian tradition, Lucifer is the figure of the highest fallen angel. 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