{"id":4791,"date":"2026-04-21T09:29:55","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T09:29:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/dybbuk\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:29:23","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:29:23","slug":"dybbuk","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/dybbuk\/","title":{"rendered":"Dybbuk"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4791\" class=\"elementor elementor-4791 elementor-852\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dybbuk, a Spirit of the Jewish Tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Dybbuk is a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An incorporeal being to which effects in the world are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> of the Jewish <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>The clinging <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An incorporeal being to which effects in the world are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span>, possession in Lurianic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A current of Jewish mysticism with principal works such as Sefer Yetzirah and the Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kabbalah<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Spirit: An incorporeal or semi-corporeal entity, the deceased, nature beings, household spirits, or threshold guardians. Acts in everyday life, often bound to places or families.\">Spirit<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/judaism\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"The Jewish faith tradition from the Tanakh through Kabbalah to modern mysticism.\">Judaism<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/spirits-of-the-dead\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"The deceased whose spirits continue to act in this world, household spirits, ancestors, restless dead.\">Spirit of the Dead<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_dybbuk-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4792\" alt=\"Dybbuk - spirits from the Jewish tradition, historical and illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_dybbuk-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_dybbuk-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_dybbuk-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_dybbuk-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dybbuk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Dybbuk is the characteristic conception of possession in early modern Judaism. Unlike Asmodeus or Lilith, it is not a created demonic being but the soul of a deceased person that finds no rest and slips into a living human (it &#8220;clings&#8221;, Hebrew <em>dawak<\/em>).<\/p><p>The possessed person speaks with the voice of the intruder; their personality is overlaid; their health suffers.<\/p><p>The concept appears in full form with the Lurianic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A current of Jewish mysticism with principal works such as Sefer Yetzirah and the Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kabbalah<\/span> of the sixteenth century. The transmigration of souls (<em>gilgul<\/em>) and incomplete rebirth form the background: a Dybbuk is a soul whose earthly task remained unfinished or whose sins deny it the regular onward passage.<\/p><p>The Hasidic rebbe or learned kabbalist drives it out through <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The ritual expulsion of a spirit or demon understood to be harmful.\" tabindex=\"0\">exorcism<\/span>. S. An-ski&#8217;s stage play &#8220;The Dybbuk&#8221; (1920) made the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> known worldwide.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">At a Glance: Dybbuk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> Possessing spirit (soul of a deceased person)<br>Origin: The unredeemed deceased; souls with unfinished tasks or grave guilt<br>Texts: Lurianic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A current of Jewish mysticism with principal works such as Sefer Yetzirah and the Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kabbalah<\/span>; <em>Shivchei ha-Ari<\/em>; Hasidic tales; An-ski&#8217;s drama<br>Period: Sixteenth century to the present<br>Distribution: Palestine, Eastern European Jewish tradition, worldwide reception<br>Defense: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The ritual expulsion of a spirit or demon understood to be harmful.\" tabindex=\"0\">exorcism<\/span> (<em>tikkun<\/em>) by a rebbe or kabbalist; name <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span>; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The verbal turning of a person toward a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">prayer<\/span> rituals<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Period of the Texts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Early references to possession appear in rabbinic literature, but the term Dybbuk in its specific meaning becomes established only in the sixteenth century.<\/p><p>The school of Isaac Luria in Safed (Tzfat) develops the theory; Hasidic courts from the eighteenth century onward carry it forward in the Eastern European tradition. Shmuel An-ski&#8217;s stage play &#8220;The Dybbuk, or Between Two Worlds&#8221; (1920) brings the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> into world literature.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Area of Distribution<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Core region: Palestine (Safed) and Eastern European Jewry (Galicia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine). Further distribution in North African Sephardic circles. Through literature and film in the twentieth century, worldwide reception, often as a representative image of Jewish <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religious current focused on direct experience of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">mysticism<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">State of the Sources<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Central texts: <em>Shivchei ha-Ari<\/em> (Praises of Isaac Luria), <em>Sefer ha-Gilgulim<\/em> (Chaim Vital), Hasidic collections (Shivchei ha-Besht). Records of exorcisms from various rabbinic courts. In literature above all An-ski&#8217;s drama, the tales of Isaac Bashevis Singer, anthologies of Jewish folk literature.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name and Variants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Hebrew:<\/strong> <em>Dibbuk<\/em> (\u05d3\u05b4\u05bc\u05d1\u05bc\u05d5\u05bc\u05e7), from <em>davak<\/em> &#8220;to cling, to adhere&#8221;.<br>Full form: <em>dibbuk me-ruach ra&#8217;ah<\/em>, &#8220;the clinging of an evil spirit&#8221;.<br>Related terms: <em>gilgul<\/em> (transmigration of souls), <em>ibbur<\/em> (&#8220;impregnation&#8221;, a positive form of soul-cohabitation).<\/p><p>The distinction between <em>ibbur<\/em> and <em>dibbuk<\/em> is important: both denote the cohabitation of a foreign soul within a living person. <em>Ibbur<\/em> is voluntary and beneficial, a higher soul supports a living person. <em>Dibbuk<\/em> is involuntary and harmful, a restless soul uses the person as a place of refuge.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Characteristics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Appearance<\/strong><\/p><p>No independent pictorial tradition. The Dybbuk becomes visible through the body of the possessed: a change of voice (often deeper, foreign), altered speech (sometimes in another language or dialect), physical symptoms (convulsions, fainting, unusual strength).<\/p><p><strong>Behavior<\/strong><\/p><p>The Dybbuk uses the host&#8217;s body to speak. It tells its story, complains, demands. In many transmitted cases these are embittered <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A bodiless being to which agency in the world is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirits<\/span> with unresolved guilt; the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The ritual expulsion of a spirit or demon understood to be harmful.\" tabindex=\"0\">exorcism<\/span> becomes pastoral care for the dead as much as protection of the living.<\/p><p><strong>Sphere of Effect<\/strong><\/p><p>Individual possession; reported especially often in people in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The threshold phase in a transition between two states, such as between life and death, waking and dreaming.\" tabindex=\"0\">liminal<\/span> situations, before a wedding, during the year of mourning, in religious crisis. The Dybbuk does not choose at random but according to the inner weakness or guilt of the host.<\/p><p><strong>Mythological Origin<\/strong><\/p><p>Embedded in kabbalistic doctrine within the teaching of the transmigration of souls. The soul seeks purification (<em>tikkun<\/em>) through rebirth; if this fails, it takes refuge in a living body. The aim of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The ritual expulsion of a spirit or demon understood to be harmful.\" tabindex=\"0\">exorcism<\/span> is the liberation of the host and, at the same time, the redemption of the Dybbuk itself.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profile: Dybbuk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important aspects of the Dybbuk at a glance. You will find the detailed treatment of name, description, defense, and parallels in chapters 2, 3, 5, and 6.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dybbuk's Origin<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>From the soul of a deceased person who finds no rest. Not a created demonic being, but an unredeemed human.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dybbuk's Target Group<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Living people in inner crisis or moral guilt. Reported especially often in young, unmarried persons or those in mourning.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Form<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span> of its own. Visible only through the body of the possessed: a change of voice, foreign speech, physical symptoms.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dybbuk's Effect<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Possession, collapse of health, radical change of personality. Lasting from days to years, depending on the case.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dybbuk's Defense<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The ritual expulsion of a spirit or demon understood to be harmful.\" tabindex=\"0\">Exorcism<\/span> by a rebbe or kabbalist: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or conjuring address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> of the Dybbuk by its full name, negotiation, act of atonement, expulsion through the little toe. Accompanied by <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The verbal turning of a person toward a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">prayer<\/span>, the <em>tikkun<\/em> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic acts with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>, and purification.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Comparable Beings<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Christian demonic possession, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a> (restless dead), hungry ghosts, Islamic <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Quran, beings made of smokeless fire with free will, neither angel nor demon, but an independent creation with their own morality.\" tabindex=\"0\">jinn<\/span><\/em> possession, modern psychiatric interpretations of dissociative states.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Defense and Exorcism<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituals of Defense<\/strong><\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The ritual expulsion of a spirit or demon understood to be harmful.\" tabindex=\"0\">Exorcism<\/span> follows a fixed pattern: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or conjuring address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> of the Dybbuk by name, interrogation (who it was, how it died, what binds it), a ritual act of atonement for the dead, and finally the command to depart. Exit typically takes place through the little toe, usually with a physically perceptible sign (a drop of blood, dizziness).<\/p><p><strong>Conjurations<\/strong><\/p><p>The formulas are kabbalistically constructed, with divine names, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Abrahamic religions, a heavenly messenger being of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">angelic<\/span> names, and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The Five Books of Moses, the foundational body of scripture of Judaism.\" tabindex=\"0\">Torah<\/span> quotations. They first bind the Dybbuk, then question it, and finally release it under threat of harsher punishment. Prayer horns (shofar) are often used to reinforce the ritual presence.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object to which a protective, misfortune-averting effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Amulets<\/span> and Protective Symbols<\/strong><\/p><p>Specific Dybbuk amulets are rare; the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> is acute, not prophylactic. General Jewish means of protection (mezuzah, tefillin, Psalm 91) work indirectly. After a successful <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The ritual expulsion of a spirit or demon understood to be harmful.\" tabindex=\"0\">exorcism<\/span>, the host is often provided with a protective <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object credited with a protective, evil-averting effect.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulet<\/span> so that they do not become susceptible again.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parallels and Afterlife<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Related Traditions<\/strong><\/p><p>Christian demonic possession and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The ritual expulsion of a spirit or demon understood to be harmful.\" tabindex=\"0\">exorcism<\/span> follow a structurally similar pattern. Islamic traditions know possession by <em>jinn<\/em>. The Mesopotamian Edimmu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> is a distant but structurally comparable forerunner.<\/p><p><strong>An-ski&#8217;s Dybbuk:<\/strong> Shmuel An-ski&#8217;s stage play &#8220;The Dybbuk&#8221; (1920) has become the cultural signature work of Jewish <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religious current focused on direct experience of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">mysticism<\/span>. The 1937 film and numerous adaptations to the present day keep the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> present worldwide.<\/p><p><strong>Modern Reception:<\/strong> Horror films, series, and literature take up the Dybbuk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> (among others &#8220;The Dybbuk Box&#8221;, &#8220;A Serious Man&#8221;). In present-day Israel the tradition is partly linked with psychiatric and psychotherapeutic interpretations, the Dybbuk as a metaphor for unprocessed trauma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0eb98d2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp0eb98d2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2400814 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2400814\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Emergence of the Conception in Lurianic Kabbalah<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20db8ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp20db8ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc3309bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc3309bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Dybbuk in its developed form is not an old biblical conception but emerges in the religious thought of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch roughly from the 15th to the 18th century.\" tabindex=\"0\">early modern period<\/span>. Decisive here is the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A current of Jewish mysticism with principal works such as Sefer Yetzirah and the Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kabbalah<\/span> of Safed in the sixteenth century, above all the teachings of Isaac Luria and his circle.<\/p><p>Central became the doctrine of <em>gilgul<\/em>, the transmigration of souls, and of <em>ibbur<\/em>, the temporary embodiment of a foreign soul within a living person.<\/p><p>The <em>ibbur<\/em> is at first conceived positively: the soul of a righteous person can attach itself to a living being in order to help that person or to fulfill a commandment still outstanding for itself.<\/p><p>The Dybbuk is, as it were, the dark reverse side of this conception. It is the soul of a deceased person who, on account of grave sins, can reach neither a new rebirth nor rest, and who therefore forcibly enters the body of a living person.<\/p><p>The word <em>Dybbuk<\/em> derives from the Hebrew root <em>dbq<\/em>, which means to cling, to adhere, to fasten oneself. The expression is a shortening of the older phrase <em>dibbuk me-ruach raah<\/em>, roughly the clinging of an evil spirit.<\/p><p>As a fixed term, <em>Dybbuk<\/em> becomes established only in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; older texts speak of an evil <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An incorporeal being to which effects in the world are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> or simply of a <em>ruach<\/em>.<\/p><p>Scholarship, such as the works of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Israeli historian of religion (1897-1982); founder of modern Kabbalah scholarship.\" tabindex=\"0\">Gershom Scholem<\/span> and later of Yoram Bilu and J. H. Chajes, has shown that the Dybbuk conception stands at the intersection of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religious ideas and customs that are widespread in everyday life.\" tabindex=\"0\">popular belief<\/span> and learned <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A current of Jewish mysticism with principal works such as Sefer Yetzirah and the Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kabbalah<\/span>. It combines older notions of the restless dead with the elaborate kabbalistic system of sin, punishment, and soul repair.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21bb865 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp21bb865\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3028d65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3028d65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Exorcism: Procedure and Participants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8937cda e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp8937cda\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8bea0f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8bea0f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For the expulsion of a Dybbuk, the Jewish tradition knows a relatively fixed procedure that is transmitted in numerous reports from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century.<\/p><p>It was carried out not by just anyone but by a <em>Baal Shem<\/em>, a master of the divine name, or by a respected rabbi with kabbalistic learning, supported by a group of at least ten men known as a <em>minyan<\/em>.<\/p><p>The first step was the interrogation. The exorcist questioned the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An incorporeal being to which effects in the world are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> through the mouth of the possessed about its identity, its name, its origin, and above all about the sins that prevented it from finding rest.<\/p><p>This questioning served to clarify the case, for a Dybbuk could not simply be driven away; one had to understand why the soul was stuck.<\/p><p>There followed conjurations with the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or conjuring address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> of divine names, the recitation of particular psalms, above all Psalm 91, and the use of ritual means such as the shofar, the ram&#8217;s horn, whose sound was meant to shake the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An incorporeal being to which effects in the world are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span>.<\/p><p>Frequently the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An incorporeal being to which effects in the world are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> was threatened with the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Magical or ecclesiastical exclusion; also the binding of a power through a formula.\" tabindex=\"0\">ban<\/span>, the <em>cherem<\/em>. The aim was to make the Dybbuk leave the body, and preferably through a precisely determined spot, often the little toe, so that the departure would not injure the possessed.<\/p><p>Reports note that at the place of exit a bloody spot or a shattered window was sometimes found. Not infrequently the Dybbuk was at the same time offered a <em>tikkun<\/em>, a measure of restitution and soul repair, so that it might find rest after leaving.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The ritual expulsion of a spirit or demon understood to be harmful.\" tabindex=\"0\">exorcism<\/span> was thus not only the liberation of the living but also a pastoral act toward the dead.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5f2602f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5f2602f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4f4fcb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp4f4fcb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Transmission of Sources: Maaseh Books and Case Collections<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp82d7e89 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp82d7e89\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp348b8bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp348b8bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>What we know about the Dybbuk derives in large part from a distinct genre of texts, the reports of actual or supposedly actual cases of possession. These <em>maasim<\/em>, that is, narratives of events, were collected, copied, and printed, and circulated in the Ashkenazic as well as the Sephardic world.<\/p><p>An early and influential collection comes from the circle around the Lurianic school in Safed. The most famous individual case is the possession that Chaim Vital, Luria&#8217;s most important pupil, documented.<\/p><p>Later collections, such as the material circulating in the seventeenth century and the storybooks printed in Eastern Europe in the nineteenth century, often give the place, year, and names of those involved, which lends the reports the character of records.<\/p><p>The historians who analyze these texts treat them not as factual reports about spirits but as sources for mentality, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The lived religious attitude and practice of a person.\" tabindex=\"0\">piety<\/span>, and social conflict. J. H. Chajes has shown in his study <em>Between Worlds<\/em> that many cases concern young women and that possession gave them a voice otherwise denied them.<\/p><p>The person speaking through the Dybbuk could say things, make accusations, and raise claims that would not have been granted to the possessed person herself.<\/p><p>The reports are also instructive for the history of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span> because they often relate which sin held the dead person fast.<\/p><p>Frequently these are grave transgressions such as unkept oaths, fornication, or, in the case of some stories, conversion to Christianity. The Dybbuk thus becomes a narrative device through which the moral order of the community can be portrayed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfd35d6f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpfd35d6f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7fdca9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp7fdca9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Dybbuk on Stage: An-ski's Drama and Its Effect<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf7554f7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf7554f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5e1b238 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5e1b238\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The wide familiarity of the term outside the Jewish world goes back to a single work: the stage play <em>The Dybbuk, or Between Two Worlds<\/em> by the writer and ethnographer S. An-ski, whose civil name was Shloyme Zanvl Rappoport.<\/p><p>Between 1912 and 1914 An-ski had undertaken ethnographic expeditions through the Jewish settlement areas of Volhynia and Podolia, gathering popular belief, songs, and tales, among them material about possession.<\/p><p>The play was originally written in Russian, then translated by An-ski himself into Yiddish, and after his death in 1920 was premiered in Warsaw by the Yiddish theater company the Vilna Troupe.<\/p><p>A Hebrew translation by the poet Chaim Nachman Bialik also made the work known in Palestine; the production by the Habima Theater, directed by Yevgeny Vakhtangov in Moscow in 1922, is regarded as a milestone of the modern Hebrew stage.<\/p><p>An-ski&#8217;s plot links the Dybbuk conception with a love story: the young <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The principal work of rabbinic Judaism, with interpretation of the religious tradition.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmud<\/span> student Khonen dies when his beloved Leah is promised to another, and returns as a Dybbuk into her body.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The ritual expulsion of a spirit or demon understood to be harmful.\" tabindex=\"0\">exorcism<\/span> by a rabbi forms the dramatic center. In 1937 the material was filmed in Poland as a Yiddish-language picture, a work regarded today as an important document of the vanished Eastern European Jewish culture.<\/p><p>Through An-ski the Dybbuk became a cultural cipher.<\/p><p>In the second half of the twentieth century the figure appears in literature, film, and the visual arts often detached from its religious background, as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of a conception or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of an unresolved past, of the lingering effect of the dead, and after 1945 also of the unmastered burden of destruction.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further Links<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Recommended internal links:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/judaism\/\">Judaism<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/lilith\/\">Lilith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/asmodai\/\">Asmodeus<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/shedim\/\">Shedim<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/azazel\/\">Azazel<\/a> (further key figures)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a> (structural parallel)<\/li><li>Lurianic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A current of Jewish mysticism with principal works such as Sefer Yetzirah and the Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kabbalah<\/span><\/li><li>Hasidic tradition<\/li><li>Conceptions of possession worldwide<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources and Literature<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>A selection of central works on the Dybbuk and Jewish <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The ritual expulsion of a spirit or demon understood to be harmful.\" tabindex=\"0\">exorcism<\/span>:<\/p><ul><li>Chajes, Yehuda: <em>Between Worlds. Dybbuks, Exorcists, and Early Modern Judaism<\/em>. Philadelphia 2003.<\/li><li>Bilu, Yoram: &#8220;Dybbuk and Maggid. Two Cultural Patterns of Altered Consciousness in Judaism.&#8221; In: <em>AJS Review<\/em> 21 (1996).<\/li><li>Scholem, Gershom: <em>Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism<\/em>. New York 1941.<\/li><li>Nigal, Gedalyah: <em>Magic, Mysticism, and Hasidism<\/em>. Northvale 1994.<\/li><li>An-Ski, S.: <em>The Dybbuk and Other Writings<\/em>. Ed. David G. Roskies. New Haven 2002.<\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Standard literature (Judaism):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong>Scholem, Gershom<\/strong>: <em>Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism. Schocken, New York 1941.<\/em><\/li><li><strong>Hutter, Manfred<\/strong>: <em>Lilith. In: Dictionary of Deities and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Demons<\/span> in the Bible. 2nd ed. Leiden 1999.<\/em><\/li><li><strong>Trachtenberg, Joshua<\/strong>: <em>Jewish Magic and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A pejorative term for ideas regarded as unfounded in religious terms.\" tabindex=\"0\">Superstition<\/span>. Behrman, New York 1939.<\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qv852qv e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"qv852qv\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qv852qvh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"qv852qvh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related Protective Symbols<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qv852qvb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"qv852qvb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qv852qvt elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"qv852qvt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-querverweis-grid\" style=\"display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(220px,1fr));gap:16px;margin:16px 0;\"><div class=\"iwg-querverweis-card\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/mezuzah\/\" class=\"iwg-querverweis-link\"><strong>Mezuzah<\/strong><br><span class=\"iwg-querverweis-teaser\">Jewish scroll on the doorpost, bearing the Shema Yisrael text<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.iwg-querverweis-card{padding:16px;border:1px solid var(--e-global-color-f443515,#e6c45a);border-radius:8px;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.22);}.iwg-querverweis-link{color:var(--e-global-color-accent,#e6c45a);text-decoration:none;}.iwg-querverweis-teaser{color:#e8e8e8;font-size:13px;line-height:1.4;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-dybbuk-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-dybbuk-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-dybbuk\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-dybbuk-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-dybbuk-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">The protective practice described here is a religious-studies classification of historical traditions. iWell Guard ties in with this cultural-historical line of wearable protective objects and represents a contemporary form of it. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/about-iwell-guard-the-protective-pendant-in-detail\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">More about the iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dybbuk, a Spirit of the Jewish Tradition The Dybbuk is a spirit of the Jewish tradition. The clinging spirit, possession in Lurianic Kabbalah. SpiritJudaismSpirit of the Dead Table of Contents Dybbuk The Dybbuk is the characteristic conception of possession in early modern Judaism. Unlike Asmodeus or Lilith, it is not a created demonic being but [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4792,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Dybbuk","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Dybbuk: A Spirit of the Jewish Tradition","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Dybbuk, the clinging spirit of Jewish tradition: possession in Lurianic Kabbalah. Classic cases, exorcism, and An-ski's stage play.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[79,84,93],"class_list":["post-4791","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultures","category-judaism","category-spirits"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Dybbuk: A Spirit of the Jewish Tradition<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Dybbuk, the clinging spirit of Jewish tradition: possession in Lurianic Kabbalah. 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