{"id":4746,"date":"2026-04-20T12:50:32","date_gmt":"2026-04-20T12:50:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/lamashtu\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:28:39","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:28:39","slug":"lamashtu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/lamashtu\/","title":{"rendered":"Lamashtu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4746\" class=\"elementor elementor-4746 elementor-702\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lamashtu, demon of the Mesopotamian tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mesopotamian demoness regarded as a threat to pregnant women and newborns.\" tabindex=\"0\">Lamashtu<\/span> is a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effects are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> of the Mesopotamian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Demon of children and women in childbed of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> Mesopotamia.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Demon: A supernatural being with a mostly harmful or ambivalent effect. It stands between gods and humans, causes illness, temptation or misfortune, and is warded off through conjuration, apotropaic objects and rituals.\">Demon<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/mesopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Cradle of documented religion: Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Assyria (ca. 3500 BC to 330 BC).\">Mesopotamia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Lamashtu-ueber-schlafendem-Kind-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4748\" alt=\"Lamashtu over a sleeping child\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Lamashtu-ueber-schlafendem-Kind-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Lamashtu-ueber-schlafendem-Kind-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Lamashtu-ueber-schlafendem-Kind-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Lamashtu-ueber-schlafendem-Kind.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lamashtu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lamashtu is among the most fully documented <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demons<\/span> of ancient Mesopotamia. Unlike many nameless disease or wind beings, she appears in the cuneiform texts as an individual figure with her own origin story, a fixed sphere of activity and a characteristic visual language.<\/p><p>She threatens pregnant women, women in childbed and newborns, brings fever and unrest, and is associated with infant death, miscarriages and so-called child-snatching motifs.<\/p><p>Against her attacks, Mesopotamia developed a dense network of conjurations, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object to which a protective, misfortune-averting effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulets<\/span> and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> acts, at the center of which, well into the late Assyrian-Babylonian period, stood the protective demon Pazuzu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Short Profile: Lamashtu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> Demon of disease and birth<br>Origin: Daughter of the sky god Anu<br>Texts: Lamashtu series, conjurations, diagnostic tablets<br>Period: 2nd to 1st millennium BC<br>Distribution: Babylonia, Assyria, further areas of influence<br>Defense: Pazuzu amulets, conjurations, ritual expulsion<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Period of the Texts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> concerning Lamashtu is attested in both Sumerian and Akkadian. The material is densest in the 2nd and 1st millennia BC, particularly in the so-called Lamashtu series, a compiled sequence of conjurations and ritual instructions preserved across several tablets.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Area of Distribution<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Find sites range from Nippur, Uruk and Babylon to Assur and Nineveh. Lamashtu is thus present throughout the entire Mesopotamian cultural sphere. Parallels and successors of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> can also be traced in the eastern Mediterranean region into <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transitional epoch between antiquity and the Middle Ages, roughly the 3rd to 7th century.\" tabindex=\"0\">late antiquity<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">State of the Sources<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Lamashtu series forms the textual core. Added to this are individual <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A verbal ritual intended to summon or bind a power.\" tabindex=\"0\">conjuration<\/span> tablets, medical diagnostic tablets, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object credited with a protective, evil-averting effect.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulet<\/span> plaques of bronze or clay with incised conjurations, as well as iconographic testimonies on reliefs and seals. For a Mesopotamian demon, the state of the sources is unusually dense.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Akkadian:<\/strong> <em>Lama\u0161tu<\/em> (in modern transcription often written &#8220;Lamashtu&#8221;).<br>Sumerian: <em>Dimme<\/em>, also attested as <em>dD\u00ccM.ME<\/em>.<br>Further written forms: <em>Labartu<\/em> (older European translations), <em>Lamashtum<\/em>.<br>Titles and epithets: among others &#8220;Daughter of An\/Anu&#8221;, &#8220;Great Daughter of Heaven&#8221;.<\/p><p>In cuneiform her name is frequently provided with the divine determinative d, which linguistically places her close to a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>. Functionally she is nonetheless regarded as a demon: she is not venerated but warded off.<\/p><p>This dual classification, as the daughter of a sky god and at the same time a dangerous being, is an important characteristic. It underlines that in Mesopotamia &#8220;demonic&#8221; does not automatically mean &#8220;against the gods&#8221;. Lamashtu acts on her own authority and dangerously, but cosmologically she is not located outside the divine order.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Description<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Appearance<\/strong><\/p><p>Lamashtu is described in texts and images as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being that unites the features of various living creatures.\" tabindex=\"0\">hybrid being<\/span>.<\/p><p>Typical features are a lion&#8217;s head or lion-like face, the teeth of a donkey, a human or partly bird-like upper body, claws or bird talons on the feet, long and disheveled hair, as well as bared breasts at which she suckles animals, often a piglet and a dog. In her hands she often holds snakes.<\/p><p><strong>Behavior<\/strong><\/p><p>The texts describe her activity in recurring motifs. She creeps in &#8220;through the window like a snake&#8221;, slips into the house, reaches out her hand toward the belly of the pregnant woman or takes the newborn from the mother&#8217;s breast.<\/p><p>She acts covertly, preferring the night and moments of weakness: during birth, in childbed, in the sleep of children.<\/p><p><strong>Sphere of Effect<\/strong><\/p><p>Her grasp is directed especially at pregnant women and the unborn (miscarriage, stillbirth), women in childbed (childbed fever, mental exhaustion), infants and small children (sudden infant death, unexplained fever, convulsions), nursing mothers (lack of milk, infections), as well as travelers and the weak in the desert.<\/p><p>She is thus primarily a demon of the domestic space and of the most vulnerable phases of life.<\/p><p><strong>Mythological Origin<\/strong><\/p><p>In the texts Lamashtu is designated as the daughter of the sky god Anu. Because of her behavior, she is cast down from heaven into the world of humans.<\/p><p>The narrative follows a pattern that recurs frequently in Mesopotamia: a being is divine by its origin, yet dangerous by its actions. Evil is thus not a counter-principle but a derailed order.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profile: Lamashtu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important aspects of Lamashtu at a glance. The detailed treatment of name, description, defense and parallels can be found in chapters 2, 3, 5 and 6.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lamashtu's Origin<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Daughter of the sky god Anu, cast down from heaven. Her name is frequently written with the divine determinative: a divine origin, yet not venerated.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Targets<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pregnant women, women in childbed, newborns, nursing mothers, small children. She acts above all in the domestic space and during birth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lamashtu's Appearance<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lion&#8217;s head, donkey&#8217;s teeth, bird talons, disheveled hair, snakes in her hands. At her breasts she suckles a piglet and a dog.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Activity<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fever, miscarriage, childbed fever, sudden infant death, lack of milk, unexplained convulsions. An explanatory figure for deaths that were previously incomprehensible.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Means of Protection<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pazuzu amulets as the principal means. Multi-night ritual cycles of the <em>\u0101\u0161ipu<\/em>, conjurations from the Lamashtu series, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands representatively for a concept or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolic<\/span> expulsion downstream.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Counterparts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lilith and <em>ardat-lil\u00ee<\/em> (Jewish), Lamia, Gello, Mormo (Greco-Roman), Gellou and Abyzou (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transitional epoch between antiquity and the Middle Ages, roughly the 3rd to 7th century.\" tabindex=\"0\">late antiquity<\/span>), Pontianak (Southeast Asia).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protective Practice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituals of defense<\/strong><\/p><p>Against Lamashtu, multi-night ritual cycles of the <em>\u0101\u0161ipu<\/em> (conjuration priest) were customary. They combined purification of the woman in childbed and the child, symbolic expulsion of the demon, for instance through a small clay image that was sent away &#8220;downstream&#8221;, and prescribed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The concrete object or food offered to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">offering<\/span> acts.<\/p><p><strong>Conjurations<\/strong><\/p><p>The Lamashtu series transmits numerous formulas that call the demon by name, recount her origin and command her to leave the house. They combined divine authorization with concrete instructions for the midwife, priest and relatives, and gave structure to an otherwise powerless situation.<\/p><p><strong>Amulets and protective symbols<\/strong><\/p><p>Especially well known are amulet plaques bearing the image of Lamashtu and a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A verbal ritual intended to summon or bind a power.\" tabindex=\"0\">conjuration<\/span> directed against her. Pregnant women wore them on the body, and households hung them over the child&#8217;s bed.<\/p><p>The male <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which a harmful or ambivalent effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> Pazuzu was regarded as the only being that could effectively drive Lamashtu away; Pazuzu heads and figurines protected doors, beds and pregnant women.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lamashtu, Parallels in Other Cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Jewish tradition<\/strong><\/p><p>Lilith and the figure of the <em>ardat-lil\u00ee<\/em> show clear functional overlaps with Lamashtu. Lilith as a threat to women in childbed and to children is well attested; protective amulets bearing her name remained in use into <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transitional epoch between antiquity and the Middle Ages, roughly the 3rd to 7th century.\" tabindex=\"0\">late antiquity<\/span> and the Middle Ages.<\/p><p><strong>Greco-Roman world:<\/strong> figures such as Lamia, Gello and Mormo take on the role of the child-killing demon. Here too, amulets and protective formulas against the death of newborns are found.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transitional epoch between antiquity and the Middle Ages, roughly the 3rd to 7th century.\" tabindex=\"0\">Late antiquity<\/span> and beyond:<\/strong> Gellou and Abyzou texts connect with the fight against infant death and miscarriage and partly carry into medieval Christian material. In Southeast Asia, Pontianak takes on comparable functions. European folk-belief figures such as the &#8220;child-snatcher&#8221; or the &#8220;night mare&#8221; also take up similar fears, without direct dependence.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp012dd1d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp012dd1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0758733 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0758733\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Lamashtu Amulets: Image and Conjuration in a Single Object<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa760c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa760c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp97bbf31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp97bbf31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mesopotamian demon regarded as a threat to pregnant women and newborns.\" tabindex=\"0\">Lamashtu<\/span> is one of the few Mesopotamian powers of harm for which an extensive and well-datable pictorial tradition has survived.<\/p><p>From the second and first millennia before our era, numerous amulets are known, mostly of stone or metal, which show the demon in a fixed iconographic formula. Typical is a being with a lion&#8217;s or dog&#8217;s head, donkey-like teeth, hanging breasts and bird talons.<\/p><p>In her hands she often holds snakes, at her breasts a piglet and a young dog suckle, and she stands or kneels on a donkey. Alongside these, a ship, comb, spindle and other objects are often depicted, interpreted as gifts or provisions for the journey with which one sought to induce the demon to depart.<\/p><p>Many of these amulets bear conjuration texts in cuneiform on the back or on the narrow sides.<\/p><p>Image and word thus formed a unity: the object showed the enemy and at the same time contained the formula meant to banish it. Such amulets were worn above all by pregnant women and women in childbed, since <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mesopotamian demon regarded as a threat to pregnant women and newborns.\" tabindex=\"0\">Lamashtu<\/span> was regarded as a threat to mother and infant.<\/p><p>A distinct group of objects are the multi-figure bronze tablets, often referred to in scholarship as <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mesopotamian demon regarded as a threat to pregnant women and newborns.\" tabindex=\"0\">Lamashtu<\/span> plaques. They show in several registers the demon, her adversary and rows of protective <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being that unites features of various living creatures in itself.\" tabindex=\"0\">hybrid beings<\/span>.<\/p><p>Some of these tablets were provided with a ring at the top and could be hung up, presumably in the area of the childbed. The large number of surviving pieces from various find sites shows that protection against <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mesopotamian demon regarded as a threat to pregnant women and newborns.\" tabindex=\"0\">Lamashtu<\/span> was among the most widespread concerns of Mesopotamian everyday <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf23dbed e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf23dbed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe1b579a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe1b579a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pazuzu as Counter-Power: A Demon Against the Demon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc618a1d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc618a1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4a97aed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4a97aed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A peculiarity of the defense against <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mesopotamian demon regarded as a threat to pregnant women and newborns.\" tabindex=\"0\">Lamashtu<\/span> is that her main opponent was himself a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which a harmful or ambivalent effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/pazuzu\/\">Pazuzu<\/a>, a winged <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being that unites features of various living creatures in itself.\" tabindex=\"0\">hybrid being<\/span> with a dog-like face, was regarded as the lord of the evil winds, but was for precisely that reason deployed against <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mesopotamian demon regarded as a threat to pregnant women and newborns.\" tabindex=\"0\">Lamashtu<\/span>.<\/p><p>On many <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mesopotamian demon regarded as a threat to pregnant women and newborns.\" tabindex=\"0\">Lamashtu<\/span> plaques, the head of Pazuzu appears at the upper edge, as if looking over the scene from behind, or the whole Pazuzu pushes the demon toward the edge of the tablet and in the direction of the water, across which she was meant to return to the underworld.<\/p><p>The principle behind this can be described as fighting the evil with kindred means. Pazuzu was not a benevolent guardian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An incorporeal being to which effects in the world are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> but a fearsome figure, yet his aggressiveness could be directed against another power of harm.<\/p><p>Pazuzu heads were also worn as independent amulets and hung on houses. The frequent combination of both figures in a single object shows that Mesopotamian defensive practice did not think in simple categories of good and evil, but in terms of balances of power and areas of responsibility.<\/p><p>Alongside these stood other protective figures. In the conjurations, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mesopotamian demon regarded as a threat to pregnant women and newborns.\" tabindex=\"0\">Lamashtu<\/span> is often brought before gods such as the water god Ea and his son, who pronounce judgment over her and order her departure.<\/p><p>The ritual texts describe how a clay image of the demon was made, equipped with provisions for the journey and removed toward the west or into the water. The combination of fearsome helper, divine court and material sending-away yields a dense, internally coherent system of remedy and precaution.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpccd57e7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpccd57e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5dd959 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc5dd959\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Conjuration Series and the Logic of the Accusation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp41425da e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp41425da\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp25cd082 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp25cd082\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The texts against <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mesopotamian demon regarded as a threat to pregnant women and newborns.\" tabindex=\"0\">Lamashtu<\/span> are transmitted in a multi-tablet conjuration series that has been edited and studied in Assyriology. It contains conjurations, ritual instructions and descriptions of the demon. It is striking that the texts do not simply treat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mesopotamian demon regarded as a threat to pregnant women and newborns.\" tabindex=\"0\">Lamashtu<\/span> as a formless threat, but ascribe to her a biography and a character.<\/p><p>She is designated as the daughter of the sky god Anu, who was cast down from heaven because of her evil nature. She does not act on the orders of the gods, unlike the disease demons that are sent as messengers, but of her own accord.<\/p><p>This self-willed nature is the key to the ritual strategy. Because <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mesopotamian demon regarded as a threat to pregnant women and newborns.\" tabindex=\"0\">Lamashtu<\/span> is not sent by the gods, one can bring her before the gods and raise an accusation against her.<\/p><p>The conjurations enumerate her misdeeds, she threatens pregnant women, snatches the infant, intrudes through windows and door hinges, and they demand her removal in the name of the great gods. The ritual act is thus modeled on a court proceeding: there is an accused, an accusation, a judging body and a verdict that pronounces banishment.<\/p><p>For scholarship, these texts are therefore also a source for Mesopotamian conceptions of law, responsibility and the interpretation of illness.<\/p><p>Illness in childbed, miscarriage and infant mortality were not understood as blind chance, but as the attack of a nameable power against which one could proceed with word, image and action. This gave those affected a framework for action in a situation that would otherwise have been marked by powerlessness.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further Links<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Recommended internal links for this page:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/mesopotamia\/\">Mesopotamia<\/a> (parent culture page)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/pazuzu\/\">Pazuzu<\/a> (direct adversary and protective demon)<\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/lilu-and-lilitu\/\">Lil\u00fb and Lil\u012btu<\/a> (functionally related night beings)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/lilith\/\">Lilith<\/a> (later parallel figure in the Jewish tradition)<\/li><li>Disease demons worldwide (comparative perspective)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/night-beings-and-sleep-paralysis\/\">Night beings<\/a> and <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/sleep-paralysis\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"A state of perception in which consciousness awakens but the body is still paralyzed by REM atonia.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">sleep paralysis<\/a> (thematic proximity)<\/li><li>Female demons (overview page)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literature (Selection)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>A compact selection of central works on Lamashtu and on the wider context of Mesopotamian demonology:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Farber, Walter: <em>Lama\u0161tu. An Edition of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the authoritatively recognized body of scriptures of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">Canonical<\/span> Series of Lama\u0161tu Incantations and Rituals and Related Texts from the Second and First Millennia B.C.<\/em> (Mesopotamian Civilizations 17). Winona Lake 2014.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Wiggermann, Frans A. M.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/mesopotamian-protective-spirits\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mesopotamian Protective Spirits. The Ritual Texts<\/a><\/em> (Cuneiform Monographs 1). Groningen 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Wiggermann, Frans A. M.: &#8220;Lama\u0161tu, Daughter of Anu. A Profile.&#8221; In: M. Stol, <em>Birth in Babylonia and the Bible. Its Mediterranean Setting.<\/em> Groningen 2000, pp. 217, 249.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Black, Jeremy \/ Green, Anthony: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/term\/BIB4117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary.<\/a><\/em> London 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hee\u00dfel, Nils P.: <em>Pazuzu. Arch\u00e4ologische und philologische Studien zu einem altorientalischen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which a harmful or ambivalent effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">D\u00e4mon<\/span><\/em> (Ancient <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">Magic<\/span> and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Collective term for practices by which a divine will is sought out.\" tabindex=\"0\">Divination<\/span> 4). Leiden 2002.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Stol, Marten: <em>Birth in Babylonia and the Bible. Its Mediterranean Setting.<\/em> Groningen 2000.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><em>Note:<\/em> This selection serves as orientation. Individual references in the running text are deliberately kept brief in order to preserve the character of an editorial overview page.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Further standard works in the <a href=\"\/en\/literature\/\">literature index<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qv702qv e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"qv702qv\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qv702qvh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"qv702qvh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related Protective Symbols<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qv702qvb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"qv702qvb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qv702qvt elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"qv702qvt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><div class=\"iwg-querverweis-grid\" style=\"display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(220px,1fr));gap:16px;margin:16px 0;\"><div class=\"iwg-querverweis-card\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/hamsa\/\" class=\"iwg-querverweis-link\"><strong>Hamsa<\/strong><br><span class=\"iwg-querverweis-teaser\">Hand of Fatima, a Jewish-Arab protective symbol with five fingers and an eye<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"iwg-querverweis-card\"><a href=\"\/en\/evil-eye\/\" class=\"iwg-querverweis-link\"><strong>Evil Eye<\/strong><br><span class=\"iwg-querverweis-teaser\">A global belief in harm, against which nazar boncu\u011fu, mati and malocchio protect<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.iwg-querverweis-card{padding:16px;border:1px solid var(--e-global-color-f443515,#e6c45a);border-radius:8px;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.22);}.iwg-querverweis-link{color:var(--e-global-color-accent,#e6c45a);text-decoration:none;}.iwg-querverweis-teaser{color:#e8e8e8;font-size:13px;line-height:1.4;}<\/style><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-lamashtu-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-lamashtu-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-lamashtu\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-lamashtu-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-lamashtu-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">The protective practice described here is a religious-studies classification of historical traditions. iWell Guard ties into this cultural-historical line of wearable protective objects and represents a contemporary form of it. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/about-iwell-guard-the-protective-pendant-in-detail\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">More about the iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-wv-lamashtu-faq-8c2240 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"wv-lamashtu-faq-8c2240\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-wv-lamashtu-faq-col-23bab3\" data-id=\"wv-lamashtu-faq-col-23bab3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-lamashtu-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wv-lamashtu-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Frequently Asked Questions about Lamashtu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-lamashtu-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wv-lamashtu-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">  <summary><strong>Who was Lamashtu?<\/strong><\/summary>  <p>Lamashtu was a Mesopotamian demon regarded as the daughter of the sky god Anu. She threatened pregnant women and infants in particular, bringing miscarriages, childbed fever and sudden infant death. Lamashtu is considered one of the oldest documented harmful-being figures in the history of world religions.<\/p><\/details><details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">  <summary><strong>How did people protect themselves against Lamashtu?<\/strong><\/summary>  <p>The most important protection against Lamashtu was a Pazuzu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object to which a protective, harm-averting effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulet<\/span>, paradoxically another <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which a harmful or ambivalent effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span>, who was nonetheless deployed as an anti-Lamashtu protector. Alongside these there were special conjuration tablets (Lamashtu tablets), amulets with animal forms and ritual texts that held the demon&#8217;s own weakness up to her, in particular her return home to her father Anu.<\/p><\/details>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-lamashtu-s elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"wv-lamashtu-s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\r\n  \"mainEntity\": [\r\n    {\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Who was Lamashtu?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Lamashtu was a Mesopotamian demon regarded as the daughter of the sky god Anu. She threatened pregnant women and infants in particular, bringing miscarriages, childbed fever and sudden infant death. 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DemonMesopotamia Table of Contents Lamashtu Lamashtu is among the most fully documented demons of ancient Mesopotamia. Unlike many nameless disease or wind beings, she appears in the cuneiform texts as an [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4747,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Lamashtu","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Lamashtu: Demon of the Mesopotamian Tradition","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Lamashtu is among the most fully documented demons of ancient Mesopotamia. Unlike many nameless disease or wind beings, she appears...","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[81,79,80,85],"class_list":["post-4746","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-child-demons","category-cultures","category-demons","category-mesopotamia"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Lamashtu: Demon of the Mesopotamian Tradition<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Lamashtu is among the most fully documented demons of ancient Mesopotamia. 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