{"id":4726,"date":"2026-05-07T08:57:53","date_gmt":"2026-05-07T08:57:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/spiritism\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:28:38","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:28:38","slug":"spiritism","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/spiritism\/","title":{"rendered":"Spiritism"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4726\" class=\"elementor elementor-4726 elementor-2443 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hero397c1ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"hero397c1ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg82e0177 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg82e0177\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_spiritismus-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4727\" alt=\"Spiritism - illustration of a spiritism practice in a historical-museal-documentary style\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_spiritismus-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_spiritismus-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_spiritismus-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_spiritismus.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-5fb1ee2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-5fb1ee2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" id=\"sec-5fb1ee2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-5fb1ee2\" data-id=\"col-5fb1ee2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" id=\"col-5fb1ee2\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wh-5fb1ee2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wh-5fb1ee2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"h1-5fb1ee2\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spiritism, Spirit Communication and S\u00e9ance Practice<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-we-5fb1ee2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"we-5fb1ee2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"ed-5fb1ee2-b\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"iwg-lead\">Spiritism is the movement of <strong>spirit communication<\/strong> with the deceased, codified by Allan Kardec and practised in <strong>s\u00e9ance practice<\/strong> with mediums.<\/p><p class=\"iwg-lead\"><span data-nosnippet><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"A religious-mediumistic movement that arose in the United States in the 1850s and was systematised by Allan Kardec.\">Spiritism<\/span><\/strong> is the teaching and practice that the souls of the deceased can communicate with the living through mediums. It arose in the United States in 1848, spread rapidly across Europe and Latin America, and shaped the 19th and 20th centuries both as a religious movement and as a field of inquiry for early parapsychology.<\/span><\/p><h2 id=\"ursprung\">Hydesville 1848 and the Fox Sisters<\/h2><p><span data-nosnippet>In March 1848 the sisters Margaret and Kate Fox in Hydesville, New York, reported rapping noises in their house, which they had answer questions with one or more knocks.<\/span><\/p><p>From this episode a distinct practice quickly developed: rap-speaking, later table-turning, and finally <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"An altered state of consciousness with narrowed attention; deliberately induced in shamanic and mediumistic practice.\">trance<\/span> and materialisation phenomena. Within a few years there were thousands of circles in North America and a network of travelling mediums.<\/p><h2 id=\"kardec\">Allan Kardec and the French Codification<\/h2><p><span data-nosnippet>In France the educator Hippolyte L\u00e9on Denizard Rivail, under the pseudonym Allan Kardec, systematised the teaching from 1857 onward.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>His <em>Le Livre des Esprits<\/em> (The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A bodiless being to which agency in the world is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Spirits<\/span>&#8216; Book, 1857) and the <em>Livre des M\u00e9diums<\/em> (1861) developed spiritism into a coherent doctrine: reincarnation of the soul towards progressive perfection, a hierarchical order of the spirit realms, and an ethical orientation of life towards charity and spiritual progress.<\/span><\/p><p>Kardec&#8217;s system differs from Anglo-Saxon Spiritualism through its explicit doctrine of reincarnation.<\/p><p>In Brazil, Kardecist spiritism found a second home. Today it hosts the largest organised spiritist communities worldwide, with offshoots in Umbanda and Candombl\u00e9. Kardec is also present within the Catholic folk-religious spectrum of Latin America.<\/p><h2 id=\"praxis\">Practical Forms<\/h2><p>Spiritist practice knows several main forms. The classic form is the sitting in a semicircle around a table, led by a medium who, in light or deep trance, mediates contacts. Communication takes place through knocking, table movement, automatic writing, or speech from the medium&#8217;s mouth.<\/p><p>In the late 19th century, physical phenomena were added: levitations, materialisations, ectoplasmic substances. These more spectacular forms led to a wave of scientific investigation, but also to the exposure of numerous cases of fraud.<\/p><h2 id=\"parapsychologie\">Early Parapsychology<\/h2><p><span data-nosnippet>The Society for Psychical Research (SPR) was founded in London in 1882 by Frederic Myers, Henry Sidgwick, Edmund Gurney and Eleanor Sidgwick to investigate spiritist phenomena methodically. Their studies, such as the <em>Census of Hallucinations<\/em> (1894) and the multi-volume <em>Proceedings<\/em>, remain a principal source to this day.<\/span><\/p><p>SPR research laid the foundation for later experimental parapsychology. In his later years, William James worked intensively with the medium Leonora Piper and described her as his \u201cwhite crow\u201d: a case that, for him, undermined the general thesis that all mediumistic reports are purely subjective.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Charles Richet, the French physiologist and Nobel laureate, coined the term <em>ectoplasm<\/em> and conducted strictly controlled sittings. His <em>Trait\u00e9 de M\u00e9tapsychique<\/em> (1922) remains a remarkable document of a serious scientific engagement. The mediumship of Eusapia Palladino was tested in hundreds of controlled sittings, with detractors and supporters divided over it for years.<\/span><\/p><h2 id=\"kritik\">Scepticism and Exposures<\/h2><p><span data-nosnippet>Already in the second half of the 19th century, numerous mediums were exposed as frauds. The Fox sisters themselves publicly confessed in 1888 that they had produced their rapping sounds by cracking their toe joints (Margaret later retracted the confession, but the admission stood).<\/span><\/p><p>In the 1920s, the stage magician Harry Houdini made it his task to expose fraudulent mediums; his <em>A Magician Among the Spirits<\/em> (1924) documents dozens of such cases.<\/p><p>Even though not every phenomenon was fraud, physiological self-deception such as the ideomotor effect in table-turning explains a large part of the table and writing phenomena even without conscious manipulation.<\/p><h2 id=\"spiritismus-heute\">Spiritism Today<\/h2><p>Organised spiritism continues to exist, above all in Brazil (Federa\u00e7\u00e3o Esp\u00edrita Brasileira, with millions of adherents), in France, and in Great Britain (Spiritualists&#8217; National Union). In the German-speaking world the movement is smaller, but it is present through s\u00e9ance circles, trance mediums and the spectrum of <a href=\"\/en\/afterlife-contact\/\">afterlife contact<\/a> practitioners.<\/p><p>For the phenomenological study of spirits, spiritism remains a key <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>: for more than 170 years it has provided the most extensive corpus of documented <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A bodiless being to which an effect in the world is ascribed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> contact reports and, at the same time, a continuing debate over their authenticity.<\/p><h2 id=\"quellen\">Sources<\/h2><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Allan Kardec: <em>The Spirits&#8217; Book<\/em>, German edition Brussels 1996.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Janet Oppenheim: <em>The Other World. Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England 1850, 1914<\/em>, Cambridge UP 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Ann Braude: <em>Radical Spirits. Spiritualism and Women&#8217;s Rights in 19th Century America<\/em>, Beacon 1989.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Renaud Evrard: <em>Folie et paranormal<\/em>, PU Rennes 2014.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Leonardo Vincentini: <em>Spiritism in Brazil<\/em>, Lewiston 2009.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Spiritism, Spirit Communication and S\u00e9ance Practice Spiritism is the movement of spirit communication with the deceased, codified by Allan Kardec and practised in s\u00e9ance practice with mediums. Spiritism is the teaching and practice that the souls of the deceased can communicate with the living through mediums. It arose in the United States in 1848, spread [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4727,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"spiritism spirit communication","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Spiritism: Spirit Communication, Kardec | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Spiritism as a 19th-century movement for spirit communication. 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