{"id":4695,"date":"2026-04-27T10:29:36","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T10:29:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/necromancy\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:28:18","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:28:18","slug":"necromancy","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/necromancy\/","title":{"rendered":"Necromancy"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4695\" class=\"elementor elementor-4695 elementor-1938 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-nekrom-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"am-nekrom-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-nekrom-herohl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-nekrom-herohl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-nekrom-c3ceb6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-nekrom-c3ceb6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-nekrom-96ae5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"am-nekrom-96ae5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Necromancy, magical practice<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-nekrom-e45238 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"am-nekrom-e45238\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This <strong>overview<\/strong> presents necromantic practices from <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiquity<\/span>, the Middle Ages and non-European traditions.<\/p><p>Necromancy is the mantic or <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magical<\/span> art of communicating with the deceased or conjuring the dead, attested since cuneiform Mesopotamia, Greek nekyia rituals and European grave <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span>. Textual sources range from the Pentateuch through Homer&#8217;s Odyssey to early Christian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An incorporeal being to which effects in the world are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly interpretation of religious texts using philological, historical, and theological methods.\" tabindex=\"0\">exegesis<\/span> and Islamic burial traditions.<\/p><p>The practice combines <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Collective term for practices used to inquire into a divine will.\" tabindex=\"0\">divination<\/span>, the raising of the dead and a cosmological breach between the realm of the living and the realm of the dead. This practice requires <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> knowledge, the art of divination and the spiritual qualification of the magician or priest.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-nekrom-klsbdg e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"am-nekrom-klsbdg\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-nekrom-klshtm elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"am-nekrom-klshtm\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Practice: ritual, magical or spiritual act with a defined goal, protection, harm, love effect, contact with beings or with cosmic information fields. Documented in religious history since the Bronze Age.\">Practice<\/span><span class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Cross-cultural phenomenon, attested in several cultures with related structures.\">Cross-cultural<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-nekrom-3f7485 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-nekrom-3f7485\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-nekrom-1c3036 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"am-nekrom-1c3036\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__am-nekrom-1c3036\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__am-nekrom-1c3036\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__am-nekrom-1c3036\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-nekrom-herorg e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-nekrom-herorg\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-nekrom-heroim iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"am-nekrom-heroim\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_nekromantie-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4696\" alt=\"Necromancy: conjuration of the deceased\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_nekromantie-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_nekromantie-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_nekromantie-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_nekromantie.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-s1 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"wmd-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wmd-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"wmd-h1\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Term and Demarcation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-wmdt1-bw e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-wmdt1-bw\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-t1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wmd-t1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Necromancy is not simply <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"\/en\/spiritism\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religious mediumistic movement that emerged in the 1850s in the USA and was systematized by Allan Kardec; works with spirit communication.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">spiritism<\/a> or s\u00e9ance, although these practices are related. <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"\/en\/spiritism\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religious mediumistic movement that emerged in the 1850s in the USA and was systematized by Allan Kardec.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">Spiritism<\/a> is passive and communicative, whereas necromancy is <strong>active and compelling<\/strong>. The necromancer commands the dead, not the other way around.<\/p><p>A second difference: necromancy often relates to violent or impure dead (the executed, the drowned, those fallen in war) rather than to benevolent ancestors. The quality of the dead is important for the magical power.<\/p><p>Demarcation from the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veneration of a family's deceased as continuing protective powers.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancestor cult<\/span>: the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veneration of a family's deceased as continuing protective powers.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancestor cult<\/span> is religious and respectful, whereas necromancy is magical and controlling, sometimes even hostile.<\/p><div><p>The term <em>necromancy<\/em> derives from the Greek <em>nekromante\u00eda<\/em> (from <em>nekr\u00f3s<\/em>, the dead, and <em>mante\u00eda<\/em>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The interpretation of signs in order to discern what is hidden or to come.\" tabindex=\"0\">divination<\/span>). The core of the practice is the attempt to obtain information about the past, present or future through <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The supplicatory or conjuring address of a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> of the dead.<\/p><p>In the history of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span>, necromancy is not an invention of early modern Christianity but a practice with a prehistory reaching far back into the high-culture religions of the Mediterranean world.<\/p><p>Necromancy stands in tension with institutionalized forms of religion: the Jewish <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The Five Books of Moses, the foundational body of scripture in Judaism.\" tabindex=\"0\">Torah<\/span> expressly forbids it (Leviticus 19:31; Deuteronomy 18:11), the Christian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> adopts the prohibition, and Islamic sharia likewise contains clear prohibitions.<\/p><p>Despite these prohibitions, necromancy is consistently attested both in practice and in literature across all three religious spheres, which illustrates well the discrepancy between norm and practice in the history of religion.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-s2 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"wmd-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-h2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wmd-h2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"wmd-h2\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cultural-Historical Examples<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-wmdt2-bw e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-wmdt2-bw\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-t2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wmd-t2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ancient<\/span> Greek necromancy<\/strong>: in the Odyssey, Homer describes the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A verbal ritual intended to summon or bind a power.\" tabindex=\"0\">conjuration<\/span> of Tiresias by Odysseus, a classic example. Hecate is <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> as goddess of necromancy in ancient papyri. Greek necromantic sites often stood at dark places, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A place or institution where a divine pronouncement is sought.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracles<\/span> of the dead such as the Nekromanteion at the river Acheron.<\/p><p>Biblical Saul episode: in the First Book of Samuel, King Saul calls upon the Witch of Endor to conjure the dead prophet Samuel, a historical example of taboo violation and divine condemnation. In Christian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of a religion's faith.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>, this is cited as evidence against necromancy.<\/p><p>Christian goetia: the <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Compilation manuscript of early modern ritual magic, five books (Goetia, Theurgia-Goetia, Ars Paulina, Ars Almadel, Ars Notoria); 17th c.\" tabindex=\"0\">Lemegeton<\/span><\/em> or <em>Lesser Key of Solomon<\/em> is a European grimoire (magical handbook) with detailed necromantic procedures. It combines Hebrew, Platonic and demonological elements. The practitioner is to conjure <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demons<\/span> and the dead for the purpose of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The interpretation of signs in order to discern what is hidden or to come.\" tabindex=\"0\">divination<\/span> or magical power.<\/p><p>Medieval European necromancy: sorcerers&#8217; handbooks describe practices in which the dead are invoked at their graves, formulas written on parchment are used, and body parts (bones, flesh) of the dead serve as magical instruments.<\/p><p>African and Afro-Caribbean traditions: Hoodoo and Vodou involve strong work with ancestors and the dead, not as necromancy in the Western sense but as communication and obligation. Zombification is a form of necromancy.<\/p><div><h3>Ancient Layers<\/h3><p>The oldest surviving evidence of necromancy in the Mediterranean world comes from the Mesopotamian tradition (Akkadian conjuration texts for the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The supplicatory or conjuring address of a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> of the dead, documented by Tzvi Abusch and Daniel Schwemer in the <em>Corpus of Mesopotamian Anti-Witchcraft Rituals<\/em>).<\/p><p>The Greek tradition prominently knows the <em>nekyia<\/em> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring element of content in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span>: in the Odyssey (Book XI), Odysseus calls upon the shades of the dead at the entrance to the underworld in order to question Tiresias.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring element of content in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> is transferred to the Roman tradition by Virgil (<em>Aeneid<\/em> VI), where Aeneas seeks out his father Anchises in the underworld.<\/p><p>The Greco-Roman practice was institutionally anchored at <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution at which a divine pronouncement is sought.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> sites and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuaries<\/span> of the dead (the Nekromanteion at Ephyra, excavated by Sotirios Dakaris); the history of religion situates it within the larger complex of veneration of the dead and hero cults.<\/p><p>In <em>De defectu oraculorum<\/em>, Plutarch reports on the necromantic oracles and their decline in the imperial period.<\/p><h3>Biblical and Rabbinic Tradition<\/h3><p>The most famous biblical necromancy episode is the Witch of Endor (1 Samuel 28), who conjures the deceased prophet Samuel for King Saul.<\/p><p>The episode has been extensively commented upon theologically, from the rabbinic tradition (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Principal work of rabbinic Judaism, in Babylonian and Jerusalem recensions; contains Mishnah and Gemara.\">Talmud<\/span> Bavli, Berakhot 12b) to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Augustine of Hippo (354 to 430); Christian Church Father, principal works Confessiones and De civitate Dei.\">Augustine<\/span> (<em>De cura pro mortuis gerenda<\/em>, ca. 421\/22), who discusses the question of whether this was a genuine appearance of Samuel or a demonic deception.<\/p><p>This question shaped Christian necromancy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of a religion's faith.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> well into the 17th century.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-s3 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"wmd-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-h3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wmd-h3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"wmd-h3\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">State of the Sources<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-wmdt3-bw e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-wmdt3-bw\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-t3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wmd-t3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><h3>Medieval and Early Modern Tradition<\/h3><p><span data-nosnippet>In the Middle Ages, a distinct tradition of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Relating to formalized magical procedures, with a fixed apparatus of incantations, symbols and tools.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual-magical<\/span> necromancy became established, above all in the clerical underground (the so-called <em>clerical nigromancy<\/em>, examined in detail by Richard Kieckhefer in <em>Forbidden Rites<\/em>, 1997).<\/span><\/p><p>Central sources are the <em>Liber Iuratus<\/em>, the <em>Liber Razielis<\/em> and the Munich nigromancy text (<em>Codex Latinus Monacensis 849<\/em>, ca. 1450).<\/p><p>These texts combine the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The supplicatory or conjuring address of a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> of the dead, the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In the Abrahamic religions, a heavenly messenger being of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">angel<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The supplicatory or conjuring address of a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> and goetia into a methodical synthesis that is later partly disassembled again in the <em>Lemegeton<\/em>. The Catholic Inquisition proceeded systematically against this tradition from the 13th century onward, without eradicating it.<\/p><p>A separate layer is formed by so-called <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Higher ritual-magical practice for connecting with the gods; in Neoplatonism framed as the counter-concept to lower goetia.\" tabindex=\"0\">theurgy<\/span><\/em>, which in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transitional epoch between antiquity and the Middle Ages, roughly the 3rd to 7th century.\" tabindex=\"0\">late antique<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Late antique philosophical tradition (Plotinus, Iamblichus, Proclus) with a doctrine of the One and graded emanation; theurgically oriented.\">Neoplatonist<\/span> tradition (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Late antique Neoplatonist (245 to 325 CE); principal work De mysteriis; founder of systematic theurgy.\">Iamblichus<\/span>, Proclus) was demarcated from goetia as a legitimate practice of ascent, but which in Christian polemics was frequently identified with necromancy.<\/p><p>This identification is incorrect in terms of the history of religion, but it became established in the theology of the witch trials.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-s4 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"wmd-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-h4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wmd-h4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"wmd-h4\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Present-Day Significance \/ Related Beings<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-wmdt4-bw e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-wmdt4-bw\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-t4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wmd-t4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>In modern magical subcultures, necromancy remains present, in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"British current of the late 1970s, founded by Peter Carroll and Ray Sherwin; methodologically radical, without a fixed pantheon.\">chaos magic<\/span>, low <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span>, LARPing and Gothic subcultures. Spiritualist movements of the 19th century (s\u00e9ances, table-turning) are related phenomena.<\/p><p>Psychologically, necromancy is often interpreted as a processing of grief or trauma; the wish to speak with the deceased is universal, and the magical interpretation is one cultural form of it.<\/p><p>Related practices: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/blood-magic\/\">blood magic<\/a> (often connected with necromancy), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/invocation-of-demonic-entities\/\">invocation<\/a> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A verbal ritual intended to summon or bind a power.\" tabindex=\"0\">conjuration<\/span>), <a href=\"\/en\/zombi\/\">zombie<\/a> (necromantic manipulation).<\/p><p><strong>Meta title:<\/strong> Necromancy, magic of the dead and consultation of the dead. Meta description: Necromancy: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A verbal ritual intended to summon or bind a power.\" tabindex=\"0\">conjuration<\/span> of the dead in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiquity<\/span>, the Bible, goetia and the Middle Ages, practices of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span> of the dead. Focus keyword: necromancy<\/p><h3>Ancient Mediterranean World<\/h3><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ancient<\/span> necromancy is one of the best-documented magical practices of the Mediterranean world. In the Odyssey (Book XI), Homer describes a consultation of the dead by Odysseus at the edge of the underworld, methodically detailed with animal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express thanks, request, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrifice<\/span>, blood <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The concrete object or food offered to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">offering<\/span> and ritual <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The supplicatory or conjuring address of a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span>.<\/p><p>In the Old Testament, 1 Samuel 28 tells of the woman at Endor who calls up the dead Samuel for Saul.<\/p><p>Both texts show that the practice was known and accepted in the 8th to 6th centuries BCE, yet was theologically classified in an ambivalent way: Saul is judged for the practice in the Old Testament, whereas Odysseus receives a successful answer.<\/p><h3>Hellenistic-Roman Tradition<\/h3><p>In the Hellenistic and Roman world, necromantic practice became more professionalized. Lucian describes necromancers as charlatans in his dialogues; Apuleius in the &#8220;Metamorphoses&#8221; as magicians to be taken seriously.<\/p><p>The Greek magical papyri (Karl Preisendanz, Papyri Graecae Magicae) contain numerous necromantic invocations with detailed instructions. In the Roman context there were specialized places, the Nekromanteion of Ephyra in Epirus and the Avernus cave at Cumae, which were sought out for consultation of the dead.<\/p><h3>Middle Ages and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Era roughly from the 15th to the 18th century.\" tabindex=\"0\">Early Modern Period<\/span><\/h3><p>In the Christian Middle Ages, necromancy was systematically prohibited and prosecuted together with the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Early modern persecution of persons on the charge of a witch's pact with the devil; 1450 to 1750.\">persecution of witches<\/span>.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>The medieval necromancy manuscripts (such as the Picatrix tradition and the Munich Manual of Demonic Magic, Kieckhefer &#8220;Forbidden Rites&#8221; 1997) show, however, that the practice was continued without interruption despite the prohibition, above all in clerical circles that had literary access to the Latin sources.<\/span><\/p><p>In this phase, necromancy migrates from an independent practice into the broader field of goetia and medieval high magic.<\/p><h3>Modern Practice<\/h3><p>In the modern occult scene, necromancy as an independent practice has become rare, but it lives on in <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"\/en\/spiritism\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrine and practice of communicating with the deceased through mediums; arose in 1848 in Hydesville, USA, codified by Allan Kardec.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">spiritism<\/a> (19th century) and in modern mediumistic practices.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet><a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"\/en\/spiritism\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrine and practice of communicating with the deceased through mediums; arose in 1848 in Hydesville, USA, codified by Allan Kardec.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">Spiritism<\/a> is methodically close to ancient necromancy; here too the aim is the consultation of the dead through a mediumistically gifted intermediary subject. Religious studies research regards spiritism as the modern secularized successor of the ancient necromancy tradition (Bret Carroll, &#8220;Spiritualism in Antebellum America&#8221;, 1997).<\/span><\/p><h3>Related Articles<\/h3><p>Adjacent in the iWell Guard lexicon: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/invocation-of-demonic-entities\/\">invocation<\/a> as a generic term, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/goetia\/\">goetia<\/a> as a ritual sister tradition, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/spirits-of-the-dead\/\">spirits of the dead<\/a> as a class overview of the beings with which necromancy operates, and individual beings such as <a href=\"\/en\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, Hecate and Charon as figures of the ancient world of the dead that are relevant to the history of religion.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Standard literature (comparative <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span>):<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/footer><div><h3>iWell Guard Position on Necromancy<\/h3><p>On iWell Guard, necromancy is documented as a practice that can be clearly delimited in the history of religion, without recommending its practice.<\/p><p>It falls under the second layer of the iWell Guard protective field (see the <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/protective-functions-and-affirmations\/\">functional overview of the protective mantra<\/a>): attempts to direct black-magical energies, including necromantic practices, at the wearer are rejected by the protective shield.<\/p><p>Anyone who themselves engages in necromancy falls under the self-application clause of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred syllable or formula repeatedly spoken in Hinduism and Buddhism.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> (point 10), which redirects such energies back to the originator.<\/p><p>The documentation in the history of religion has its own cognitive value, independent of any practical recommendation.<\/p><p>Anyone who wishes to understand the historical depth of the necromancy tradition will find, in the articles on individual figures (the Witch of Endor, Apollonius of Tyana, Edward Kelley), detailed individual accounts with sources, hierarchy and prehistory in the history of religion.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Further standard works in the <a href=\"\/en\/literature\/\">literature index<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcb-nekroman-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcb-nekroman-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cb-nekromantie\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcb-nekroman-inner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcb-nekroman-inner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcb-nekroman-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcb-nekroman-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard and Protective Traditions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcb-nekroman-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcb-nekroman-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Across all documented cultures, protective objects can be attested that people carried on their bodies, from <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/pazuzu\/\">Pazuzu<\/a> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object to which a protective, misfortune-averting effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulets<\/span> in Mesopotamia through the <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/hamsa\/\">Hamsa<\/a> in the Mediterranean region to the <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/mezuzah\/\">Mezuzah<\/a> on Jewish doorposts and to Christian protective medallions. iWell Guard takes up this tradition in a contemporary material architecture, manufactured in Germany, 41 layers, genuine gold, platinum, silver. 30-day right of return.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcb-nekroman-b iwg-cb-button iwg-cb-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgcb-nekroman-b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/about-iwell-guard-the-protective-pendant-in-detail\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=hub-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">More about the iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">More about the iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcb-nekroman-b .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcb-nekroman-b .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcb-nekroman-b .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcb-nekroman-b .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcb-nekroman-b .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcb-nekroman-d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcb-nekroman-d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Personal experiences may vary. Not a medical device. No promise of healing.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Necromancy, magical practice This overview presents necromantic practices from antiquity, the Middle Ages and non-European traditions. Necromancy is the mantic or magical art of communicating with the deceased or conjuring the dead, attested since cuneiform Mesopotamia, Greek nekyia rituals and European grave offerings. Textual sources range from the Pentateuch through Homer&#8217;s Odyssey to early Christian [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4696,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"necromancy","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Necromancy: Conjuration of the Deceased","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Conjuration of the deceased to foretell or influence the present. From Mesopotamia to late antiquity and the Christian Middle Ages, with Saul","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[77,75],"class_list":["post-4695","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-practices","category-topics"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Necromancy: Conjuration of the Deceased<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Conjuration of the deceased to foretell or influence the present. 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