{"id":4560,"date":"2026-04-21T12:21:58","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T12:21:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/china\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:27:30","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:27:30","slug":"china","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/china\/","title":{"rendered":"China"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4560\" class=\"elementor elementor-4560 elementor-1201\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-hero-rebuilt-china iwg-kultur-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"k-hero-rebuilt-china\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-khleft-china iwg-kultur-hero-left e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"khleft-china\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-h1-china elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"k-h1-china\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Chinese gods, the Jade Emperor, dragons and the folk-religious pantheon<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-hero-lead-china e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-hero-lead-china\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-lead-china elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"k-lead-china\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Beings from the Chinese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span><\/strong> on iWell Guard. Chinese folk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span>, Daoist and Confucian traditions. A rich <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Die Gesamtheit der G\u00f6tter einer Religion oder Kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> with a celestial bureaucracy, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Verehrung der Verstorbenen einer Familie als fortwirkende Schutzm\u00e4chte.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancestor worship<\/span> and nature <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A bodiless being to which agency in the world is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirits<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"iwg-kwfix\">China&#8217;s folk-religious heritage combines Daoist, Buddhist and local traditions into a many-layered pantheon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-hero-toc-china e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-hero-toc-china\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-toc-china elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"k-toc-china\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Contents of this page:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"#k-china-h1\">Classification<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#x-china-h100\">History and pantheon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#x-china-h101\">Beings in everyday life<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#x-china-h102\">Significance today<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#k-china-h2\">Gods (9)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#k-china-h3\">Spirits (6)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#e115d4c\">In depth<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-khrght-china iwg-kultur-hero-right e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"khrght-china\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-img-china iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"k-img-china\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_e-gui-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4561\" alt=\"E Gui - ghosts from the Chinese tradition, historical and illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_e-gui-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_e-gui-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_e-gui-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_e-gui.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-clstrsec-aj12-china e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"clstrsec-aj12-china\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-clstrh2-aj12-china elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"clstrh2-aj12-china\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Daoism, folk gods and the dragon myth<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj12-cluster-text-china e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj12-cluster-text-china\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj12-cluster-text-china-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aj12-cluster-text-china-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Chinese religious tradition is <strong>institutionally a multi-layered construction<\/strong>: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinesische religi\u00f6s-philosophische Tradition, die sich am Dao, dem Weg, ausrichtet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span>, Buddhism, Confucianism and the folk religion that pervades them all. A Chinese household could traditionally belong to all four at once: Confucianism for family ethics, Buddhism for death and rebirth, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinesische religi\u00f6s-philosophische Tradition, die sich am Dao, dem Weg, ausrichtet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span> for healing and protection, folk gods for everyday needs.<\/p><p>The <strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Die Gesamtheit der G\u00f6tter einer Religion oder Kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> is hierarchical, like a celestial system of officials<\/strong>. The Jade Emperor presides over a bureaucracy of city gods, earth gods, door gods and kitchen gods.<\/p><p>After death, mortals could be canonized and become gods; historical figures such as Guandi (the general Guan Yu) or Mazu (a protective goddess of seafarers) are the most important examples.<\/p><p>Alongside this, China knows a <strong>rich world of spirits and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demons<\/span><\/strong>: gui are discontented souls, e gui are hungry ghosts, yaoguai are animal spirits that can take human form.<\/p><p>Unlike in the Western Middle Ages, the dragon is a positive <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein Zeichen, das stellvertretend f\u00fcr eine Vorstellung oder Bedeutung steht.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>: the sphere of water, fertility, imperial power. The Chinese religious vocabulary draws finer distinctions between <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein k\u00f6rperloses Wesen, dem Wirkung in der Welt zugeschrieben wird.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span>, god and being than can be mapped onto European terms.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-china-s1 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"k-china-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-china-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"k-china-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0003 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0003\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-china-t1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"k-china-t1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Period:<\/strong> from the Shang dynasty (1600 BCE) to the present, with Daoist, Confucian and Buddhist layers.<\/span><\/p><p>Distribution: folk religion throughout China, with regional variants and an overseas Chinese diaspora.<\/p><p>Sources: Shujing, Shijing, Liezi, Zhuangzi, Daodejing, Diyu texts, collections of folk tales.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Die Gesamtheit der G\u00f6tter einer Religion oder Kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span> and classes of beings: the celestial bureaucracy under the Jade Emperor, city gods, ancestors, the Diyu kings of hell, nature spirits.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-china-s100 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x-china-s100\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-china-h100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"x-china-h100\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">History and pantheon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0004 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0004\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-china-t100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x-china-t100\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Chinese religion passed through several layers and syntheses: originally there existed an <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Verehrung der Verstorbenen einer Familie als fortwirkende Schutzm\u00e4chte.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancestor cult<\/span> and a pre-Chinese veneration of nature and demons. With the historical period, the worship of <em>Tianhuang<\/em> (the Heavenly Emperor) and of local deities became established.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinesische religi\u00f6s-philosophische Tradition, die sich am Dao, dem Weg, ausrichtet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span> later formalized cosmological principles and shamanic practices. Buddhism arrived in the first century and merged with local traditions, especially in the conceptualization of the realms of hell (<em>Diyu<\/em>).<\/p><p>Confucian ethics overlaid liturgical practice. Folk religion integrated all the layers: gods, ancestors, household gods (<em>Tu Di Gong<\/em>), demons and spirits. The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Die Gesamtheit der G\u00f6tter einer Religion oder Kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> is not hierarchical but functionally ordered by domains (water, harvest, craft, protection). Syncretisms shape the tradition to this day; a single family might follow Daoists, Buddhists and Confucians alike.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-china-s101 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x-china-s101\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-china-h101 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"x-china-h101\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beings in everyday life<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0005 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0005\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-china-t101 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x-china-t101\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Household worship is central to Chinese practice: the household lord (<em>Tu Di Gong<\/em>) and other household gods receive small daily <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gabe an eine Gottheit, um Dank, Bitte oder Verehrung auszudr\u00fccken.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span> and larger weekly rituals. Protective rituals against evil spirits are part of everyday life; red cords, door <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object to which a protective, misfortune-averting effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulets<\/span> and firecrackers serve to ward them off.<\/p><p>Festival and new-year rituals (Lunar New Year, the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An incorporeal being to which effects in the world are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ghost<\/span> Festival) are <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">dedicated<\/span> to the family and serve the veneration of ancestors. Priests and Daoists offer specialized rituals for healing, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rituelle Austreibung eines als sch\u00e4dlich verstandenen Geistes oder D\u00e4mons.\" tabindex=\"0\">exorcism<\/span> and spiritual purification.<\/p><p>The interpretation of omens and feng shui are widespread everyday practices. Mediumship and spirit possession are recognized phenomena that are treated through rituals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-china-s102 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x-china-s102\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-china-h102 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"x-china-h102\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Significance today<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0006 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0006\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-china-t102 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x-china-t102\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Traditional Chinese folk religion lives on in families, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> and regional <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the customs handed down within a community.\" tabindex=\"0\">customs<\/span>, especially in Taiwan, Hong Kong and among the Chinese diaspora. On the Chinese mainland it was suppressed under communism, but since the 1990s it has experienced a cultural revival.<\/p><p>In academic study, Chinese religion is examined as a model of synthesis for religious plurality. Western <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Collective term for teachings that claim a hidden knowledge accessible only to initiates.\" tabindex=\"0\">esoteric<\/span> circles have romanticized and simplified <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinesische religi\u00f6s-philosophische Tradition, die sich am Dao, dem Weg, ausrichtet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span> and feng shui. Popular culture draws on Chinese spirit and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effects are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> motifs (jiangshi, figures from <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">classical<\/span> literature) for horror and fantasy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-china-s2 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"k-china-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-china-h2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"k-china-h2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gods (15)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0007 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0007\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-china-t2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"k-china-t2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-wesen-grid\"><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/chang-e\/\" aria-label=\"Chang-e \u2013 China\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_chang-e-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Chang-e \u2013 China\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Chang-e<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/guan-yu\/\" aria-label=\"Guan Yu \u2013 China\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_guan-yu-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Guan Yu \u2013 China\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Guan Yu<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/jade-emperor\/\" aria-label=\"Jade Emperor \u2013 China\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_jade-kaiser-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Jade Emperor \u2013 China\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Jade Emperor<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/mazu\/\" aria-label=\"Mazu \u2013 China\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_mazu-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Mazu \u2013 China\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Mazu<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/nuwa\/\" aria-label=\"Nuwa \u2013 China\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_nuwa-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Nuwa \u2013 China\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Nuwa<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/yanluo\/\" aria-label=\"Yanluo \u2013 China\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_yanluo-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Yanluo \u2013 China\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Yanluo<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/zhong-kui\/\" aria-label=\"Zhong Kui \u2013 China\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_zhong-kui-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Zhong Kui \u2013 China\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Zhong Kui<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/kitchen-god-zao-jun-household-deity-of-the-hearth-in-china\/\" aria-label=\"Kitchen God Zao Jun: Household Deity of the Hearth in China\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_kuechengott-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Kitchen God Zao Jun: Household Deity of the Hearth in China\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Kitchen God Zao Jun: Household Deity of the Hearth in China<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/sun-wukong-the-monkey-king-from-journey-to-the-west\/\" aria-label=\"Sun Wukong: The Monkey King from Journey to the West\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_sun-wukong-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Sun Wukong: The Monkey King from Journey to the West\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Sun Wukong: The Monkey King from Journey to the West<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/jade-emperor\/\" aria-label=\"Jade Emperor \u2013 China\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_jade-kaiser-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Jade Emperor \u2013 China\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Jade Emperor<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/guan-yin\/\" aria-label=\"Guan Yin \u2013 China\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_guan-yin-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Guan Yin \u2013 China\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Guan Yin<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/nuwa\/\" aria-label=\"Nuwa \u2013 China\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_nuwa-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Nuwa \u2013 China\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Nuwa<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/xi-wangmu\/\" aria-label=\"Xi Wangmu \u2013 China\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_xi-wangmu-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Xi Wangmu \u2013 China\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Xi Wangmu<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/fuxi\/\" aria-label=\"Fuxi \u2013 China\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_fuxi-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Fuxi \u2013 China\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Fuxi<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/caishen\/\" aria-label=\"Caishen \u2013 China\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_caishen-1-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Caishen \u2013 China\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Caishen<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-china-s3 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"k-china-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-china-h3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"k-china-h3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spirits (6)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0008 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0008\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-china-t3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"k-china-t3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-wesen-grid\"><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/e-gui\/\" aria-label=\"E Gui \u2013 China\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_e-gui-200x300.webp\" alt=\"E Gui \u2013 China\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">E Gui<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/gui\/\" aria-label=\"Gui \u2013 China\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_gui-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Gui \u2013 China\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Gui<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/jiangshi\/\" aria-label=\"Jiangshi \u2013 China\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_jiangshi-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Jiangshi \u2013 China\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Jiangshi<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/yaoguai\/\" aria-label=\"Yaoguai \u2013 China\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_yaoguai-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Yaoguai \u2013 China\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Yaoguai<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/huli-jing\/\" aria-label=\"Huli Jing \u2013 China\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_china_huli-jing-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Huli Jing \u2013 China\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Huli Jing<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/hei-bai-wuchang-messengers-of-death-in-the-chinese-underworld\/\" aria-label=\"Hei Bai Wuchang: Messengers of Death in the Chinese Underworld\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_china_heibai-wuchang-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Hei Bai Wuchang: Messengers of Death in the Chinese Underworld\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Hei Bai Wuchang: Messengers of Death in the Chinese Underworld<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-china-s-faq e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x-china-s-faq\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-china-h-faq elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"x-china-h-faq\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Frequently asked questions about the Chinese gods<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0006 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0006\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-china-t-faq elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x-china-t-faq\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>How many gods are there in China?<\/h3><p>The Chinese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Die Gesamtheit der G\u00f6tter einer Religion oder Kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> is enormous; estimates range from 200 principal gods to hundreds of millions of local <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In der r\u00f6mischen Religion die wirkende g\u00f6ttliche Macht an einem Ort oder Gegenstand.\" tabindex=\"0\">numina<\/span> and spirits. In <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinesische religi\u00f6s-philosophische Tradition, die sich am Dao, dem Weg, ausrichtet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span>, the Three Pure Ones (San Qing) and the Jade Emperor stand at the top.<\/p><p>Added to these are folk gods such as Caishen (wealth), Guan Yu (loyalty, a deified general), Mazu (the sea) and Tudi (the village <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>). Buddhist bodhisattvas such as Guanyin and Mile (Maitreya) are integrated into the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Die Gesamtheit der G\u00f6tter einer Religion oder Kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>.<\/p><h3>Who is the supreme Chinese god?<\/h3><p>In <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinesische religi\u00f6s-philosophische Tradition, die sich am Dao, dem Weg, ausrichtet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span>, Yu Huang Shangdi (the Jade Emperor) is the head of all gods, spirits and humans. He governs the celestial court from the Kunlun Mountains.<\/p><p>Above him, however, stand the three supreme Daoist deities, the San Qing (Three Pure Ones): Yuanshi Tianzun, Lingbao Tianzun and Daode Tianzun. In the Confucian state <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>, Tian (Heaven) was the abstract supreme power, without human form.<\/p><h3>Who are the Eight Immortals?<\/h3><p>The Eight Immortals (Ba Xian) are eight Daoist saints, each embodying a different aspect: L\u00fc Dongbin (sword, scholar), Han Xiangzi (flute, youth), Cao Guojiu (nobility), Tieguai Li (crutch, poverty), Lan Caihe (basket, artist), He Xiangu (lotus, woman), Zhongli Quan (fan, maturity) and Zhang Guolao (drum, old man).<\/p><p>They travel together and bring immortality. The best-known <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein wiederkehrendes inhaltliches Element in Kunst oder Erz\u00e4hlung.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span>: the Eight Immortals crossing the sea.<\/p><h3>Who are the Three Pure Ones?<\/h3><p>The Three Pure Ones (San Qing) are the highest gods of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinesische religi\u00f6s-philosophische Tradition, die sich am Dao, dem Weg, ausrichtet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span>: Yuanshi Tianzun (the Primeval Pure One, the Dao itself), Lingbao Tianzun (the Pure One of the Numinous, of energy) and Daode Tianzun (the Pure One of the Dao and of virtue, the manifestation, sometimes identified with Laozi).<\/p><p>They dwell in the three highest heavens and are the source of all creation. In practice they are worshipped less than Yu Huang; they are too lofty and abstract.<\/p><h3>What are the Chinese dragons?<\/h3><p>Chinese dragons (Long) are completely different from European fire-breathing dragons; they are benevolent beings, guardians of water, rain and growth. They have a serpent&#8217;s body, four clawed legs, a deer&#8217;s head and shimmering scales.<\/p><p>There are four Dragon Kings (Long Wang) for the four seas. The imperial dragon with five claws was an exclusively imperial <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein Zeichen, das stellvertretend f\u00fcr eine Vorstellung oder Bedeutung steht.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>. Together with the phoenix, the kirin and the tortoise it forms the Four Divine Animals (Si Ling).<\/p><h3>What distinguishes <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinesische religi\u00f6s-philosophische Tradition, die sich am Dao, dem Weg, ausrichtet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span>, Confucianism and Buddhism in China?<\/h3><p>The three teachings (San Jiao) shape Chinese religion together: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinesische religi\u00f6s-philosophische Tradition, die sich am Dao, dem Weg, ausrichtet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span> emphasizes harmony with nature, immortality, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiken, die durch besondere Handlungen oder Formeln in den Lauf der Dinge eingreifen wollen.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span> and a rich pantheon of gods. Confucianism is more an ethical philosophy: filial <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The lived religious attitude and practice of a person.\" tabindex=\"0\">piety<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Verehrung der Verstorbenen einer Familie als fortwirkende Schutzm\u00e4chte.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancestor worship<\/span>, social order, with a minimal pantheon.<\/p><p>Buddhism brought the concept of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, the law of cause and effect of action: every deed acts back upon subsequent existences.\" tabindex=\"0\">karma<\/span>, nirvana and the bodhisattvas. In practice, many Chinese worship all three at once, a distinctive form of religious tolerance.<\/p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How many gods are there in China?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Chinese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Die Gesamtheit der G\u00f6tter einer Religion oder Kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> is enormous; estimates range from 200 principal gods to hundreds of millions of local <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In der r\u00f6mischen Religion die wirkende g\u00f6ttliche Macht an einem Ort oder Gegenstand.\" tabindex=\"0\">numina<\/span> and spirits. In <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinesische religi\u00f6s-philosophische Tradition, die sich am Dao, dem Weg, ausrichtet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span>, the Three Pure Ones (San Qing) and the Jade Emperor stand at the top. Added to these are folk gods such as Caishen (wealth), Guan Yu (loyalty, a deified general), Mazu (the sea) and Tudi (the village deity). Buddhist bodhisattvas such as Guanyin and Mile (Maitreya) are integrated into the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Die Gesamtheit der G\u00f6tter einer Religion oder Kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Who is the supreme Chinese god?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinesische religi\u00f6s-philosophische Tradition, die sich am Dao, dem Weg, ausrichtet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span>, Yu Huang Shangdi (the Jade Emperor) is the head of all gods, spirits and humans. 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The best-known <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein wiederkehrendes inhaltliches Element in Kunst oder Erz\u00e4hlung.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span>: the Eight Immortals crossing the sea.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Who are the Three Pure Ones?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Three Pure Ones (San Qing) are the highest gods of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinesische religi\u00f6s-philosophische Tradition, die sich am Dao, dem Weg, ausrichtet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span>: Yuanshi Tianzun (the Primeval Pure One, the Dao itself), Lingbao Tianzun (the Pure One of the Numinous, of energy) and Daode Tianzun (the Pure One of the Dao and of virtue, the manifestation, sometimes identified with Laozi). They dwell in the three highest heavens and are the source of all creation. In practice they are worshipped less than Yu Huang; they are too lofty and abstract.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What are the Chinese dragons?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Chinese dragons (Long) are completely different from European fire-breathing dragons; they are benevolent beings, guardians of water, rain and growth. They have a serpent's body, four clawed legs, a deer's head and shimmering scales. There are four Dragon Kings (Long Wang) for the four seas. The imperial dragon with five claws was an exclusively imperial <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein Zeichen, das stellvertretend f\u00fcr eine Vorstellung oder Bedeutung steht.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>. Together with the phoenix, the kirin and the tortoise it forms the Four Divine Animals (Si Ling).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What distinguishes <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinesische religi\u00f6s-philosophische Tradition, die sich am Dao, dem Weg, ausrichtet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span>, Confucianism and Buddhism in China?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The three teachings (San Jiao) shape Chinese religion together: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinesische religi\u00f6s-philosophische Tradition, die sich am Dao, dem Weg, ausrichtet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span> emphasizes harmony with nature, immortality, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiken, die durch besondere Handlungen oder Formeln in den Lauf der Dinge eingreifen wollen.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span> and a rich pantheon of gods. Confucianism is more an ethical philosophy: filial piety, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Verehrung der Verstorbenen einer Familie als fortwirkende Schutzm\u00e4chte.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancestor worship<\/span>, social order, with a minimal pantheon. Buddhism brought the concept of karma, nirvana and the bodhisattvas. In practice, many Chinese worship all three at once, a distinctive form of religious tolerance.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cf4de9 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0cf4de9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e115d4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e115d4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In depth<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1e6845 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f1e6845\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Three Teachings<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0009 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0009\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2935b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2935b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Chinese religion is traditionally understood as an interweaving of three teachings (<em>san jiao<\/em>): Confucianism, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinesische religi\u00f6s-philosophische Tradition, die sich am Dao, dem Weg, ausrichtet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span> and Buddhism. These three currents coexisted and interpenetrated from the first millennium CE onward.<\/p><p>Alongside them stands a rich folk religion. Chinese religiosity is not organized along exclusive lines; a person can practice Confucian family ethics, Daoist geomancy and Buddhist <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Im Hinduismus und Buddhismus ein Lehrtext in knapper Form.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> recitation without contradiction.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39c47ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"39c47ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Daoism and Yin-Yang cosmology<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bw-d5fb8af-f9b7e14 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bw-d5fb8af-f9b7e14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5fb8af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5fb8af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinesische religi\u00f6s-philosophische Tradition, die sich am Dao, dem Weg, ausrichtet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span>, founded on the <em>Daodejing<\/em> and the <em>Zhuangzi<\/em>, has two main currents: philosophical and religious <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinesische religi\u00f6s-philosophische Tradition, die sich am Dao, dem Weg, ausrichtet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span>. The Yin-Yang model and the Five Phases (Wu Xing) structure reality. The Jade Emperor (Yuhuang Shangdi) presides at the top of the celestial bureaucratic pantheon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acbfb0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"acbfb0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ancestor worship and folk gods<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bw-cd2b4be-c882121 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bw-cd2b4be-c882121\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd2b4be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd2b4be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Verehrung der Verstorbenen einer Familie als fortwirkende Schutzm\u00e4chte.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ancestor worship<\/span> is religiously more central than any <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Die Gesamtheit der G\u00f6tter einer Religion oder Kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>. Deceased family members are provided for through rituals: incense sticks, food offerings, the burning of money.<\/p><p>The folk gods are often historically attested figures who were deified after their death: Guan Yu, Mazu, Caishen. The city god (Cheng Huang) of every city acts as a celestial mayor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dae723d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dae723d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Mao era and present-day practice<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bw-75e0012-0bb3904 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bw-75e0012-0bb3904\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75e0012 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75e0012\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><span data-nosnippet>The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) shattered <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein Bauwerk, das der Verehrung einer oder mehrerer Gottheiten dient.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span>, monasteries and rituals. Since the 1980s, religious practice has undergone a massive revival. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein Bauwerk, das der Verehrung einer oder mehrerer Gottheiten dient.\" tabindex=\"0\">Temples<\/span> are being restored, and folk rituals take place in public. At the same time, religion is politically regulated. Academic research on <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinesische religi\u00f6s-philosophische Tradition, die sich am Dao, dem Weg, ausrichtet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span> has made enormous progress in recent decades.<\/span><\/p><h3>State of research<\/h3><p><span data-nosnippet>Chinese folk religion and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinesische religi\u00f6s-philosophische Tradition, die sich am Dao, dem Weg, ausrichtet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span> are well documented within religious studies. Standard works include Marcel Granet, &#8220;La religion des Chinois&#8221; (1922), Chad Hansen, &#8220;A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought&#8221; (1992) and Stephen Bokenkamp, &#8220;Early Daoist Scriptures&#8221; (1997).<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>The methodologically most important question is the distinction between institutionalized <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chinesische religi\u00f6s-philosophische Tradition, die sich am Dao, dem Weg, ausrichtet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span>, Confucianism and the broad folk religion; the scholarly discussion in Kristofer Schipper, &#8220;The Taoist Body&#8221; (1993) provides the methodological overview.<\/span><\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Standard literature (comparative <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Die Wissenschaft, die Religionen vergleichend und ohne Glaubensbindung erforscht.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span>):<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Further standard works in the <a href=\"\/en\/literature\/\">literature index<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcc-china-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcc-china-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-china\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcc-china-inner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcc-china-inner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcc-china-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcc-china-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Objects of protection in this cultural tradition<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcc-china-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcc-china-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the Chinese cultural sphere, bagua mirrors above doors, fu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An object to which a fortune- or success-bringing effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">talismans<\/span> on clothing and rooms, and jade objects protect the wearer; Daoist protective scrolls complement the practice.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard places itself within this cultural-historical line of wearable objects of protection, in a contemporary material architecture, made in Germany. 41 layers, solid gold, platinum, silver. 30-day right of return.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcc-china-b iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgcc-china-b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/about-iwell-guard-the-protective-pendant-in-detail\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=kultur-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">More about the iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">More about the iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcc-china-b .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcc-china-b .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcc-china-b .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcc-china-b .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcc-china-b .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcc-china-d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcc-china-d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Personal experiences may vary. Not a medical device. No promise of healing.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-china e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-china\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-china-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-china-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Chinese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Die Gesamtheit der \u00fcberlieferten G\u00f6ttererz\u00e4hlungen einer Kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> is not a single unified narrative but a network grown from Daoist, Confucian, Buddhist and folk-religious strands.<\/p><p>It encompasses cosmogonies around Pangu and N\u00fcwa, the line of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, figures of the celestial bureaucracy such as the Jade Emperor, and regional beings from mountains, rivers and houses. Only this interplay yields what Western scholarship calls Chinese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Die Gesamtheit der \u00fcberlieferten G\u00f6ttererz\u00e4hlungen einer Kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgssrev-china e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgssrev-china\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgssrev-china-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgssrev-china-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protective symbols from China<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgssrev-china-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgssrev-china-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The lexicon of protective symbols covers several signs and objects from China on their own pages: <a href=\"\/en\/bagua-mirror-the-chinese-protective-mirror\/\">bagua mirror<\/a>, <a href=\"\/en\/coin-amulet-the-chinese-lucky-coin\/\">coin amulet<\/a>, <a href=\"\/en\/coin-sword-the-daoist-warding-object-made-of-bronze-coins\/\">coin sword<\/a>, <a href=\"\/en\/peach-wood-the-demon-averting-wood-of-china\/\">peachwood<\/a>, <a href=\"\/en\/pixiu-the-winged-mythical-creature-as-a-protective-figure\/\">Pixiu<\/a> and <a href=\"\/en\/menshen-the-chinese-door-gods\/\">door gods<\/a>. For a cross-cultural overview, see the page on <a href=\"\/en\/protective-symbols\/\">protective symbols<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chinese gods, the Jade Emperor, dragons and the folk-religious pantheon Beings from the Chinese tradition on iWell Guard. Chinese folk religion, Daoist and Confucian traditions. A rich pantheon with a celestial bureaucracy, ancestor worship and nature spirits. China&#8217;s folk-religious heritage combines Daoist, Buddhist and local traditions into a many-layered pantheon. Contents of this page: Classification [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4561,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Chinese gods","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Chinese Gods: Jade Emperor and Dragons | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gods of China: Jade Emperor Yu Huang, Guanyin, Mazu, the Eight Immortals, Dragon Kings. The Daoist and folk-religious pantheon: myth and cult.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[112,79],"class_list":["post-4560","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-china","category-cultures"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Chinese Gods: Jade Emperor and Dragons | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gods of China: Jade Emperor Yu Huang, Guanyin, Mazu, the Eight Immortals, Dragon Kings. 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