{"id":4514,"date":"2026-04-17T06:07:40","date_gmt":"2026-04-17T06:07:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/mesopotamia\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T09:49:42","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T09:49:42","slug":"mesopotamia","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/mesopotamia\/","title":{"rendered":"Mesopotamia"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4514\" class=\"elementor elementor-4514 elementor-611\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-hero-rebuilt-mesopo iwg-kultur-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"k-hero-rebuilt-mesopo\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-khleft-mesopo iwg-kultur-hero-left e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"khleft-mesopo\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-h1-mesopotamien elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"k-h1-mesopotamien\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mesopotamian Gods, Sumer, Babylon and the Land of the Two Rivers<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-hero-lead-mesopo e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-hero-lead-mesopo\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-hero-lead-mesopo e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-hero-lead-mesopo\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-lead-mesopotamien elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"k-lead-mesopotamien\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBeings from Mesopotamian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of a culture's transmitted narratives about the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> on iWell Guard. The Sumerian-Akkadian world of gods and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demons<\/span>, from roughly 3000 to 500 BCE, forms the oldest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span> documented in writing in human history. Anu was enthroned as the sky god, the moon god Nanna (Sin in Akkad) watched over the night, and Marduk became the chief god of Babylon. Alongside this, Mesopotamian religion possessed a richly developed demonology: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mesopotamian demoness regarded as a threat to pregnant women and newborns.\" tabindex=\"0\">Lamashtu<\/span>, Pazuzu, Gallu and other harmful beings called for their own system of protective rituals and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A linguistic ritual intended to summon or bind a power.\" tabindex=\"0\">incantation<\/span> formulas.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-hero-toc-mesopo e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-hero-toc-mesopo\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-hero-toc-mesopo e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-hero-toc-mesopo\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-toc-mesopotamien elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"k-toc-mesopotamien\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Contents of this page:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"#k-mesopotamien-h1\">Classification<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#x-mesopotamien-h100\">History and pantheon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#x-mesopotamien-h101\">Beings in everyday life<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#x-mesopotamien-h102\">Significance today<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#k-mesopotamien-h2\">Gods (11)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#k-mesopotamien-h3\">Demons (6)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#k-mesopotamien-h4\">Spirits (1)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#4451f85\">In depth<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-khrght-mesopo iwg-kultur-hero-right e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"khrght-mesopo\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-img-mesopotamien iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"k-img-mesopotamien\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_anu-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4516\" alt=\"Anu - gods from the Mesopotamian tradition, historical and illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_anu-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_anu-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_anu-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_anu.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-clstrsec-aj12-mesopota e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"clstrsec-aj12-mesopota\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-clstrh2-aj12-mesopo elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"clstrh2-aj12-mesopo\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sumerian Tablets and Akkadian Gods<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj12-cluster-text-mesopota e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj12-cluster-text-mesopota\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj12-cluster-text-mesopo-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aj12-cluster-text-mesopo-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mesopotamia is the <strong>cradle of documented religion<\/strong>. The Land of the Two Rivers gave rise to the oldest surviving god lists, creation myths and incantations, written on clay tablets in cuneiform from the late fourth millennium BCE onward.<\/p><p>Sumerian and Akkadian are not only languages but two layers of the same pantheon: Inanna becomes Ishtar, Enlil becomes Ellil, Utu becomes Shamash.<\/p><p>The system is <strong>hierarchical and city-based<\/strong>. Each Sumerian city had a tutelary god in its <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> complex (Eridu with Enki, Uruk with Inanna, Nippur with Enlil), and the political importance of the city mirrors the standing of its god in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> inventory at the same time documents both economy and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The concrete object or food offered to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">offering<\/span> lists, divine personnel records, and cultic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> texts.<\/p><p>The <strong>demonology is exceptionally differentiated<\/strong>. Mesopotamia shaped terms and classes of beings that migrated on into the European Middle Ages: Lamashtu as child-killer, Pazuzu as her ambivalent counterpart, and the Gallu as netherworld pursuers. The incantation series <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Akkadian incantation series from the 1st millennium BCE; the most extensive Mesopotamian collection of anti-witchcraft rituals.\">Maqlu<\/span> and Shurpu document the protective practice in detail.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-s1 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0001 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0001\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-t1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-t1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Mesopotamian cultures span a period from roughly 5500 BCE (the Ubaid period) to the Hellenization following Alexander (330 BCE). Their spread extended across the Land of the Two Rivers (Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia, Assyria) and adjacent regions.<\/p><p>Religious practices varied diachronically, yet showed coherent divine pantheons and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A regulated sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> structures. Archaeological sources (cuneiform, artistic monuments) and literary traditions (the Enuma Elish, the Epic of Gilgamesh) document these traditions in great variety.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-s100 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-s100\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-h100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-h100\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">History and Pantheon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0002 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0002\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-t100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-t100\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mesopotamian religion is the oldest religious system documented in writing (from roughly 3000 BCE). It passed through several cultural layers: Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian. The <em>di indigetes<\/em> (city gods) were central; each city-state venerated a patron <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> was hierarchical: the sky god An, the air god Enlil, the water god Enki, and later Marduk as supreme after the Marduk-centered Enuma Elish.<\/p><p>The creation <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> (<em>Enuma Elish<\/em>) describes the cosmic struggle between order (Marduk) and chaos (Tiamat). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Temples<\/span> were at once administrative, economic and cultic centers. With the Persian conquest (539 BCE) the traditional religion gradually disappeared. Written <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> through cuneiform tablets is abundant but fragmentary. The system was complexly hierarchized and regionally variable.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-s101 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-s101\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-h101 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-h101\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beings in Everyday Life<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0003 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0003\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-t101 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-t101\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mesopotamian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> cults were priestly and royal: daily offering rituals and rituals for the cosmic upkeep of the world. <em>Exorcisms<\/em> against evil <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A bodiless being to which agency in the world is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirits<\/span> and demons are documented in cuneiform. Diviners and sign-readers (haruspices) mediated supernatural messages. Household <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> with protective spirits and ancestors was widespread. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">Magic<\/span> and incantations are attested on tablets.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"An altered state of consciousness with narrowed attention; deliberately induced in shamanic and mediumistic practice.\">Trance<\/span> states and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The prediction of future events by religious or magical means.\" tabindex=\"0\">prophecy<\/span> are documented, though their extent is unclear. Priests, as specialized experts on the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An incorporeal being to which effects in the world are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> world, administered the knowledge of the supernatural.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A gift to a deity, to express thanks, petition or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">Offerings<\/span> (animal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrifices<\/span>, grain, libations) were daily practices. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Temples<\/span> functioned as centers of healing and protection. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religious ideas and customs that are widespread in everyday life.\" tabindex=\"0\">Popular belief<\/span> in the supernatural was widespread, though documented in writing less than the priestly religion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-s102 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-s102\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-h102 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-h102\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Significance Today<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0004 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0004\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-t102 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-t102\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mesopotamian religion is entirely extinct; the tradition was wholly displaced by Zoroastrianism, Christianity and Islam. Academically and archaeologically it is intensively studied and a source for comparative <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span>. Literary classics (the Epic of Gilgamesh) are cultural treasures.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Collective term for teachings that claim a hidden knowledge accessible only to initiates.\" tabindex=\"0\">Esoteric<\/span> Western circles romanticize Babylonian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span> and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Jewish mysticism with the principal works Sefer Yetzira, the Zohar and the Lurianic school.\">Kabbalah<\/span> connections. Popular culture draws on Mesopotamian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of a culture's transmitted narratives about the gods.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> rarely, but increasingly (Dungeons &#038; Dragons, Lovecraft). Its reconstruction is limited by the scarcity of sources. Mesopotamian cuneiform symbolism is instrumentalized in esoteric and neo-Nazi contexts. Scholarly reception remains sober and historical-critical.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-s2 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-h2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-h2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gods (17)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0005 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0005\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-t2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-t2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-wesen-grid\"><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/anu\/\" aria-label=\"Anu \u2013 Mesopotamia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_anu-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Anu \u2013 Mesopotamia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Anu<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/enki\/\" aria-label=\"Enki \u2013 Mesopotamia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_enki-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Enki \u2013 Mesopotamia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Enki<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/ereshkigal\/\" aria-label=\"Ereshkigal \u2013 Mesopotamia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_ereshkigal-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Ereshkigal \u2013 Mesopotamia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Ereshkigal<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/ishtar\/\" aria-label=\"Ishtar \u2013 Mesopotamia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_ishtar-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Ishtar \u2013 Mesopotamia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Ishtar<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/marduk\/\" aria-label=\"Marduk \u2013 Mesopotamia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Marduk \u2013 Mesopotamia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Marduk<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/nabu\/\" aria-label=\"Nabu \u2013 Mesopotamia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_nabu-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Nabu \u2013 Mesopotamia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Nabu<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/nergal\/\" aria-label=\"Nergal \u2013 Mesopotamia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_nergal-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Nergal \u2013 Mesopotamia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Nergal<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/shamash\/\" aria-label=\"Shamash \u2013 Mesopotamia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Shamash \u2013 Mesopotamia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Shamash<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/tiamat\/\" aria-label=\"Tiamat \u2013 Mesopotamia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_tiamat-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Tiamat \u2013 Mesopotamia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Tiamat<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/enlil-storm-god-and-lord-of-the-pantheon\/\" aria-label=\"Enlil: Storm God and Lord of the Pantheon\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_enlil-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Enlil: Storm God and Lord of the Pantheon\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Enlil: Storm God and Lord of the Pantheon<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/sin-moon-god-of-ur-and-harran\/\" aria-label=\"Sin: moon god of Ur and Harran\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_sin-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Sin: moon god of Ur and Harran\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Sin: moon god of Ur and Harran<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/ninurta\/\" aria-label=\"Ninurta \u2013 Mesopotamia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_ninurta-1-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Ninurta \u2013 Mesopotamia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Ninurta<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/ninhursag\/\" aria-label=\"Ninhursag \u2013 Mesopotamia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_ninhursag-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Ninhursag \u2013 Mesopotamia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Ninhursag<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/dumuzi\/\" aria-label=\"Dumuzi \u2013 Mesopotamia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_dumuzi-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Dumuzi \u2013 Mesopotamia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Dumuzi<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/gula\/\" aria-label=\"Gula \u2013 Mesopotamia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Gula \u2013 Mesopotamia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Gula<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/gilgamesh\/\" aria-label=\"Gilgamesh \u2013 Mesopotamia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Gilgamesh \u2013 Mesopotamia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Gilgamesh<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/ea\/\" aria-label=\"Ea \u2013 Mesopotamia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_ea-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Ea \u2013 Mesopotamia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Ea<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-s3 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-h3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-h3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Demons (6)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0006 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0006\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-t3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-t3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-wesen-grid\"><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/gallu\/\" aria-label=\"Gallu \u2013 Mesopotamia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Gallu \u2013 Mesopotamia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Gallu<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/lamashtu\/\" aria-label=\"Lamashtu \u2013 Mesopotamia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_lamashtu-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Lamashtu \u2013 Mesopotamia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Lamashtu<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/lilu-and-lilitu\/\" aria-label=\"Lil\u00fb and Lil\u012btu \u2013 Mesopotamia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_lilu-und-lilitu-1-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Lil\u00fb and Lil\u012btu \u2013 Mesopotamia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Lil\u00fb and Lil\u012btu<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/pazuzu\/\" aria-label=\"Pazuzu \u2013 Mesopotamia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_pazuzu-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Pazuzu \u2013 Mesopotamia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Pazuzu<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/rabisu\/\" aria-label=\"Rabisu \u2013 Mesopotamia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_rabisu-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Rabisu \u2013 Mesopotamia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Rabisu<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/utukku-spirits-of-the-dead-and-underworld-demons\/\" aria-label=\"Utukku: spirits of the dead and underworld demons\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_mesopotamien_utukku-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Utukku: spirits of the dead and underworld demons\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Utukku: spirits of the dead and underworld demons<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-s4 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-h4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-h4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spirits (1)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0007 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0007\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-k-mesopotamien-t4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"k-mesopotamien-t4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-wesen-grid\"><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/edimmu\/\" aria-label=\"Edimmu \u2013 Mesopotamia\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_mesopotamien_edimmu-200x300.webp\" alt=\"Edimmu \u2013 Mesopotamia\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">Edimmu<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 To the being<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-s-faq e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-s-faq\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-h-faq elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-h-faq\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Frequently Asked Questions about the Mesopotamian Gods<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0004 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0004\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x-mesopotamien-t-faq elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x-mesopotamien-t-faq\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>How many Mesopotamian gods are there?<\/h3><p>The Mesopotamian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> knows several hundred named gods, taking Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian together. The most important god list, An:Anum, names around 2,000 gods, many of them manifestations or local aspects of the same chief gods.<\/p><p>The central chief gods, however, number 12 to 20: Anu, Enlil, Enki\/Ea, Ninhursag, Nanna\/Sin, Utu\/Shamash, Inanna\/Ishtar, Adad, Ninurta, Marduk, Nabu, Nergal, Ereshkigal and a few others.<\/p><h3>Who is the supreme Mesopotamian god?<\/h3><p>In Sumer, Enlil (storm god, lord of the pantheon) was the most powerful god, with Anu (sky) as nominal head. In the Babylonian empire (from roughly 1800 BCE) Marduk replaced Enlil as the chief god, and the creation epic Enuma Elish is Marduk-centered propaganda.<\/p><p>In Assyria, Ashur was the highest god. These shifts mirror political changes of power: the chief god follows the hegemonic city.<\/p><h3>What is the divine triad of the Mesopotamians?<\/h3><p>The original triad is Anu (sky), Enlil (earth\/storm) and Enki\/Ea (water\/wisdom), the three domains of the cosmos. Alongside it stands the astral triad Nanna\/Sin (moon), Utu\/Shamash (sun) and Inanna\/Ishtar (Venus). These six gods form the upper <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> that was venerated in almost every Mesopotamian city.<\/p><h3>What is the Enuma Elish?<\/h3><p>The Enuma Elish (&#8220;When on high&#8221;, its opening words) is the Babylonian creation epic. It describes how the gods arose from the primeval waters Apsu and Tiamat, how Tiamat and her brood attacked the gods, and how Marduk finally defeated them.<\/p><p>From Tiamat&#8217;s body Marduk formed heaven and earth. The epic legitimizes Marduk&#8217;s primacy and is the most important source in religious studies for Babylonian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>. Written around 1100 BCE.<\/p><h3>Which myths pass from Mesopotamia into the Bible?<\/h3><p>Several biblical narratives have Mesopotamian models: the Flood (Epic of Gilgamesh tablet XI, the Atrahasis epic), the creation of humans from clay (Enki and Ninhursag), the Tower of Babel (the Mesopotamian ziggurat tradition), Paradise (the Dilmun <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>), and Behemoth\/Leviathan (a Tiamat reference).<\/p><p>Scholarship sees a broad Mesopotamian layer in the texts of Genesis and the Psalms, mediated through the Babylonian Exile.<\/p><h3>What distinguishes gods, demons and spirits?<\/h3><p>Gods (ilu\/dingir) are immortal, are venerated in temples and stand above human beings. Demons (rabi\u1e63u, gallu, \u0161\u0113du, lama\u0161tu) are ambivalent intermediate beings; some protect houses (lamassu\/\u0161\u0113du, protective demons), while others bring illness and misfortune (Lamashtu for infants, Pazuzu paradoxically against Lamashtu).<\/p><p>Spirits (e\u1e6demmu) are the souls of the deceased, who may return discontent; they were provided for with burial rites and food offerings.<\/p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How many Mesopotamian gods are there?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Mesopotamian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> knows several hundred named gods, taking Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian together. The most important god list, An:Anum, names around 2,000 gods, many of them manifestations or local aspects of the same chief gods. The central chief gods, however, number 12 to 20: Anu, Enlil, Enki\/Ea, Ninhursag, Nanna\/Sin, Utu\/Shamash, Inanna\/Ishtar, Adad, Ninurta, Marduk, Nabu, Nergal, Ereshkigal and a few others.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Who is the supreme Mesopotamian god?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In Sumer, Enlil (storm god, lord of the pantheon) was the most powerful god, with Anu (sky) as nominal head. In the Babylonian empire (from roughly 1800 BCE) Marduk replaced Enlil as the chief god, and the creation epic Enuma Elish is Marduk-centered propaganda. In Assyria, Ashur was the highest god. These shifts mirror political changes of power: the chief god follows the hegemonic city.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the divine triad of the Mesopotamians?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The original triad is Anu (sky), Enlil (earth\/storm) and Enki\/Ea (water\/wisdom), the three domains of the cosmos. Alongside it stands the astral triad Nanna\/Sin (moon), Utu\/Shamash (sun) and Inanna\/Ishtar (Venus). These six gods form the upper <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> that was venerated in almost every Mesopotamian city.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the Enuma Elish?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Enuma Elish (When on high, its opening words) is the Babylonian creation epic. It describes how the gods arose from the primeval waters Apsu and Tiamat, how Tiamat and her brood attacked the gods, and how Marduk finally defeated them. From Tiamat's body Marduk formed heaven and earth. The epic legitimizes Marduk's primacy and is the most important source in religious studies for Babylonian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>. Written around 1100 BCE.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which myths pass from Mesopotamia into the Bible?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Several biblical narratives have Mesopotamian models: the Flood (Epic of Gilgamesh tablet XI, the Atrahasis epic), the creation of humans from clay (Enki and Ninhursag), the Tower of Babel (the Mesopotamian ziggurat tradition), Paradise (the Dilmun <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>), and Behemoth\/Leviathan (a Tiamat reference). Scholarship sees a broad Mesopotamian layer in the texts of Genesis and the Psalms, mediated through the Babylonian Exile.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What distinguishes gods, demons and spirits?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Gods (ilu\/dingir) are immortal, are venerated in temples and stand above human beings. Demons (rabi\u1e63u, gallu, \u0161\u0113du, lama\u0161tu) are ambivalent intermediate beings; some protect houses (lamassu\/\u0161\u0113du, protective demons), while others bring illness and misfortune (Lamashtu for infants, Pazuzu paradoxically against Lamashtu). Spirits (e\u1e6demmu) are the souls of the deceased, who may return discontent; they were provided for with burial rites and food offerings.\"}}]}<\/script><details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">  <summary><strong>What is Mesopotamian religion?<\/strong><\/summary>  <p>Mesopotamian religion is the polytheistic belief system of the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian cultures between roughly 3000 and 500 BCE. It is the oldest religion documented in writing and knows several hundred named gods, an elaborated demonology and an extensive protective practice drawing on <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A verbal ritual meant to summon or bind a power.\" tabindex=\"0\">incantation<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A carried object credited with a protective, evil-averting effect.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulet<\/span> and temple ritual.<\/p><\/details>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4adf9c2 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4adf9c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4451f85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4451f85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In Depth<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc11cda elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cc11cda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">City-States and the Hierarchy of the Gods<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aj11-inner-0008 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aj11-inner-0008\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0175a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b0175a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mesopotamia is the cradle of the first advanced religions. Sumer, Akkad, Babylon and Assyria built their identity around temple cities, in each of which a city god ruled: Enki\/Ea in Eridu, Inanna\/Ishtar in Uruk, Marduk in Babylon, Ashur in Ashur.<\/p><p>With the rise of Babylon under Hammurabi, Marduk was moved to the top, and the <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> recounts mythologically how he defeats the primeval goddess Tiamat and creates the cosmos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af9ec3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"af9ec3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Writing and Transmission<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bw-5a3200f-7c18734 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bw-5a3200f-7c18734\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a3200f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a3200f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cuneiform, developed from the late 4th millennium BCE, made Mesopotamia the first religion accessible through text. Sumerian hymns, Akkadian myths (Atra-\u1e2basis, the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Enuma Elish), incantation series and diagnostic texts survive. The library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh preserved thousands of tablets and remains the principal source to this day.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38ad8dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"38ad8dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Temple as Cosmos and Economy<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bw-36a0cbf-b8aeaeb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bw-36a0cbf-b8aeaeb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36a0cbf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36a0cbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Mesopotamian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>, the <em>ziggurat<\/em> as a stepped tower, was at once a cosmological model and an economic center. The gods dwelt in the temple statues; offerings and meals were presented to them daily. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Temples<\/span> owned land, slaves, craftsmen and scribes; they organized irrigation, the distribution of seed grain, and trade.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae1c97c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ae1c97c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Demonology and Protective Practice<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bw-5164f28-d692748 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bw-5164f28-d692748\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5164f28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5164f28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Mesopotamia shaped the world&#8217;s demonology like no other culture. The idea that illness, infant death and misfortune are caused by personified demons was carried on from there, by way of Persia, Hellenistic Judaism, early Christianity and the Islamic world, all the way to Europe.<\/p><p>The <em>\u0101\u0161ipu<\/em> exorcists developed a complex system of diagnosis, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A regulated sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A carried object credited with a protective, evil-averting effect.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulet<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span>.<\/p><h3>State of research<\/h3><p>Mesopotamian religion is very well studied in religious scholarship. Standard works are Thorkild Jacobsen, &#8220;The Treasures of Darkness&#8221; (1976), Jean Bott\u00e9ro, &#8220;La religion la plus ancienne&#8221; (1988), and Stefan Maul for the incantation tradition.<\/p><p>The edition of the Lamashtu incantations by Walter Farber (Eisenbrauns 2014) is the central source basis; Frans A.M. Wiggermann, &#8220;Lama\u0161tu, Daughter of Anu&#8221; (BiOr 2000) is the most important specialized study.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcc-mesopota-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcc-mesopota-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-mesopotamien\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcc-mesopota-inner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcc-mesopota-inner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcc-mesopota-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcc-mesopota-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Means of Protection in This Cultural Tradition<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcc-mesopota-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcc-mesopota-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In Mesopotamia, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/pazuzu\/\">Pazuzu<\/a> pendants accompanied pregnant women and women in childbed as protection against <a href=\"\/en\/lamashtu\/\">Lamashtu<\/a>; incantation tablets and amulet plaques rounded out the protective repertoire.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard takes its place within this culture-historical line of wearable means of protection, in a contemporary material architecture, made in Germany. 41 layers, solid gold, platinum, silver. 30-day right of return.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcc-mesopota-b iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgcc-mesopota-b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/about-iwell-guard-the-protective-pendant-in-detail\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=kultur-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">More about the iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">More about the iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcc-mesopota-b .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcc-mesopota-b .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcc-mesopota-b .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcc-mesopota-b .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgcc-mesopota-b .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcc-mesopota-d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcc-mesopota-d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Personal experiences may vary. Not a medical device. No promise of healing.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sd-mesopo-7a61d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sd-mesopo-7a61d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-sd-mesopo-col-065e57\" data-id=\"sd-mesopo-col-065e57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-sd-mesopo-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"sd-mesopo-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sumerian Demons, Protection and Significance<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-sd-mesopo-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"sd-mesopo-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe Sumerian demons formed what was arguably the first systematically elaborated demonology in the history of religion. Unlike later Abrahamic traditions, Mesopotamian thought knew no moral bipolarity of good and evil; demons were powers that operated in a permeable world and had to be controlled through <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A verbal ritual meant to summon or bind a power.\" tabindex=\"0\">incantation<\/span>, protective beings or <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or conjuring address of a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> of the gods.<\/p><p>At the center stand <a href=\"\/en\/lamashtu\/\">Lamashtu<\/a> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effects are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> of infants and women in childbed), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/pazuzu\/\">Pazuzu<\/a> (the paradoxical anti-Lamashtu protective demon), <a href=\"\/en\/gallu\/\">Gallu<\/a> (netherworld messengers), <a href=\"\/en\/lilu-and-lilitu\/\">Lilu and Lilitu<\/a> (nocturnal seduction demons), as well as <a href=\"\/en\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a> and <a href=\"\/en\/rabisu\/\">Rabisu<\/a> as lurking demons. Protection was provided by Pazuzu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object to which a protective, misfortune-averting effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulets<\/span>, Maqlu incantation tablets and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Warding off evil: of signs and objects intended to keep harmful influences away.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaic<\/span> statuettes at door thresholds.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgssrev-mesopotamien e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgssrev-mesopotamien\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgssrev-mesopotamien-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgssrev-mesopotamien-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protective Symbols from Mesopotamia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgssrev-mesopotamien-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgssrev-mesopotamien-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The lexicon of protective symbols treats several signs and objects from <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ancient<\/span> Mesopotamia on their own pages: <a href=\"\/en\/apkallu-the-protective-figures-of-mesopotamian-houses\/\">Apkallu<\/a>, <a href=\"\/en\/lamashtu-plaque-protective-tablet-against-the-childbed-demon\/\">Lamashtu plaque<\/a>, <a href=\"\/en\/lamassu-the-winged-gate-guardian-of-mesopotamia\/\">Lamassu<\/a>, <a href=\"\/en\/pazuzu-amulet-mesopotamian-protection-against-lamashtu\/\">Pazuzu amulet<\/a> and <a href=\"\/en\/cylinder-seal-seal-and-amulet-of-the-ancient-near-east\/\">cylinder seal<\/a>. A cross-cultural overview is offered by the page on <a href=\"\/en\/protective-symbols\/\">protective symbols<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mesopotamian Gods, Sumer, Babylon and the Land of the Two Rivers Beings from Mesopotamian mythology on iWell Guard. The Sumerian-Akkadian world of gods and demons, from roughly 3000 to 500 BCE, forms the oldest religion documented in writing in human history. Anu was enthroned as the sky god, the moon god Nanna (Sin in Akkad) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4516,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"mesopotamian gods","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Mesopotamian Gods: Sumer and Babylon | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gods of Mesopotamia: Anu, Enlil, Marduk, Ishtar, Ereshkigal, Shamash, Sin. The Sumerian and Babylonian pantheon, myth, cult and the Enuma Elish.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[79,85],"class_list":["post-4514","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultures","category-mesopotamia"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mesopotamian Gods: Sumer and Babylon | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gods of Mesopotamia: Anu, Enlil, Marduk, Ishtar, Ereshkigal, Shamash, Sin. 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