{"id":4397,"date":"2026-05-19T09:14:34","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T09:14:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/parvati\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T09:27:18","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T09:27:18","slug":"parvati","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/parvati\/","title":{"rendered":"Parvati"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4397\" class=\"elementor elementor-4397 elementor-3006 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5cfa43 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a5cfa43\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-657c224 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"657c224\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8a93d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e8a93d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df46c12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"df46c12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parvati, Hindu goddess and consort of Shiva<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fe701a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1fe701a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Parvati is the divine mother and consort of Shiva, in whom the gentleness and creative power of the feminine are joined. In Hinduism, Parvati is the goddess of love, marital fidelity, fertility, and benevolent maternal power. She is the consort of Shiva and the mother of Ganesha and Kartikeya.<\/p><p>Her name means &#8220;she of the mountain,&#8221; as the daughter of the mountain god Himavat (the personification of the Himalaya).<\/p><p>Parvati is regarded as the gentle form of the Great Goddess (Mahadevi), whose wrathful manifestations are Durga and Kali. In <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span>, she is regarded as one of the most important embodiments of Hindu goddess <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the belief of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-121c1e5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"121c1e5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f5ae06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8f5ae06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: A personified supreme power within the pantheon of a culture, with clear domains: forces of nature, fate, war, fertility. Worshipped through cults, sacrifices, and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"\/en\/hinduism\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Hindu worlds of gods, asuras, and protective beings: from Vedic to tantric.\">Hinduism<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c86184e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c86184e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5790c46 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"5790c46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__5790c46\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__5790c46\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__5790c46\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-597e257 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"597e257\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-397c07c iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"397c07c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_parvati-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4398\" alt=\"Parvati - Gods from the Hindu tradition, historical-illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_parvati-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_parvati-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_parvati-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_parvati.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce355d4 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ce355d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e942207 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e942207\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e96bb52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e96bb52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Myth and Origin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13e21c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13e21c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>According to Hindu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>, Parvati is the rebirth of Sati, the first consort of Shiva. Sati had thrown herself into the sacrificial fire of her father Daksha after he failed to invite Shiva to his great <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A gift to a deity, expressing thanks, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrifice<\/span>.<\/p><p>Shiva, overwhelmed by grief, withdrew into solitude. So that the cosmic balance could be restored, Sati was reborn as Parvati, as the daughter of Himavat and Mena.<\/p><p>This rebirth is recounted in detail in the Shiva Purana, the Skanda Purana, and Kalidasa&#8217;s mahakavya &#8220;Kumarasambhava&#8221; (around the 5th century).<\/p><p>Kalidasa&#8217;s work ranks among the major works of Sanskrit poetry and treats, in seven cantos, Parvati&#8217;s birth, her asceticism to win Shiva, her marriage, and the begetting of the war god Kartikeya for the deliverance of the gods from the demon Taraka.<\/p><p>In terms of religious history, Parvati is one of the goddesses whose profile takes shape only in post-Vedic Hinduism. She does not appear in the Rig Veda. The first traces are found in the Mahabharata and in the earliest Puranas.<\/p><p>The fully developed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the belief of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> of Parvati as the Shakti of Shiva develops between the 5th and 10th centuries with the rise of Shaivism. In &#8220;Siva, the Erotic Ascetic&#8221; (1973), Wendy Doniger analyzed in detail the tension-laden connection of asceticism and eros between Shiva and Parvati.<\/p><p>Parvati&#8217;s rebirth as the daughter of Himavat is one of the theologically densest narratives of Hinduism. Sati, the first consort of Shiva, had thrown herself into the sacrificial fire of her father Daksha out of indignation at the insult to her husband.<\/p><p>Shiva, in deep grief, carried her corpse through the worlds and danced the Tandava dance of destruction. To save the world, Vishnu dismembered Sati&#8217;s body with his discus. The falling parts became the Shakti Pithas, the 51 places of power in India that remain places of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religiously motivated journey to a sacred site.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrimage<\/span> to this day.<\/p><p>The rebirth of Sati as Parvati is therefore not a mere variant but theologically necessary: without Shakti, Shiva is not functional; without Parvati, Kartikeya cannot be born; without Kartikeya, the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent influence is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> Taraka cannot be defeated; without this victory, the world is lost.<\/p><p>In &#8220;Siva, the Erotic Ascetic&#8221; (1973), Wendy Doniger analyzed this cosmological concatenation as a central narrative structure of Shiva <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>. Parvati is not choice but necessity.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdcc005 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fdcc005\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4dd6cb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4dd6cb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbols and Attributes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d03363a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d03363a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Parvati is typically depicted with two or four arms. In her hands she holds lotus flowers, a mirror, a discus, or gestures of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An invocation of well-being and protection, often in fixed verbal form.\" tabindex=\"0\">blessing<\/span>. Her garment is usually red or gold; she wears rich jewelry and a crescent moon in her hair (together with Shiva).<\/p><p>Her mount is the lion or tiger, especially in her warlike form as Durga. In the gentler form she often sits beside Shiva on the bull Nandi. The connection of Parvati-lion and Durga-lion shows the fluid boundaries between the various manifestations.<\/p><p>She is often depicted together with Shiva as Ardhanarishvara (half male, half female, united in one person). This iconographic form is one of the strongest statements of Hindu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the belief of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> about the inseparability of Shiva and his Shakti.<\/p><p>The right half is Shiva, the left half Parvati. This form is particularly well attested in the Pallava and Chola bronze art of South India.<\/p><p>Her identifying symbols in the family context are her children: Ganesha with the elephant head and Kartikeya with the peacock. Family images with Shiva, Parvati, and both children have been highly popular in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span> since the Middle Ages and are regarded as an <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A vivid image that stands for an abstract idea.\" tabindex=\"0\">emblem<\/span> of Hindu family life.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dd18d2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3dd18d2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8b215c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e8b215c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult and Worship<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2a3b15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2a3b15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Parvati has no single principal temple, since she is worshipped in countless local forms and name variants. Important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> are the Meenakshi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Temple<\/span> in Madurai (Tamil Nadu), where Parvati is worshipped as Meenakshi with Shiva (Sundareshwara), and the Annapurna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Temple<\/span> in Varanasi, where she appears as the giver of food.<\/p><p>The most important Parvati festival is Teej, which is celebrated above all in northern India (Bihar, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh) and Nepal. Women fast, sing Parvati songs, and pray for marital happiness.<\/p><p>The festival days celebrate Parvati&#8217;s asceticism, her marriage to Shiva, and conjugal happiness. In South India the Karthikai Deepam festival (November to December) is celebrated in honor of Parvati and Kartikeya.<\/p><p>In Shaktism, one of the three main currents of Hinduism alongside Vaishnavism and Shaivism, the goddess stands at the center. The Shakta traditions worship Parvati in many forms: as Kali, as Durga, as Lalita, as Tripurasundari.<\/p><p>The Devi Bhagavata Purana and the Devi Mahatmya (part of the Markandeya Purana, 5th to 6th century) are the most important texts of this tradition. In &#8220;A Survey of Hinduism&#8221; (3rd ed. 2007), Klaus Klostermaier described Shaktism as a distinct main direction of Hinduism.<\/p><p>In the daily domestic worship of many Hindu families, Parvati is worshipped together with Shiva and Ganesha. Before business agreements, weddings, and important family events, Parvati mantras are recited. The Lalita Sahasranama (Thousand Names of Lalita-Parvati) is a liturgical work very widespread in South India.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acfeaf6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"acfeaf6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6b75c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d6b75c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Important Myths<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67f89b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"67f89b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The principal myth is Parvati&#8217;s asceticism and marriage to Shiva. After Sati&#8217;s death, Shiva had withdrawn into the Himalaya and broken off all contact with the world.<\/p><p>Parvati, born as the daughter of Himavat, wished to win Shiva as her husband. She went into the mountains and subjected herself to the most severe asceticism. She fasted, held postures, and endured heat and cold.<\/p><p>The love god Kama was sent by the gods to stir Shiva&#8217;s senses, but Shiva burned him with the fire of his third eye. Parvati continued her asceticism. Finally Shiva appeared to her in the form of a Brahmin who praised Shiva and sought to test Parvati&#8217;s choice.<\/p><p>Parvati remained steadfast. Shiva revealed himself, and the two were wed. The wedding on Mount Kailash is one of the most splendid narratives of Hindu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>. Kalidasa&#8217;s &#8220;Kumarasambhava&#8221; unfolds this scene with great poetic effort.<\/p><p>The second central <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> is the creation of Ganesha. According to the Skanda Purana and the Shiva Purana, Parvati formed a boy from the dirt and unguent of her body and gave him life.<\/p><p>She had him stand guard before the entrance of her bath. Shiva, who did not know of the newly created child, returned and was prevented from entering by Ganesha. In anger, Shiva struck off the boy&#8217;s head.<\/p><p>Parvati was beside herself with grief and rage and threatened the destruction of the world. To calm the situation, Shiva sent out his servants to bring the head of the first living being they would meet.<\/p><p>They brought the head of an elephant. Thus Ganesha was revived with the elephant head. This narrative explains the iconographic form of Ganesha and stands at the center of many folk festivals.<\/p><p>The third <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> is the creation of the war god Kartikeya for the destruction of the demon Taraka. In the Kumarasambhava and in many Puranas it is told that Taraka could be killed only by a son of Shiva and Parvati.<\/p><p>Therefore the marriage of the two was a cosmic necessity. From the seed of Shiva, which fell into the Ganges, Kartikeya grew, who later defeats the demon. This mythic narrative connects eros and cosmos: the conjugal union of two gods is the precondition of the preservation of the world.<\/p><p>The wedding of Shiva and Parvati is elaborated with great attention in Hindu tradition. It is regarded as the mythic model of all Hindu weddings.<\/p><p>In the &#8220;Kumarasambhava,&#8221; Kalidasa describes the preparations with poetic precision: the adornment of the bride, the arrival of Shiva with his unusual retinue of Bhutas and Pretas (ghosts and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demons<\/span>), the wedding at the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> fire, the wedding night.<\/p><p>This narrative was elaborated by Kalidasa in the 5th century and has since been the model for numerous literary and iconographic works.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> of the creation of Ganesha by Parvati is of particular interest in religious studies because it thematizes the tension between maternal love and conjugal loyalty. Parvati creates Ganesha without Shiva&#8217;s knowledge, Ganesha defends his mother against his own father, Shiva slays him and then gives him the elephant head.<\/p><p>This narrative is read in the anthropology of the family as a mythic illustration of Oedipal conflicts. Robert Goldberg, Stanley Kurtz, and Wendy Doniger analyzed this material in detail in the 1980s and 1990s. The Hindu family thereby becomes a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theological<\/span> stage on which conflicts and reconciliations are mythically enacted.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5b705e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5b705e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b77658f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b77658f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relationships within the Pantheon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4279bd0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4279bd0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Parvati&#8217;s principal relationship is to Shiva. The two are conceived as one (Ardhanarishvara). In <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> and in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the belief of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>, Shiva and Parvati are inseparable.<\/p><p>Shiva without Shakti is sava (a corpse), Shakti without Shiva is movement without consciousness. This doctrine is elaborated philosophically in Tantrism, above all in the Kashmir Shaiva school (10th to 11th century, Abhinavagupta).<\/p><p>Her children are Ganesha and Kartikeya. Both belong to the most widely worshipped gods of Hinduism, above all Ganesha. The family Shiva-Parvati-Ganesha-Kartikeya is one of the most important divine families of India and is often depicted as an <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A vivid image that stands for an abstract idea.\" tabindex=\"0\">emblem<\/span> of ideal family life.<\/p><p>Parvati is the sister of Ganga, the goddess of the river. Both are daughters of Himavat. In the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> of the descent of the Ganga there are tensions between the sisters, since Shiva receives the Ganga in his hair, which provokes Parvati&#8217;s jealousy.<\/p><p>Parvati&#8217;s manifestations as Durga and Kali (in the Shakta traditions) show her other side. In the Devi Mahatmya, Durga fights against the buffalo demon Mahishasura.<\/p><p>In the Mahabhagavata Purana, Parvati releases Kali from her brow to destroy the demons Shumbha and Nishumbha. These warlike manifestations are an expression of the same divinity, in a darker form.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1c6f44 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f1c6f44\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-438ea17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"438ea17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reception and Influence<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ae0509 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ae0509\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Parvati is one of the central goddesses in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">classical<\/span> Sanskrit poetry. Kalidasa&#8217;s &#8220;Kumarasambhava&#8221; (5th century) is the outstanding work. Banabhatta too devotes verses to her in &#8220;Harshacharita&#8221; (7th century).<\/p><p>In the Tamil Bhakti literature of the Nayanars (6th to 9th century), Parvati is inseparably bound to Shiva and is often sung of as Uma or Ambika.<\/p><p>In the visual art of India, Parvati has been one of the most frequent divine depictions since the Gupta period (4th to 6th century).<\/p><p>The Chola bronzes of South India (10th to 13th century) produce classical Parvati figures, including the world-famous bronze type of Parvati as a gentle, standing goddess. These sculptures are exhibited in many Western museums, such as the British Museum in London and the Metropolitan Museum in New York.<\/p><p>In popular <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span>, Parvati is omnipresent. In every Shiva <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> she is present as the consort. In many villages of India there are local Parvati <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> with regional names (Bhagavati in Kerala, Amma in Andhra Pradesh, Chandi in Bengal).<\/p><p>These local forms are described in the anthropology of India, above all in the works of Lawrence Babb (&#8220;The Divine Hierarchy,&#8221; 1975) and Cynthia Talbot (&#8220;Precolonial India in Practice,&#8221; 2001).<\/p><p>In the West, Parvati became known through the Indology of the 19th century. Heinrich Zimmer, Stella Kramrisch, and Wendy Doniger brought her to an international audience in their works. In modern global yoga and spirituality culture, Parvati is often interpreted as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of feminine creative power.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7fd3f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f7fd3f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5f2851 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a5f2851\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification in Religious Studies<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a33591e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a33591e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In &#8220;Hindu Goddesses&#8221; (1986), David Kinsley classified Parvati as a central embodiment of the Hindu conception of the goddess as Shakti, that is, as the creative and sustaining power of the male <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>. This classification is established in scholarship.<\/p><p>In Tantrism, above all in the Kashmir Shaiva school (Abhinavagupta, 10th to 11th century), Parvati is conceived as the Vimarsha (self-consciousness, pulsation) of Shiva. Shiva is Prakasha (pure light), Parvati is the self-experience of this light.<\/p><p>This highly abstract <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the belief of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> was scholarly worked out by Klaus Klostermaier and Andre Padoux (&#8220;Vac: The Concept of the Word in Selected Hindu Tantras,&#8221; 1990).<\/p><p>In terms of the anthropology of religion, Parvati is an example of the tension between gentle and warlike goddess aspects in Hinduism.<\/p><p>In &#8220;The Hindus: An Alternative History&#8221; (2009), Wendy Doniger read this dual nature as a reflex of a complex tension between the Brahmanical-orthodox and the non-Brahmanical-tantric tradition. Parvati embodies both: the orthodox household goddess and the tantric energy.<\/p><p>In Shaktism, the third great current of classical Hinduism alongside Vaishnavism and Shaivism, the goddess stands at the center of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the belief of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>. Here Parvati is not the auxiliary figure of a male god but is herself the highest reality (Mahadevi).<\/p><p>The Devi Mahatmya (Markandeya Purana 81 to 93, around the 5th to 6th century) is the foundational text of this tradition. In the 700 verses, the Great Goddess is celebrated in her manifestations (Durga, Mahalakshmi, Saraswati) as she successively defeats the demons Madhu-Kaitabha, Mahishasura, and Shumbha-Nishumbha.<\/p><p>Shakta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the belief of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> makes Parvati the first cause. Shiva is the basis of consciousness (chit), Parvati is the creative movement (kriya). Without movement, consciousness is lifeless.<\/p><p>This <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the belief of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> was elaborated philosophically in Kashmir Shaivism (Vasugupta, Abhinavagupta, 9th to 11th century) and belongs to the most demanding metaphysical systems of Indian philosophy. Andre Padoux, Mark Dyczkowski, and Paul Muller-Ortega established this tradition in Western scholarship.<\/p><p>In comparative mythology, Parvati has parallels with the Greek Hera (consort of the chief god), Aphrodite (goddess of conjugal love), Demeter (mother goddess), and Athena (warrior in the Durga form).<\/p><p>Yet none of these parallels captures the theological specificity of Parvati as at once gentle consort and cosmic energy. This dual nature is one of the most remarkable features of Hindu goddess <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the belief of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3529712 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3529712\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5487e2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5487e2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources and Further Reading<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74b12da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74b12da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Primary sources: Shiva Purana, Skanda Purana, Devi Mahatmya (Markandeya Purana 81 to 93, around the 5th to 6th century), Devi Bhagavata Purana, Mahabharata and Ramayana (with references), Kalidasa &#8220;Kumarasambhava&#8221; (5th century). Tantric texts: Lalita Sahasranama (in the Brahmanda Purana), Saundarya Lahari (attributed to Shankara, 8th century). English translations: Kumarasambhava by Hank Heifetz &#8220;The Origin of the Young God&#8221; (1985), Devi Mahatmya by Thomas Coburn &#8220;Encountering the Goddess&#8221; (1991).<\/p><p>Secondary literature: David Kinsley &#8220;Hindu Goddesses&#8221; (1986) and &#8220;Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine&#8221; (1997), Wendy Doniger &#8220;Siva, the Erotic Ascetic&#8221; (1973) and &#8220;The Hindus: An Alternative History&#8221; (2009), Heinrich Zimmer &#8220;Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization&#8221; (1946), Klaus Klostermaier &#8220;A Survey of Hinduism&#8221; (3rd ed. 2007), Andre Padoux &#8220;Vac&#8221; (1990), Axel Michaels &#8220;Der Hinduismus&#8221; (2nd ed. 2006), Madeleine Biardeau &#8220;Hinduism: The Anthropology of a Civilization&#8221; (1989), Stella Kramrisch &#8220;The Presence of Siva&#8221; (1981).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Parvati, Hindu goddess and consort of Shiva Parvati is the divine mother and consort of Shiva, in whom the gentleness and creative power of the feminine are joined. In Hinduism, Parvati is the goddess of love, marital fidelity, fertility, and benevolent maternal power. She is the consort of Shiva and the mother of Ganesha and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4398,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Parvati","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Parvati: Divine Mother and Consort of Shiva | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Parvati is the Hindu daughter of the mountain, consort of Shiva, mother of Ganesha and Kartikeya. 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