{"id":4375,"date":"2026-05-19T09:14:30","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T09:14:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/lakshmi\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T09:27:18","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T09:27:18","slug":"lakshmi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/lakshmi\/","title":{"rendered":"Lakshmi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4375\" class=\"elementor elementor-4375 elementor-3005 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72f7e63 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"72f7e63\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c139ee0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c139ee0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-131ee47 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"131ee47\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e32021e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e32021e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lakshmi, Hindu goddess of fortune and prosperity<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-664f8d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"664f8d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lakshmi is the Hindu goddess of fortune and prosperity and is regarded as the consort of Vishnu and the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A vivid image that stands for an abstract idea.\" tabindex=\"0\">emblem<\/span> of abundance. Lakshmi (Sanskrit Laksmi) is, in Hinduism, the goddess of prosperity, fortune, beauty and fertility. She is the consort of Vishnu and is regarded as his constant companion.<\/p><p>In Hindu popular <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span>, Lakshmi is venerated as a bestower of material and spiritual abundance. Her annual festival Diwali, the night of lights, is among the largest religious celebrations in India. In <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span>, Lakshmi is considered one of the few Vedic goddesses venerated in an unbroken <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> from the Rig Veda to the present.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63025a3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"63025a3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb0cc1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bb0cc1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: Personified highest power within the pantheon of a culture, with clear domains: forces of nature, fate, war, fertility. Venerated through cults, offerings and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"\/en\/hinduism\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Hindu worlds of gods, asuras and protective beings: from Vedic to Tantric.\">Hinduism<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f55855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f55855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b645cb elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1b645cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1b645cb\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1b645cb\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1b645cb\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f5086e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f5086e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-478dd74 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"478dd74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_lakshmi-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4376\" alt=\"Lakshmi - gods from the Hindu tradition, historical and illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_lakshmi-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_lakshmi-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_lakshmi-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_lakshmi.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b5cf03 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7b5cf03\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd501f8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cd501f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6821e94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6821e94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Myth and Origin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7520449 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7520449\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the Rig Veda (around 1500-1200 BCE), Lakshmi does not yet appear as a fully developed goddess, but as an abstract principle of fortune and promise. In the Sri Sukta (an appendix to the Rig Veda) she is first <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> as a personified goddess.<\/p><p>There it reads: &#8220;Bring me the goddess Lakshmi, golden in color, with golden ornaments, of fair form, shining like the moon.&#8221; This early hymn is the basis of later Lakshmi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>.<\/p><p>The central mythic narrative about Lakshmi&#8217;s origin is the churning of the milk ocean (Samudra Manthana), recounted in the Mahabharata (Adi Parva 18) and in several Puranas, above all in the Vishnu Purana (Book 1, Chapter 9) and the Bhagavata Purana (Book 8, Chapter 8).<\/p><p>Gods and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demons<\/span> together churn the primordial ocean, using Mount Mandara as the churning rod and the serpent Vasuki as the rope.<\/p><p>From the churning emerge many precious beings and things, among them the sun, the moon, the wish-fulfilling tree, the wish-granting cow and finally Lakshmi herself. She rises upon a lotus blossom from the waves, radiant in beauty, and chooses Vishnu as her consort.<\/p><p>This birth from the primordial ocean is one of the best-known mythologemes of Hinduism.<\/p><p>Wendy Doniger, in &#8220;Hindu Myths&#8221; (1975) and &#8220;The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology&#8221; (1976), analyzed the cosmological significance of the churning: it is a creation through the mixing of opposing forces (gods and demons, ascent and descent, light and darkness), and Lakshmi emerges as the fruit of this cosmological tension.<\/p><p>The mythic narrative of the churning of the milk ocean (Samudra Manthana) is among the most iconographically present episodes of Hindu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted narratives about gods of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>.<\/p><p>It is depicted in many <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> reliefs of the subcontinent and of Southeast Asia, including the famous reliefs of Angkor Wat (Cambodia, 12th century), which unfold the entire scene across a wall length of over 50 meters. This iconographic spread shows the fundamental significance of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> for Hindu and Hinduized culture.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theological<\/span> interpretation of Lakshmi&#8217;s birth from the primordial ocean developed its own character in Sri Vaishnavism. Ramanuja (11th\/12th c.) and Vedanta Desika (14th c.) conceived of Lakshmi as a Shakti eternally existing within Vishnu, who did not first come into being at the churning but became visible at the churning.<\/p><p>This doctrine of the eternally present, yet at times concealed, goddess stands in contrast to the popular-religious view, which understands Lakshmi as a real cosmic birth process. Both views coexist in modern Hinduism and reflect the complexity of Hindu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-999feaa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"999feaa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-858422c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"858422c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbols and Attributes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bdecad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6bdecad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lakshmi&#8217;s most prominent attribute is the lotus flower. She sits upon a fully bloomed lotus, holds lotus blossoms in two hands, and her <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A fixed epithet that characterizes a deity or figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">epithet<\/span> is Padma (&#8220;lotus&#8221;) or Kamala (&#8220;lotus&#8221;).<\/p><p>The lotus symbolizes spiritual purity that rises from the mud of the material world without being soiled by it. This image is among the strongest visual identifiers of Hindu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span>.<\/p><p>She is typically depicted with four arms. Two hands hold lotus blossoms, a third bestows a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The pronouncement of well-being and protection, often in fixed verbal form.\" tabindex=\"0\">blessing<\/span> (varada-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ritual gesture made with the hands that embodies particular forms of energy in tantric and Buddhist practices.\" tabindex=\"0\">mudra<\/span>), the fourth scatters gold coins. This coin iconography reinforces her character as a bestower of material abundance. She wears a red garment, often embroidered with gold thread, and rich ornaments.<\/p><p>Her companions are white elephants that pour water over her. This <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> of Gaja-Lakshmi (Lakshmi with elephants) is one of the oldest forms of representation, already tangible on the reliefs of Bharhut and Sanchi (1st century BCE) and in the Maurya dynasty. The elephants symbolize royal power and rain, both conditions for prosperity.<\/p><p>Her mounts or companion animals are the owl (Ulukam) and the elephant. The owl is associated with Lakshmi above all in Bengal.<\/p><p>This connection is unusual, because the owl is otherwise regarded in many cultures as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of misfortune. David Kinsley, in &#8220;Hindu Goddesses&#8221; (1986), showed that for Lakshmi the owl symbolizes watchfulness over wealth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f5911d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f5911d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98dffac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"98dffac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult and Worship<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7fc9a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7fc9a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lakshmi&#8217;s main festival is Diwali (Sanskrit Dipavali, &#8220;night of lights&#8221;), celebrated in October or November. Houses are adorned with oil lamps to attract Lakshmi, who is said to enter only bright and clean homes.<\/p><p>On this night families perform Lakshmi Puja, often accompanied by accountants who entrust their account books to the goddess&#8217;s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The pronouncement of well-being and protection, often in fixed verbal form.\" tabindex=\"0\">blessing<\/span>. In western India the business year begins at Diwali.<\/p><p>The most important Vishnu-Lakshmi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> is the Sri Venkateshwara <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> in Tirumala (Andhra Pradesh, South India). It is regarded as the most <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religiously motivated journey to a sacred site.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrimage<\/span>-frequented <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> in the world, with about 50,000 to 100,000 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A person who undertakes a religiously motivated journey to a sacred place.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrims<\/span> daily.<\/p><p>Here Vishnu is venerated as Venkateshwara and Lakshmi as Padmavati. The Lakshminarayan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> in Delhi (built 1933-1939) and the Mahalaxmi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> in Mumbai are also among the most important centers.<\/p><p>In South Indian Sri Vaishnavism, a tradition systematically developed in the 11th and 12th centuries by Ramanuja, Lakshmi is not only Vishnu&#8217;s consort but a mediator (Purushakara) between human and god.<\/p><p>The writings of the Alvars (South Indian Vishnu-Bhakti poets, 6th-9th century) address many hymns directly to Sri (Lakshmi) as a bridging figure. This Lakshmi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> founded a school of its own within Vaishnavism.<\/p><p>Popular Lakshmi worship includes the veneration of the &#8220;Eight Lakshmis&#8221; (Ashta-Lakshmi). These eight manifestations embody various aspects of prosperity: Adi-Lakshmi (primordial prosperity), Dhana-Lakshmi (monetary wealth), Dhanya-Lakshmi (grain wealth), Gaja-Lakshmi (wealth of animals and royalty), Santana-Lakshmi (wealth of offspring), Vira-Lakshmi (wealth of heroism), Vijaya-Lakshmi (wealth of victory) and Vidya-Lakshmi (wealth of learning).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b668cf3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b668cf3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f633d19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f633d19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Important Myths<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6df4fb8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6df4fb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The principal myth is the birth from the milk ocean (see <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> and origin above). An important variant of this birth narrative is transmitted by the Vishnu Purana (1.9). Here Lakshmi is introduced as the daughter of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A traditional narrative with an often historical core and wondrous elements.\" tabindex=\"0\">sage<\/span> Bhrigu and his wife Khyati.<\/p><p>She incarnates from the primordial ocean, after she had earlier left the world through the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A verbal formula by which harm is to be inflicted on a person or thing.\" tabindex=\"0\">curse<\/span> of the sage Durvasa. This narrative doubling (born twice) accounts for the differing traditions.<\/p><p>A second central <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> concerns her avatars as consorts of Vishnu&#8217;s incarnations. In the Ramayana she is Sita, the consort of Rama, born from a furrow of a field. In the Mahabharata she is Rukmini, the chief consort of Krishna.<\/p><p>In other avatara narratives she appears as Padma (with Vishnu&#8217;s Vamana avatar), as Dharani (with Parashurama) and in further forms. This genealogical interweaving with every Vishnu incarnation underscores the inextinguishable bond of the two deities.<\/p><p>A third <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> is Lakshmi&#8217;s withdrawal from Indra. In the Vishnu Purana (1.9) Lakshmi leaves heaven because Indra has grown arrogant. The world becomes impoverished. The gods churn the milk ocean to win her back. This story has a moral and admonitory function: prosperity is a gift that presupposes humility; arrogance drives Lakshmi away.<\/p><p>A fourth <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>, central to the Sri Vaishnava tradition, is the Doshasringaranama: Lakshmi defends sinful humans before Vishnu and mediates between grace and justice. This theological role is systematically developed in the writings of Ramanuja and Vedanta Desika (14th century).<\/p><p>Lakshmi&#8217;s avatar incarnations as consorts of Vishnu&#8217;s incarnations are a singular phenomenon in comparative Hindu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted narratives about gods of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>. In no other god-goddess constellation of Hinduism is the genealogical correspondence so complete. Sita with Rama, Rukmini with Krishna, Padma with Vamana, Dharani with Parashurama: everywhere Lakshmi accompanies her husband through all incarnations.<\/p><p>In terms of religious history, this correspondence is a reflection of the theological conviction that Vishnu is not conceivable without his Shakti. In the Sri Vaishnava writings, above all in Ramanuja&#8217;s &#8220;Vedarthasangraha&#8221; and Vedanta Desika&#8217;s &#8220;Sri Stuti,&#8221; this <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> is worked out.<\/p><p>Lakshmi is not only Vishnu&#8217;s wife, but his essential self-expression. Without her, Vishnu is sava, lifeless; without him, she is unordered. This complementary <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> founded its own schools in the Middle Ages, including the Vadakalai and Tenkalai currents of Sri Vaishnavism, which remain vividly expressed to this day.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8db829b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8db829b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f56339b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f56339b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relationships within the Pantheon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e2a42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26e2a42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lakshmi&#8217;s main relationship is with Vishnu. In all Vishnu avatars she is his consort: Sita with Rama, Rukmini with Krishna, Padma with Vamana, Dharani with Parashurama. This avatara chain is central to the Vishnu-Bhakti tradition and is depicted in numerous temple reliefs.<\/p><p>Her sister (in some traditions) is Alakshmi, the personification of misfortune and poverty. Alakshmi too was born from the milk ocean, before Lakshmi. She is depicted riding on a donkey, with a decayed appearance and inauspicious attributes.<\/p><p>The veneration of Lakshmi implies the warding off of Alakshmi. At Diwali a lamp is lit before the house entrance to attract Lakshmi and to keep Alakshmi away.<\/p><p>Her relationships with other goddesses are complex. Saraswati (learning) and Parvati (power) form, together with Lakshmi (prosperity), a triadic constellation in which the three most important aspects of life are represented. This triad is often read in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religious-ritual tradition in Hinduism and Buddhism with a doctrine of energy polarities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tantra<\/span> tradition as a manifestation of the one great goddess (Mahadevi).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5644a37 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5644a37\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a814339 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a814339\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reception and Influence<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdb2267 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fdb2267\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">classical<\/span> Sanskrit literature Lakshmi is celebrated in numerous Kavyas (art poetry) and Mahakavyas (heroic epics). Kalidasa (probably 4th or 5th century) devotes verses to her in several works.<\/p><p>The Bhakti literature of the Middle Ages, above all the works of the Alvars and Annamacharya (15th c.), gives Lakshmi a central place in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The fixed order of worship of a religious community.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgy<\/span>.<\/p><p>In the visual art of India, Lakshmi has been one of the most frequent representations of a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> from the 1st century BCE to the present. The Maurya period (4th-2nd century BCE) shows Gaja-Lakshmi reliefs, the Gupta period (4th-6th century) produces the classical lotus form.<\/p><p>In the Pallava and Chola bronze art of South India, Lakshmi appears beside Vishnu upon the serpent Adisesha. This iconography was further developed through Mughal court art and through the bazaar art of the 19th and 20th centuries.<\/p><p>In modern Indian society Lakshmi is omnipresent. She adorns banknotes, calendars and account books. Indian women are often named Lakshmi, which points directly to the wish for prosperity. Banks and insurance companies in India bear the name Lakshmi or one of her aspects (Mahalakshmi, Padmavati).<\/p><p>In the West, Lakshmi became known through the Indology of the 19th and 20th centuries. Heinrich Zimmer devoted a detailed section to her in &#8220;Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization&#8221; (1946). In present-day intercultural spirituality she is often interpreted as a universal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or a meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of abundance.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4600d68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4600d68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dabcdab elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dabcdab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification in Religious Studies<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b7b6df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1b7b6df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>David Kinsley, in &#8220;Hindu Goddesses&#8221; (1986), classified Lakshmi as a paradigm of the benevolent goddess (saumya), in contrast to warlike goddesses such as Durga or Kali. Her character traits are gentleness, beauty, bestowal. This classification has largely prevailed in scholarship.<\/p><p>In terms of the sociology of religion, Lakshmi is a key example of the relationship between religious <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or holy figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> and economic behavior. Max Weber, in &#8220;Hinduism and Buddhism&#8221; (1916-17), analyzed Hindu economic ethics without treating Lakshmi specifically.<\/p><p>Later scholars such as C. J. Fuller in &#8220;The Camphor Flame&#8221; (1992) have precisely documented the connection between Lakshmi worship and mercantile values in India.<\/p><p>In the theological context, Lakshmi is regarded in the Sri Vaishnava tradition as the eternal consort of Vishnu, his co-sovereign (sahacharee). She is Shakti (power) and Aishvarya (sovereignty) of Vishnu; without her, Vishnu is not conceivable.<\/p><p>This theological doctrine was systematically unfolded by Ramanuja in the &#8220;Vedarthasangraha&#8221; (12th c.) and by Vedanta Desika in the &#8220;Sri Stuti&#8221; (14th c.). Klaus Klostermaier presented this <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> accessibly in &#8220;A Survey of Hinduism&#8221; (3rd ed. 2007).<\/p><p>The position of Lakshmi in the sociology of religion is singular within Hinduism. She combines the highest theological esteem with comprehensive popular-religious presence.<\/p><p>Business people pray to her at openings, bankers bless transactions with her name, wedding couples invite her as a protecting goddess. This ubiquity in the economy has led scholarship to characterize Lakshmi as a goddess of the Hindu middle class.<\/p><p>C. J. Fuller, in &#8220;The Camphor Flame&#8221; (1992), examined the close connection between Lakshmi worship and mercantile identity in South India. Banks, insurance companies and trading enterprises bear Lakshmi names, which in the 20th and 21st centuries has led to a veritable commercial iconization of the goddess.<\/p><p>In Tantrism Lakshmi appears in forms of her own. The Lakshmi Tantras (for example the Lakshmi Tantra, 9th-13th c.) belong to the Pancharatra school of Vaishnavism and develop a complex Lakshmi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> in which the goddess is conceived as the cosmic motive force of Vishnu.<\/p><p>These texts were first made systematically accessible in Western scholarship through Vasudha Narayanan and Sanjukta Gupta in the 1980s and 1990s. They show that Lakshmi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> is not a simple female-Vishnu auxiliary figure, but an independent metaphysical construction.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b5b7a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b5b7a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede39d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ede39d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources and Further Reading<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0f3093 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0f3093\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Primary sources: Rig Veda with the Sri Sukta (around 1500-1200 BCE), Vishnu Purana Book 1, Chapter 9 (around 1st-4th c. CE), Bhagavata Purana Book 8, Chapter 8 (around 9th-10th c.), Mahabharata Adi Parva 18, Ramayana, works of the Alvars (especially Andal, Nammalvar). Ramanuja &#8220;Vedarthasangraha&#8221; (12th c.), Vedanta Desika &#8220;Sri Stuti&#8221; (14th c.). English translations: Vishnu Purana by Horace Hayman Wilson (1840, reprint 1972), Bhagavata Purana by Edwin Bryant (2003).<\/p><p>Secondary literature: David Kinsley &#8220;Hindu Goddesses&#8221; (1986), Wendy Doniger &#8220;Hindu Myths&#8221; (1975) and &#8220;The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology&#8221; (1976), Heinrich Zimmer &#8220;Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization&#8221; (1946), Klaus Klostermaier &#8220;A Survey of Hinduism&#8221; (3rd ed. 2007), Axel Michaels &#8220;Der Hinduismus&#8221; (2nd ed. 2006), C. J. Fuller &#8220;The Camphor Flame&#8221; (1992), Gavin Flood &#8220;An Introduction to Hinduism&#8221; (1996), Madeleine Biardeau &#8220;Hinduism: The Anthropology of a Civilization&#8221; (1989), Vasudha Narayanan &#8220;The Vernacular Veda&#8221; (1994).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lakshmi, Hindu goddess of fortune and prosperity Lakshmi is the Hindu goddess of fortune and prosperity and is regarded as the consort of Vishnu and the emblem of abundance. Lakshmi (Sanskrit Laksmi) is, in Hinduism, the goddess of prosperity, fortune, beauty and fertility. She is the consort of Vishnu and is regarded as his constant [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4376,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Lakshmi","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Lakshmi: Goddess of Fortune | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Lakshmi is the Hindu goddess of wealth, fortune and beauty, consort of Vishnu. Lotus, gold coins, Diwali worship and her avatars.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[86,27,90,53],"class_list":["post-4375","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gods","category-goetter","category-hinduism","category-hinduismus"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Lakshmi: Goddess of Fortune | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Lakshmi is the Hindu goddess of wealth, fortune and beauty, consort of Vishnu. 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