{"id":4329,"date":"2026-04-27T10:36:40","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T10:36:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/amun\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:26:02","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:26:02","slug":"amun","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/amun\/","title":{"rendered":"Amun"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4329\" class=\"elementor elementor-4329 elementor-2062 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amun, god of the Egyptian tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Amun is a god of the Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>The Hidden Creator God, King of the Gods, Lord of Thebes.<\/strong> Amun is the god who created himself out of chaos; his name means &#8220;the Hidden One&#8221;.<\/p><p>Depicted with ram heads and a feather crown, first worshipped locally in Thebes, then imperially as Amun-Ra, with the sun god himself becoming his manifestation. No other <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> of the Orient rose so quickly from regional significance to cosmic rule.<\/p><p>Amun is a principal Egyptian god of the New Kingdom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: Personified supreme power in the pantheon of a culture, with clear responsibilities such as natural forces, fate, war, fertility. Worshipped through cults, sacrifices and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"\/en\/egypt\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mythology of the ancient Nile valley, ca. 3000 BC to 30 BC.\">Egypt<\/a><a href=\"\/en\/high-deities\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Supreme gods of a pantheon, cosmic sovereignty, creator or ruler aspect.\">Supreme deity<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_amun-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4331\" alt=\"Amun - Gods from the Egyptian tradition, historical and illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_amun-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_amun-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_amun-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_amun.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">At a glance: Amun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> Egyptian principal deity, creator and imperial god<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Egypt (Middle and New Kingdom, Late Period)<br>Function: Creation, wind and invisible effects, imperial unity (Amun-Ra)<br>Main attributes: Double feather crown, ram&#8217;s horn, Was sceptre<br>Main <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> sites: Karnak and Luxor (Thebes), Siwa oasis, Napata (Sudan)<br>Greek identification: Zeus Ammon<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Period of the texts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Amun appears in the Pyramid Texts as a peripheral protective god; his rise to principal deity begins in the 11th Dynasty (Middle Kingdom, ca. 2050 BC) with Thebes as the centre of ascent.<\/p><p>In the 18th Dynasty (New Kingdom, ca. 1550 BC) he merges with Ra to become the imperial god Amun-Ra. Akhenaten&#8217;s reform (ca. 1350 BC) briefly banishes Amun in favour of Aten; after Akhenaten&#8217;s death there is a massive restoration. In the 21st to 25th Dynasties Amun is de facto Egypt&#8217;s state god.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Area of distribution<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The main cult site was <strong>Karnak<\/strong> near Thebes, the largest temple complex of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiquity<\/span>. Alongside it were Luxor, the Amun <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of Siwa (the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine pronouncement is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> visited by Alexander the Great) and Napata in Nubia. The influence of the Amun cult reached as far as present-day Sudan and Libya.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Source situation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Central sources are the Karnak temple inscriptions, the hymns to Amun (e.g. the great Leiden Hymn), the Pyramid Texts (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Magical or ecclesiastical exclusion; also the binding of a power through a formula.\" tabindex=\"0\">Spell<\/span> 446), the Book of the Dead (Spells 17, 64) and the Greek tradition concerning the Siwa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine pronouncement is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> (Herodotus II 42, Diodorus I 17).<\/p><p>Secondary literature: Assmann, <em>\u00c4gypten, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">Theologie<\/span> und <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The lived religious attitude and practice of a person.\" tabindex=\"0\">Fr\u00f6mmigkeit<\/span><\/em>; Bonnet, <em>Reallexikon<\/em>; Wilkinson, <em>Complete Gods and Goddesses<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Designation and spellings<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Amun is depicted with ram heads or with a human body and two large, upright feathers. His colour is blue or green, the colour of fertility and of hiddenness. The <em>Atef crown<\/em> or a special pair of feather crowns sits on his head.<\/p><p>Sometimes he carries the <em>Ankh<\/em> (sign of life) and a <em>Was<\/em> sceptre. In abstract depictions Amun is also represented simply by the feathers or by a hidden, invisible sign; his name states that he is invisible.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Characteristics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Amun is the Invisible One who created himself. His priests at Karnak became enormously powerful, at times more powerful than the pharaohs themselves. Kings had themselves legitimised by Amun and consulted his <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine pronouncement is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span>. The Karnak <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> precinct was richly endowed with <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span>, gold and slaves.<\/p><p>Through the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"The merging of elements of different religions or cults into new mixed forms, for example in Haitian Vodou (Lwa and Catholic saints).\">syncretism<\/span> with Ra, Amun becomes the force behind the visible sun. Hymns are sung to him as the &#8220;secret name of God&#8221;. Priestesses and priests danced and sang in his honour. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A person who undertakes a religiously motivated journey to a sacred place.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pilgrims<\/span> visited the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine pronouncement is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> to ask questions.<\/p><h3>Appearance and symbolism<\/h3><p><em>Amun<\/em> is frequently depicted as a bearded man with a double feather crown, from which two feathers of <em>Maat<\/em>, the goddess of truth, rise up. In some depictions he wears the sun disc of <em>Ra<\/em> on his forehead.<\/p><p>His colour is blue or black, the colours of the cosmos and of hiddenness. As a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of his invisibility, he is also depicted without a face. The ram and the goose were regarded as the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> animals of <em>Amun<\/em>, which embodied him in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuaries<\/span> and were carried along in processions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profile: Amun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important aspects of Amun at a glance. The following fields summarise origin, function, appearance, worship, symbols and parallels.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amun's origin<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Amun is originally a local protective god of Thebes who becomes a principal deity in the 11th Dynasty.<\/p><p>In the theogonic speculation of the Late Period he is regarded as the <em>Self-Created One<\/em>, who emerged from the primordial waters of Nun before all other gods. In Thebes he forms a triad with Mut (consort) and Khonsu (son).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amun's target group<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Creator god, breath and wind, the Hidden One (his name literally means &#8220;the Hidden One&#8221;). As the imperial god Amun-Ra he is the guarantor of pharaonic order.<\/p><p>In personal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The lived religious attitude and practice of a person.\" tabindex=\"0\">piety<\/span> he is the addressee of petitionary prayers in sickness and need; the hymns of the Late Period show him as an approachable helper of ordinary people.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Appearance<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anthropomorphic as a man with a double feather crown (<em>schuti<\/em>) and beard, holding the Was sceptre and Ankh. Also depicted ram-headed (Amun of Karnak) or as a gander; both animals are regarded as <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span>.<\/p><p>At Karnak, avenues of sphinxes lined the temple grounds. Skin colour traditionally blue (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of the sky and of invisibility).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sphere of influence<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sphere of influence:<\/strong> Amun grants protection on journeys, success in negotiations and help in personal need. His <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine pronouncement is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> at Karnak and Siwa was regarded as the most reliable information about future events.<\/p><p>Pharaohs requested confirmation of their rule, ordinary believers sought healing mediation. The Festival of the Valley and the Opet Festival were the greatest popular festivals of Thebes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protection<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Double feather crown, Was sceptre, Ankh, ram&#8217;s head, gander, blue beard, sphinx (Karnak avenue). Plants: lotus, papyrus. Sacred sites: great pylons, hypostyle hall, sacred lake.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amun's parallels<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ra (Egypt, merger Amun-Ra), Min (Egyptian fertility god, often syncretised), <em>Zeus Ammon<\/em> (Greek identification, especially via the Siwa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine pronouncement is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span>), <em>Iuppiter Hammon<\/em> (Roman). In the Indo-European sphere there is no direct parallel; functionally the closest are Indra (Hindu) or Zeus (Greece) as imperial god.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practical defence<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><h3>Worship in everyday life<\/h3><div><p><strong>Rituals and invocations<\/strong><br>At the centre stood the Opet Festival, during which the barque of Amun travelled from Karnak to Luxor, as well as the &#8220;Beautiful Festival of the Desert Valley&#8221;.<\/p><p>The daily temple cult provided the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pictorial representation of a deity worshipped in the temple or shrine.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult image<\/span> with food, clothing and incense. During the barque processions Amun was also consulted as an oracle god.<\/p><\/div><h3>Conjurations and invocations<\/h3><div><p><strong>Textual tradition and formulae<\/strong><br>The great Leiden Hymn to Amun (Papyrus Leiden I 350, 13th century BC) unfolds the Theban <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> of the hidden god, whose name &#8220;the Hidden One&#8221; already names his nature.<\/p><p>Amun appears in the Pyramid Texts as a primordial <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> and in the temple liturgies of Karnak; numerous <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The verbal turning of a person toward a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">prayer<\/span> stelae of ordinary worshippers address him as &#8220;vizier of the poor&#8221;.<\/p><\/div><h3><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object to which a protective, misfortune-averting effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Amulets<\/span> and protective symbols<\/h3><div><p><strong>Material <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Plural of apotropaion: objects and signs intended to ward off misfortune.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaia<\/span> and archaeological evidence<\/strong><br>Amun amulets made of faience served as protective signs, often in the form of the ram or with the characteristic double feather crown.<\/p><p>Ram-headed sphinxes lined the processional ways of Karnak. Such figurines are widely attested in tombs and temple deposits of the Theban region and document Amun&#8217;s role in personal protective belief.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amun, parallels in other cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Amun resembles Zeus (Greece), king of the gods. With <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism the absolute, formless, attributeless being; reflected upon in the Upanishads as the ground of all appearances.\">Brahman<\/span> (Hinduism) he shares the aspect of the hidden, invisible creator. He recalls Wotan (Scandinavia), a god who <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrifices<\/span> himself to attain wisdom. The concept of a hidden creator god is universal; Amun is a particularly coherent <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theological<\/span> elaboration of it.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdb0d114 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpdb0d114\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2834be1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2834be1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The rise of Amun to imperial god<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2318a06 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2318a06\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp83ab681 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp83ab681\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Amun does not belong to the oldest Egyptian gods whose worship can be traced back to the early period. He first appears as a local <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> of Thebes in Upper Egypt.<\/p><p>In the Pyramid Texts of the Old Kingdom he is mentioned only in passing, mostly as part of the Ogdoad of Hermopolis, a group of eight primordial gods who embody the state before creation.<\/p><p>Amun&#8217;s rise is closely connected with the political rise of Thebes. When Theban rulers in the Middle Kingdom and especially at the beginning of the New Kingdom accomplished the reunification of the realm and built Egypt into a great power, their city god rose with them.<\/p><p>Amun merged with the old sun god Ra to form Amun-Ra and thereby claimed the highest position in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>.<\/p><p>In the New Kingdom Amun-Ra was the imperial god par excellence. The pharaohs attributed their victories to him, endowed his <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> with plunder and legitimised their rule through him.<\/p><p>The temple precinct of Karnak in Thebes grew over centuries into the largest temple complex in Egypt. The Amun priesthood of Thebes thereby gained enormous economic and political influence.<\/p><p>Scholarship sees in the history of Amun a model example of how closely <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span> and power were interwoven in Egypt. The rise of a god reflects the rise of his city and its dynasty.<\/p><p>At the same time Amun was theologically flexible enough to absorb other gods into himself without losing his identity. This capacity for merger was a precondition of his lasting pre-eminence.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp34115a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp34115a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp97970f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp97970f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amun and the religious reform of Akhenaten<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp71c85a8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp71c85a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp685948e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp685948e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most dramatic episode in the history of the Amun cult is probably the religious reform of Pharaoh Amenhotep IV, who renamed himself Akhenaten and ruled in the second half of the 14th century BC. Akhenaten raised the sun-disc god Aten to the only deity worthy of worship and acted against the other gods, above all against Amun.<\/p><p>Concretely this meant that the name of Amun was chiselled out of inscriptions, in some cases even in compound personal names and in hard-to-reach places.<\/p><p>Amun&#8217;s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> were closed or lost their income, the priesthood was stripped of power. Akhenaten moved the residence to a newly founded city, today&#8217;s Amarna, and thereby withdrew political significance from Thebes.<\/p><p>Scholarship discusses the motives of this reform controversially. Some see in it an attempt to break the power of the Amun priesthood, others emphasise the religious intrinsic value of Aten worship. It is also disputed whether this was genuine <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The belief in a single god.\" tabindex=\"0\">monotheism<\/span> or a heightened form of sun worship.<\/p><p>The reform did not outlast its originator. Already under Akhenaten&#8217;s successors, especially under Tutankhamun, whose original name was Tutankhaten and who changed it to Tutankhamun, the Amun <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of the religious acts of worship for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> was restored.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> were reopened, Amun&#8217;s name reinstated in many places. Akhenaten&#8217;s own buildings and his name were later in turn destroyed. This episode shows how deeply Amun was anchored in the religious and social fabric of Egypt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp56c5228 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp56c5228\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4d367d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp4d367d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The oracle of Amun and the god of Siwa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc8231a0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc8231a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp66218e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp66218e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Amun was not only a temple god worshipped through priests, but also a god who spoke through <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine pronouncement is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracles<\/span>. In the New Kingdom a practice developed in Thebes in which the divine barque carrying the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pictorial representation of a deity worshipped in the temple or shrine.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult image<\/span> of Amun was carried in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A solemn religious procession.\" tabindex=\"0\">procession<\/span> and answered questions through movements.<\/p><p>Petitioners presented their concerns, and the reaction of the barque carried by priests was regarded as the god&#8217;s answer. Such <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine pronouncement is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracles<\/span> decided legal disputes, confirmed appointments to office and influenced political decisions.<\/p><p>Beyond Egypt, the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine pronouncement is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> of Amun in the Siwa oasis in the Libyan desert became famous. The Greek world knew this god as Ammon and held his <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine pronouncement is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> in high regard.<\/p><p>As early as the Archaic period Greeks visited the place, and Siwa was regarded, alongside Delphi and Dodona, as one of the significant oracle sanctuaries.<\/p><p>The most famous episode is the visit of Alexander the Great in the year 332 BC. After the conquest of Egypt, Alexander travelled through the desert to Siwa to consult the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine pronouncement is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span>.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> sources report that the god acknowledged him as his son. This confirmation was of considerable significance for Alexander&#8217;s self-understanding and for the legitimation of his rule.<\/p><p>Scholarship emphasises that the oracle institution gave Amun a function that went beyond the fixed temple <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The fixed order of worship of a religious community.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgy<\/span>. The god entered the sphere of concrete decisions. At the same time the history of Siwa shows how an Egyptian god could, through Greek reception, develop its own international history of influence.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3aafa56 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3aafa56\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp73f0300 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp73f0300\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconography and the hidden god<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee16ba6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpee16ba6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb1a3ec0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb1a3ec0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Amun is mostly depicted as a man in human form wearing a characteristic crown with two tall feathers. Frequently his skin appears blue, a colour which in Egyptian symbolism is associated with the sky and with immeasurability. In this form he is enthroned or striding, often with the insignia of rule.<\/p><p>A second appearance is the ithyphallic Amun, a depiction with an erect member that characterises him as a procreator and fertility god and links him to the god Min, with whom Amun partly merged.<\/p><p>The ram and the Nile goose are assigned to him as sacred animals. The ram with the curled horns in particular became a widely recognisable sign of Amun. The avenue of sphinxes at Karnak consists of ram-headed sphinxes.<\/p><p>Theologically, Amun bears the name that can be interpreted as the Hidden One. This aspect shaped Egyptian reflection on him. Hymns from the New Kingdom describe Amun as a god whose true form no one knows, who remains hidden even from the other gods.<\/p><p>Scholarship, especially Jan Assmann, has emphasised that with Amun an Egyptian form of theological thinking developed that conceived the divine as ultimately unavailable and transcendent.<\/p><p>This tension is remarkable: Amun is at once the omnipresent imperial god with the largest temple complex in the country and the fundamentally hidden god who withdraws from access. Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> held both together without resolving the contradiction.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further links<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/horus\/\">Horus, royal god of the pre-Amun tradition<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/egypt\/\">Egypt, pantheon overview<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/high-deities\/\">Supreme deities, sub-category<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/gods\/\">Gods, class overview<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literature (selection)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Assmann, Jan: <em>\u00c4gypten. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">Theologie<\/span> und Fr\u00f6mmigkeit einer fr\u00fchen Hochkultur<\/em>. Stuttgart 1991.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Otto, Eberhard: <em>Gott und Mensch nach den \u00e4gyptischen Tempelinschriften<\/em>. Heidelberg 1964.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (lemma &#8220;Amun&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Further standard works in the <a href=\"\/en\/literature\/\">literature index<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Amun, god of the Egyptian tradition Amun is a god of the Egyptian tradition. The Hidden Creator God, King of the Gods, Lord of Thebes. Amun is the god who created himself out of chaos; his name means &#8220;the Hidden One&#8221;. Depicted with ram heads and a feather crown, first worshipped locally in Thebes, then [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4330,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Amun","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Amun: Egyptian Creator God and King of the Gods","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Creator god, king of the gods, Amun-Ra syncretism. Karnak temple, Thebes, oracle in ancient Egypt. His name means the Hidden One, lord of the New Kingdom.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[79,87,86],"class_list":["post-4329","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultures","category-egypt","category-gods"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Amun: Egyptian Creator God and King of the Gods<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Creator god, king of the gods, Amun-Ra syncretism. Karnak temple, Thebes, oracle in ancient Egypt. 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