{"id":4304,"date":"2026-04-27T10:36:22","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T10:36:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/thoth\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:25:45","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:25:45","slug":"thoth","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/thoth\/","title":{"rendered":"Thoth"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4304\" class=\"elementor elementor-4304 elementor-2052 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Thoth, god of the Egyptian tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Moon god, scribe of the gods, inventor of hieroglyphs and of knowledge. Thoth is the intellectual pole of Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of the transmitted divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>, not a warlike god but the surveyor, the scribe, the magician of the word.<\/p><p>With the head of an ibis or a baboon, in his <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the worship of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> of Hermopolis, Thoth stands between Isis and Set as arbiter, between heaven and earth as priest. His word is creation; his silence is mystery.<\/p><p>Thoth is an Egyptian scribe god of writing, wisdom and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: Personified supreme power in the pantheon of a culture, with clear areas of responsibility: natural forces, fate, war, fertility. Worshipped through cults, sacrifices and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"\/en\/egypt\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mythology of the ancient Nile valley, ca. 3000 BCE to 30 BCE.\">Egypt<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_thoth-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4305\" alt=\"Thoth - gods from the Egyptian tradition, historical-illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_thoth-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_thoth-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_thoth-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_thoth.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Thoth<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quick overview: Thoth<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> Major Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>, god of scribes, wisdom and the moon<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Egypt (all dynasties), received internationally in the Hellenistic period as Hermes Trismegistos<br>Function: writing, science, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span>, the moon, scribe of the judgment of the dead, arbiter of the gods<br>Main attributes: ibis head or baboon form, scribe&#8217;s palette, writing reed, crescent moon<br>Main <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> sites: Hermopolis Magna (Khmunu), Dakka (Nubia), Tuna el-Gebel (animal cemetery)<br>Greek identification: Hermes Trismegistos (Hellenistic), Hermes (in simpler <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The merging of ideas or deities from different religious traditions.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncretism<\/span>)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Period of the texts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thoth is attested from the Pyramid Texts (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Magical or ecclesiastical exclusion; also the binding of a power through a formula.\" tabindex=\"0\">Spell<\/span> 218, ca. 24th century BCE), one of the oldest Egyptian gods with continuous worship. Main flowering of Thoth <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>: Middle and New Kingdom (from ca. 2050 BCE).<\/p><p>In the Ptolemaic period (3rd to 1st century BCE) he rose to become the chief deity of Hermopolis Magna (Khmunu, &#8220;City of Eight&#8221; after the eight primordial deities).<\/p><p>The Hellenistic syncretism with Hermes leads to the <em>Hermes Trismegistos<\/em> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> (&#8220;Hermes the Thrice-Great&#8221;); the <em>Corpus Hermeticum<\/em> (1st to 3rd century CE) becomes a principal foundation of Western <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Collective term for teachings that claim a hidden knowledge accessible only to initiates.\" tabindex=\"0\">esotericism<\/span> (Renaissance Hermeticism, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Premodern combination of natural philosophy and symbolic science; works with the transformation of substances as an inner transformation.\">alchemy<\/span>). In Christian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transitional epoch between antiquity and the Middle Ages, roughly the 3rd to 7th century.\" tabindex=\"0\">late antiquity<\/span> he was received as an &#8220;Egyptian Moses&#8221;.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Area of distribution<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The main cult site was <strong>Hermopolis Magna<\/strong> (Egyptian <em>Khmunu<\/em>, today El-Ashmunein in Middle Egypt), the largest Thoth <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the worship of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> with its famous <em>City of Eight<\/em> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>. In addition <strong>Tuna el-Gebel<\/strong> (a cemetery with thousands of mummified ibises and baboons, Thoth&#8217;s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> animals), <strong>Dakka<\/strong> (Nubia), <strong>Memphis<\/strong> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> in the Ptah complex).<\/p><p>In the Ptolemaic period also <strong>Alexandria<\/strong> as a centre of the Hermes Trismegistos tradition. The animal mummy cemeteries of Tuna el-Gebel rank among the largest religious complexes of late dynastic Egypt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Source material<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Central sources: Pyramid Texts (Spells 218, 524, 555), Coffin Texts, Book of the Dead (Spells 17, 30, the heart-weighing chapter with Thoth as scribe), the <em>Book of the Heavenly Cow<\/em>, the <em>City of Eight<\/em> cosmogony from Hermopolis.<\/p><p>Hellenistic: <em>Corpus Hermeticum<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the authoritatively recognized body of scriptures of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonical<\/span> collection of the Hermes Trismegistos texts), Plutarch&#8217;s <em>De Iside et Osiride<\/em>. Secondary literature: Bleeker, <em>Hathor and Thoth<\/em> (standard work); Boylan, <em>Thot, the Hermes of Egypt<\/em>; Stadler, <em>Weiser und Wesir. Studien zu Vorkommen, Rolle und Wesen des Gottes Thot<\/em>; Copenhaver, <em>Hermetica<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name and variants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thoth is depicted with the head of an ibis (or, more rarely, with the head of a baboon) on a male body, often clothed in white linen. The <em>ibis<\/em> was <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> in Egypt; to kill an ibis was an offence.<\/p><p>Thoth often carries a scribe&#8217;s palette, papyrus scrolls or a crescent moon on his brow. The <em>baboon<\/em> or <em>ape<\/em> (<em>Djaty<\/em>) was also his companion animal and embodied his capricious yet brilliant nature. His number is 42, the number of judges in the Book of the Dead.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Characteristics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thoth is the administrator of the gods and of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The conception of the structure and order of the world within a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmology<\/span>. He invented writing, arithmetic, astronomy and medicine. In the <em>Book of the Dead<\/em> Thoth is the recorder of the judgment before Osiris; he writes down whether the heart of the deceased is heavier than the feather of truth (<em>Maat<\/em>).<\/p><p>Priests and scribes worshipped him as their patron. His <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> in Hermopolis was a centre of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theological<\/span> speculation. In rites Thoth was <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> to improve memory, for the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span> of words and for healing through knowledge.<\/p><p><strong>Appearance and symbolism<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Thoth<\/em> is most often depicted as an ibis, with a long, curved beak, or as an ibis-headed man. In his scribe form he wears a simple white or black crown and holds a writing reed and a papyrus scroll.<\/p><p>His eyes are piercing like those of a wise bird. The ibis is a bird of the wetlands and thus embodies a connection between worlds. Sometimes <em>Thoth<\/em> is depicted as a baboon, the animal of lunar wisdom. The reed of <em>Thoth<\/em> was his <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magical<\/span> instrument.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profile: Thoth<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important aspects of Thoth at a glance. The following fields summarise origin, function, appearance, worship, symbols and cultural parallels.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradition<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thoth&#8217;s genealogical position is not consistently fixed. In one tradition he is the son of Re, in another he emerged from the head of Set (when Set stole Horus&#8217;s eye). Consort of <em>Seshat<\/em> (goddess of scribes and patroness of architecture).<\/p><p>In Hermopolis he is the head of the <em>Ogdoad<\/em> (the Eightfold of primordial deities: four male-female pairs that personify the primal chaos).<\/p><p>In the Osiris <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> he is a central mediator: he heals Horus&#8217;s injured eye (the <em>Wedjat<\/em> eye), records the verdict in the dispute between Horus and Set, and conducts the dead into the afterlife.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related to<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Patron of the art of writing, mathematics, astronomy, medicine and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span>. He is regarded as the inventor of the hieroglyphs, of measures and weights, and of the calendar.<\/p><p><em>Scribe of the judgment of the dead<\/em>: at the tribunal of Maat he records the result of the weighing of the heart; without his writing the deceased cannot enter the afterlife.<\/p><p><em>Moon god<\/em>: his course across the night sky orders time. <em>Arbiter of the gods<\/em>: he mediates in the conflicts between the deities (Horus-Set, Re-Apophis). In the Hermes Trismegistos tradition he is the chief teacher of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Collective term for teachings that claim a hidden knowledge accessible only to initiates.\" tabindex=\"0\">esoteric<\/span> mysteries.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Form<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Two main forms:<\/p><p><strong>Ibis-headed male figure:<\/strong> dark skin colour, scribe&#8217;s palette and writing reed in hand, long court robe. On the head often the crescent moon with the moon disc.<\/p><p><strong>Baboon form:<\/strong> a seated baboon (often with a crescent moon on its head), one of Thoth&#8217;s sacred animals. Baboon statuettes were extremely widespread as <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Relating to a religious vow; a votive offering is consecrated to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">votive<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span>.<\/p><p>In Ptolemaic-Greek syncretism he is depicted with the cloak of Hermes and the caduceus (Hermes Trismegistos). In the animal cemeteries there are thousands of mummified ibises and baboons.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Function<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Area of influence:<\/strong> Thoth was invoked by all scribes and scholars; scribal schools began the day with a Thoth <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The verbal turning of a person toward a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">prayer<\/span>, and every scribal profession stood under his patronage. He was central in healing and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span>: medical and magical texts typically begin with an <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or conjuring address of a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> of Thoth.<\/p><p>He was indispensable in the mortuary <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of religious acts of worship for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>; his assistance at the tribunal of Maat was explicitly requested in the Book of the Dead (Spell 30).<\/p><p>At the Tuna el-Gebel cemetery, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A person who undertakes a religiously motivated journey to a sacred place.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrims<\/span> brought their petitions, wrote them on potsherds and buried them with the animal mummies. In the Ptolemaic period the Hermes Trismegistos tradition drew Greco-Roman practitioners of esotericism from across the entire Mediterranean region.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forms of defence<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Scribe&#8217;s palette and writing reed (his principal attribute), crescent moon with the moon disc, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The Eye of Horus, an ancient Egyptian symbol of healing and wholeness.\" tabindex=\"0\">Wedjat eye<\/span> (which he healed), Was sceptre, Ankh. Sacred animals: ibis (especially the black-and-white African ibis), baboon. Plants: persea tree, sycamore tree. Sacred number: 8 (the Ogdoad). Sacred colours: blue (the moon) and gold.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Comparable figures<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Hermes<\/em> (Greece, simple syncretism), <em>Hermes Trismegistos<\/em> (Hellenistic double identification, the most famous <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"The merging of elements from different religions or cults into new hybrid forms, as in Haitian Vodou (Lwa and Catholic saints).\">syncretism<\/span> in the history of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span>), <em>Mercurius<\/em> (Rome), <em>Nabu<\/em> (Mesopotamia, god of scribes and wisdom, almost functionally identical), <em>Sarasvati<\/em> (Hinduism, goddess of knowledge), <em>Manjushri<\/em> (Buddhism, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"In Mahayana Buddhism, an enlightened being who postpones his own liberation for the sake of teaching other beings.\">bodhisattva<\/span> of wisdom), <em>Mimir<\/em> (Germanic, well of wisdom), <em>Ogma<\/em> (Celtic, inventor of the Ogham script).<\/p><p>Functionally, all gods of scribes and wisdom share aspects of Thoth. The connection of moon, writing and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span> is present in numerous cultures.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protective practice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><p><strong>Worship in everyday life<\/strong><\/p><div><p><strong>Rituals and invocations<\/strong><br>The ibis cult of Hermopolis and Saqqara left behind countless ibis mummies. Thoth was invoked in healing and magical spells and acted at the judgment of the dead as the scribe at the weighing of the heart.<\/p><\/div><p><strong>Conjurations and invocations<\/strong><\/p><div><p><strong>Textual <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmission<\/span> and formulas<\/strong><br>Thoth is regarded as the patron of all writing; the spells of the Book of the Dead are called &#8220;words of Thoth&#8221;. The hermetic writings, in which Hermes Trismegistos corresponds to Thoth, and the magical papyri trace themselves back to him.<\/p><\/div><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object to which a protective, misfortune-averting effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Amulets<\/span> and protective symbols<\/strong><\/p><div><p><strong>Material <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Plural of apotropaion: objects and signs intended to ward off harm.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaia<\/span> and archaeological evidence<\/strong><br>Ibis and baboon amulets, Thoth-ibis figures, and amulets in the form of the scribe&#8217;s palette connected the idea of protection with knowledge and the word.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Thoth, parallels in other cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thoth resembles Hermes (Greece); both are divine masters of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span>, speech and writing. He recalls Odin (Scandinavia), who <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrifices<\/span> for wisdom and invents a writing system.<\/p><p>In Jewish traditions there is a comparable figure in Enoch, the scribe of the heavenly book. The concept of the god as scribe and mediator is widespread; Thoth is a particularly systematic expression of it.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp37d67c4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp37d67c4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb020cf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb020cf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hermopolis and the Ogdoad: the cult centre of Thoth<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfd9efdb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpfd9efdb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpba54a7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpba54a7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important cult centre of Thoth lay in Middle Egypt, in the city the Greeks called Hermopolis Magna and which in Egyptian was named <em>Khmunu<\/em>, &#8220;City of Eight&#8221;.<\/p><p>The name refers to the <em>Ogdoad<\/em>, the eightfold of four pairs of gods which, according to the Hermopolitan doctrine, embodied the primordial state before creation. In this local <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>, Thoth was regarded as the ordering <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An incorporeal being to which an effect in the world is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> who brought forth the world from the chaos of the Ogdoad.<\/p><p>Of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> city, what survives today is above all the ruins near the village of El-Ashmunein, whose name preserves the old <em>Khmunu<\/em>. Nearby, at Tuna el-Gebel, lay the extensive necropolis in which the sacred animals of Thoth were buried.<\/p><p>Hermopolis was a religious heavyweight for thousands of years. The great <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure serving the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of Thoth was renewed several times; pharaohs from the New Kingdom to the Ptolemaic period had buildings erected there.<\/p><p>Remains of a colonnade survive from the Roman period. The Greek identification of Thoth with Hermes also made the city a hub of the hermetic tradition.<\/p><p>The local rootedness explains much about Thoth&#8217;s profile. As the city god of an important administrative and educational centre, he was connected from the outset with writing, calculation and administration.<\/p><p>The priesthood of Hermopolis cultivated a learned literature that stylised the god as the lord of knowledge. Thoth&#8217;s character as a god of scholarship is thus not to be thought of as abstract, but is closely bound to a real place and its social function.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpda62503 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpda62503\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa5b7d3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa5b7d3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ibis and baboon: the sacred animals and their burials<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfcaebed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpfcaebed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb094bfb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb094bfb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thoth is depicted in two animal forms: as an ibis-headed man or fully as an ibis, and as a baboon, mostly as a seated dog-headed ape. Both animals were held <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> to him, and both were mummified on a large scale.<\/p><p>In the catacombs of Tuna el-Gebel, archaeologists have uncovered extensive underground galleries filled with clay vessels containing mummified ibises. The numbers run into the hundreds of thousands, and by some estimates into the millions over the entire period of use.<\/p><p>Similar complexes exist at Saqqara and other sites. In addition, baboons were buried, whose mummies were also found at Tuna el-Gebel and at Saqqara.<\/p><p>These mass mummifications were part of a religious market: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A person who undertakes a religiously motivated journey to a sacred place.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrims<\/span> acquired an animal mummy as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An object presented to a deity in fulfilment of a vow or as thanks.\" tabindex=\"0\">votive offering<\/span> intended to convey their request to the god.<\/p><p>Research, including computed tomography, has shown that the bundles did not always contain complete animals; occasionally only parts or filling material are found. This raises questions about the practice of the temple workshops.<\/p><p>For the breeding of the ibises there is evidence of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">dedicated<\/span> facilities near the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span>. The logistics of keeping, killing, preparing and burying the animals were considerable and occupied specialised temple personnel. The animal cemeteries of Thoth thus belong to the most illuminating evidence for the practical religious economy of late-period Egypt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf63ee70 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf63ee70\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3cb2944 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3cb2944\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The scribe at the judgment of the dead: Thoth in the Book of the Dead<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5118f2f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5118f2f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp64cc9a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp64cc9a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>One of the best-known scenes of Egyptian religion is the weighing of the heart, the judgment of the dead known as <em>psychostasia<\/em>.<\/p><p>It is described in detail in the <em>Book of the Dead<\/em>, especially in Spell 125, and depicted in numerous papyri and tomb decorations. The most famous papyrus, that of the scribe Hunefer from the New Kingdom, shows the scene in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">classical<\/span> form.<\/p><p>The heart of the deceased is weighed on a scale against the feather of <em>Maat<\/em>, truth and world order. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/anubis\/\">Anubis<\/a> operates the scale, and the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being that unites features of different creatures within itself.\" tabindex=\"0\">composite being<\/span> Ammit waits to devour the heart should it be found too heavy.<\/p><p>Thoth stands beside them as scribe and records the result in writing. He announces the verdict and presents it to <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/osiris\/\">Osiris<\/a>, the ruler of the realm of the dead.<\/p><p>The role is carefully chosen. Thoth is not the judge but the recorder and guarantor of correct procedure.<\/p><p>The tribunal thus has the structure of an Egyptian administrative matter: there is a measurement, a documentation and a submission to the highest authority. Thoth&#8217;s function as lord of writing makes him the indispensable official of this procedure.<\/p><p>This connection of writing, law and the afterlife shapes the entire image of Thoth. The god who is said to have invented the hieroglyphs also secures the bookkeeping over eternal life.<\/p><p>Anyone who could read and write in ancient Egypt thereby stood in a special relationship with this god; many scribes bore Thoth in their name or worshipped him as the patron of their profession.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpffe5ce0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpffe5ce0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9cb57b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9cb57b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">From Thoth to Hermes Trismegistos: the hermetic tradition<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7a507d5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7a507d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp11b6177 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp11b6177\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>With Greek rule over Egypt, an identification began that had far-reaching consequences. The Greeks identified Thoth with their messenger god Hermes, because both were regarded as mediators, as gods of language and scholarship. Hermopolis bore this name precisely because of this identification.<\/p><p>From the fusion arose the figure of <em>Hermes Trismegistos<\/em>, the &#8220;thrice-greatest Hermes&#8221;. Under this name an extensive literature was composed in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt, which is today called hermetic literature. It comprises philosophical-religious treatises, the so-called <em>Corpus Hermeticum<\/em>, as well as technical texts on astrology, alchemy and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span>.<\/p><p>These writings were not composed by an ancient Egyptian priest but are products of the mixed culture of Greco-Roman Egypt. They combine Greek philosophy with Egyptian and other elements. Scholarship, such as the work of Garth Fowden, has worked out how strongly these texts stem from a particular milieu of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transitional epoch between antiquity and the Middle Ages, roughly the 3rd to 7th century.\" tabindex=\"0\">late antiquity<\/span>.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Its history of influence was enormous. In the Renaissance, after the translation of the <em>Corpus Hermeticum<\/em> by Marsilio Ficino in the 15th century, Hermes Trismegistos was regarded as an ancient <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A traditional narrative with an often historical core and wondrous elements.\" tabindex=\"0\">sage<\/span> who had supposedly lived before or alongside Moses. It was only Isaac Casaubon who demonstrated in 1614 that the texts are post-Christian.<\/span><\/p><p>This devalued the Egyptian origin, yet the hermetic tradition continued to operate in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Collective term for teachings that claim a hidden knowledge accessible only to initiates.\" tabindex=\"0\">esotericism<\/span> and early natural science. The ibis-headed city god of Hermopolis thus stands at the beginning of one of the most influential currents in European intellectual history.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9d97fd4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9d97fd4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9600b33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9600b33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Moon god, reckoner and arbitrator: the theological profile<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa567a72 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa567a72\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp94b8eea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp94b8eea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thoth&#8217;s areas of responsibility can be grouped around a few cores. First, he is a moon god. The moon with its measurable phases connected him with time reckoning, the calendar and the division of the year.<\/p><p>In a well-known narrative, Thoth wins additional portions of light from the moon in a game, so that the five intercalary days of the Egyptian year arise, on which, among others, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/osiris\/\">Osiris<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/isis\/\">Isis<\/a> are born.<\/p><p>From this follows the second sphere: measuring, counting and recording. Thoth is regarded as the lord of the hieroglyphs, of the art of calculation and of all sciences. He is the divine scribe who orders the words and measures time. In the temples <em>Maat<\/em> was closely associated with him, partly conceived as his companion.<\/p><p>The third sphere is that of the arbitrator. In the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> of the dispute between <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/horus\/\">Horus<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/seth\/\">Seth<\/a> over the inheritance of Osiris, Thoth appears as a mediating, balancing authority.<\/p><p>He heals the injured eye of Horus, the <em>Udjat<\/em> eye, and restores it. This function of healing and restoration also makes him a god who is invoked in magical spells against illness and danger.<\/p><p>The religious-studies classification emphasises that these responsibilities are connected: the moon, time measurement, writing, law and healing are, in Egyptian thought, aspects of a single ordering achievement. Thoth is the god who lends predictability to the cosmos and to society. Wherever something is regulated, measured, documented or arbitrated, he is responsible.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further links<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/horus\/\">Horus, recipient of the Wedjat eye<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/hermes\/\">Hermes, Greek syncretism partner<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/nabu\/\">Nabu, Mesopotamian parallel<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/egypt\/\">Egypt, pantheon overview<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/high-deities\/\">High deities, sub-category<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/gods\/\">Gods, class overview<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literature (selection)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Bleeker, C. J.: <em>Hathor and Thoth. Two Key Figures of the Ancient Egyptian Religion<\/em>. Leiden 1973.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Boylan, Patrick: <em>Thot, the Hermes of Egypt<\/em>. Oxford 1922.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Stadler, Martin: <em>Weiser und Wesir. Studien zu Vorkommen, Rolle und Wesen des Gottes Thot im &auml;gyptischen Totenbuch<\/em>. T&uuml;bingen 2009.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Copenhaver, Brian P.: <em>Hermetica. The Greek Corpus Hermeticum and the Latin Asclepius<\/em>. Cambridge 1992.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (entry &#8220;Thot&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Further standard works in the <a href=\"\/en\/literature\/\">literature index<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87ee400 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"87ee400\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c41f62a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c41f62a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Frequently asked questions about Thoth<\/h2><div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Who was Thoth in Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of the transmitted divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>?<\/h3><p>Thoth (Egyptian Djehuti) was the Egyptian god of writing, wisdom, mathematics, astronomy and the healing arts, that is, of science in the broadest sense. He was usually depicted with the head of an ibis, sometimes as a baboon.<\/p><p>Thoth is regarded as the inventor of the hieroglyphs, of lunar reckoning and of the calendar. At the judgment of the dead he is the recorder who writes down the result of the weighing. He is also regarded as the mediator of the gods, the wise counsellor who settles disputes.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Who was Hermes Trismegistos and what is his connection to Thoth?<\/h3><p>Hermes Trismegistos (Hermes the Thrice-Greatest) is a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transitional epoch between antiquity and the Middle Ages, roughly the 3rd to 7th century.\" tabindex=\"0\">late antique<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The merging of ideas or deities from different religious traditions.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncretism<\/span> figure, the fusion of the Greek Hermes with the Egyptian Thoth. In Hellenistic Egypt the two were equated because both were messenger gods and mediators of wisdom.<\/p><p>Hermes Trismegistos is regarded as the author of the hermetic writings (Corpus Hermeticum, 1st to 3rd century), a philosophical-mystical body of teaching that continues to influence the Renaissance and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Collective term for teachings that claim a hidden knowledge accessible only to initiates.\" tabindex=\"0\">esotericism<\/span> (alchemy, astrology, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Esoteric teaching founded in 1875 by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky; a synthesis of Eastern wisdom, Spiritualism, and occultism.\" tabindex=\"0\">theosophy<\/span>) to this day. The Tabula Smaragdina is attributed to him.<\/p><\/div><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Who was Thoth in Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of the transmitted divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Thoth (Egyptian Djehuti) was the Egyptian god of writing, wisdom, mathematics, astronomy and the healing arts, that is, of science in the broadest sense. He was usually depicted with the head of an ibis, sometimes as a baboon. Thoth is regarded as the inventor of the hieroglyphs, of lunar reckoning and of the calendar. At the judgment of the dead he is the recorder who writes down the result of the weighing. 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With the head of an ibis or a baboon, in his sanctuary of Hermopolis, Thoth [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4305,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Thoth","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Thoth: Egyptian God of Writing and Wisdom","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Scribe of the gods, inventor of hieroglyphs, recorder at the judgment of the dead. 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