{"id":4272,"date":"2026-04-27T10:36:16","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T10:36:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/dionysus\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:25:42","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:25:42","slug":"dionysus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/dionysus\/","title":{"rendered":"Dionysus"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4272\" class=\"elementor elementor-4272 elementor-2039 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dionysus, God of the Greek Tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dionysus is a god of the Greek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>God of wine, ecstasy, theatre and transformation.<\/strong> Dionysus is the most widely travelled god of Olympus, a god of boundaries and transitions.<\/p><p>He breaks rules, transforms substances, and frees people from the constraints of everyday life. His festival, the *Dionysia*, gave birth to Greek drama. He is at once divine and mortal, male and feminine, civilised and wild.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: Personified supreme power within the pantheon of a culture, with clearly defined domains: natural forces, fate, war, fertility. Venerated through cults, sacrifices and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"\/en\/greece\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religion and mythology of ancient Greece, from the Mycenaean period to late antiquity.\">Greece<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_dionysos-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4273\" alt=\"Dionysus - gods from the Greek tradition, historical and illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_dionysos-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_dionysos-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_dionysos-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_dionysos.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dionysus<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">At a Glance: Dionysus<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> Major Greek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>, god of wine, ecstasy and theatre<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Greece (admitted late into Olympus), Roman as Bacchus<br>Function: Wine and intoxication, theatre (especially tragedy and comedy), ecstatic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span> (mysteries), the dying and resurrection of vegetation<br>Principal attributes: Thyrsus staff (with pine cone), vine wreath, drinking vessel (kantharos), panther skin<br>Principal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> sites: Athens (Theatre of Dionysus), Thebes (mythical birthplace), Eleutherae, Naxos<br>Roman counterpart: Bacchus \/ Liber Pater<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historical Classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Period of the Texts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dionysus is already attested in Mycenaean Linear B (c. 1400&ndash;1200 BCE) as <em>di-wo-nu-so-jo<\/em>, making him one of the oldest Greek gods despite his seemingly &bdquo;late&ldquo; character in the literary tradition.<\/p><p>Still peripheral in the Iliad, he is already more central in the Odyssey. The main flourishing of the Dionysia theatre tradition fell in the 6th&ndash;4th centuries BCE (Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes: their plays were all written for the festival of Dionysus in Athens).<\/p><p>The <em>Dionysian Mysteries<\/em> were a significant mystery cult, parallel to Eleusis. In the Hellenistic and Roman period he spread further as Bacchus; the Roman <em>Bacchanalia<\/em> were restricted by decree of the Senate in 186 BCE.<\/p><p>In the late Roman Empire he became a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of an erotic and mystical <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The lived religious attitude and practice of a person.\" tabindex=\"0\">piety<\/span>, and in Christianity a rival figure (Christ-Sol versus Dionysus-Bacchus).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Area of Distribution<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principal cult sites: <strong>Athens<\/strong> (Theatre of Dionysus on the southern slope of the Acropolis, birthplace of Greek tragedy; the Great Dionysia held annually in March\/April), <strong>Thebes<\/strong> (mythical birthplace, setting of Euripides&rsquo; <em>Bacchae<\/em>), <strong>Eleutherae<\/strong> (a border site between Attica and Boeotia, famed for its <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> Dionysus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed towards a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>), <strong>Naxos<\/strong> (site of his marriage to Ariadne), <strong>Delphi<\/strong> (his winter aspect, parallel to Apollo in summer).<\/p><p>In Italy he was widely venerated, with the later Bacchanalian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed towards a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>; the frescoes of the Villa dei Misteri in Pompeii depict scenes from the Dionysian Mysteries.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Source Material<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Central sources: Hesiod (<em>Theogony<\/em>), Homer&rsquo;s Odyssey (Book XI), the <em>Homeric Hymn to Dionysus<\/em> (Hymn 7, with the famous story of the Tyrrhenian pirates), Euripides&rsquo; <em>Bacchae<\/em> (the central tragedy on Dionysian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>), Apollodorus&rsquo; <em>Library<\/em>, Ovid&rsquo;s <em>Metamorphoses<\/em> (several Dionysus episodes), Diodorus Siculus (Book IV), Plutarch (<em>De Iside et Osiride<\/em>, on Dionysus-Osiris <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The fusion of ideas or deities from different religious traditions.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncretism<\/span>).<\/p><p>Secondary literature: Burkert, <em>Greek Religion<\/em> and <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiquity<\/span> Mysteries<\/em>; Otto, <em>Dionysus. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">Myth<\/span> and Cult<\/em> (a classic); Detienne, <em>Dionysos &agrave; ciel ouvert<\/em>; Henrichs, <em>Greek Maenadism from Olympias to Messalina<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dionysus is depicted as a beautiful, androgynous-looking young man, sometimes with feminine features, sometimes bearded. His symbols are grapes and wine, the thyrsus staff (a staff topped with a pine cone), the theatre masks (tragic and comic), ivy, and panthers or leopards.<\/p><p>He is often surrounded by Maenads (wild, ecstatic women) and satyrs (half-human woodland beings). His appearance is changeable: he can appear older, younger, male or female.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Description<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dionysus is venerated through ecstatic rites, processions and theatrical performances. Wine is both his <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express thanks, petition or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offering<\/span> and his medium. In mystery cults (possibly connected with Demeter at Eleusis) he is understood as a figure of salvation: his torn body is reunited, just as the believer too can be made whole.<\/p><p>The <em>Dionysia<\/em> festivals gave rise to theatrical contests. His <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed towards a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> is inclusive: women, slaves and foreigners may take part, even where they are excluded from other cults. Dionysus liberates through ecstasy and transgression.<\/p><p><strong>Appearance and Symbolism<\/strong><\/p><p>Dionysus is portrayed as young, often of feminine beauty, with long curling hair and a beard, at times androgynous. He wears grapes, ivy and figs as wreaths.<\/p><p>The thyrsus (a staff with a pine cone and ivy) is his primary attribute. The panther or leopard is his <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> animal, as is the he-goat. The wine cup and the grape are his symbols.<\/p><p>Unlike other gods, his <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span> is fluid: he can appear as an old man, as a youth, or as a woman. This underscores his nature as a god of transformation and masquerade. His element is the liquid and the flowing, wine, and at the same time blood, nectar and the uncontrollable flow of nature.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profile: Dionysus<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important aspects of Dionysus at a glance. The following fields summarise his origin, function, appearance, veneration, symbols and cultural parallels.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dionysus' Origin<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dionysus is the son of Zeus and the mortal <em>Semele<\/em>, a daughter of Cadmus of Thebes. Hera, jealous of Zeus&rsquo; affair, persuaded the pregnant Semele to ask to see Zeus in his full divine form, which consumed her in flames.<\/p><p>Zeus rescued the unborn child and sewed it into his thigh, from which Dionysus was later born (<em>twice-born<\/em>, <em>dimetor<\/em>).<\/p><p>He grew up on Mount Nysa, often in the care of nymphs or his tutor Silenus. His marriage to <em>Ariadne<\/em> (abandoned by Theseus on Naxos) was one of the few genuinely happy unions in the Greek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dionysus' Sphere<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A multiple function is characteristic of Dionysus: as <em>god of wine<\/em>, he teaches people viticulture, drinking and conviviality; as <em>god of ecstasy<\/em>, his mysteries (the initiations of the mystai) promise the dissolution of individual boundaries into a divine sense of communal unity; as <em>god of theatre<\/em>, he is patron of tragedy and comedy at the Athenian Dionysia; as <em>god of vegetation<\/em>, his annual dying and rising mirrors the cycle of the vine; as <em>liberator<\/em> (Eleuthereus, Lyaios), he frees worshippers from social conventions, rank and gender in the ecstatic rites; as the <em>foreign god<\/em>, he is often portrayed as an Asian or Thracian intruder, although he is in fact Mycenaean and ancient.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dionysus' Appearance<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Two principal forms, depending on the period:<\/p><p><strong>Archaic (6th&ndash;5th century BCE):<\/strong> a bearded man of mature age in a long robe, often with a kantharos (drinking vessel) and a vine wreath. Graver and more dignified.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">Classical<\/span> and later (4th century BCE onwards):<\/strong> a youthfully beautiful, beardless man with long wavy hair, often unclothed or wearing a light fawn skin. Somewhat androgynous (<em>thelydries<\/em>, feminine and tender). With a vine or ivy wreath and the <em>thyrsus staff<\/em> (topped with a pine cone and wound with vines or ivy).<\/p><p>He is accompanied by the <em>thiasos<\/em>, a band of Maenads (women dancing in ecstasy), satyrs (horned, half-bestial companions of the wine), and Silenus (the old, stout tutor riding a donkey). His mount is the panther or leopard, or a chariot drawn by a panther team.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dionysus' Effect<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sphere of effect:<\/strong> Dionysus had an exceptionally broad reach.<\/p><p>In public <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed towards a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>: the <em>Great Dionysia<\/em> in Athens (March\/April) was the most important theatre festival of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiquity<\/span>; Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides and Aristophanes wrote their plays for this festival, and the Theatre of Dionysus on the southern slope of the Acropolis is the mother of all Western theatre architecture.<\/p><p><em>Mysteries<\/em>: Dionysian mystery <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ritual transition through which someone is received into a new status or community.\" tabindex=\"0\">initiation<\/span> existed in numerous local traditions, with the promise of a happy afterlife. <em>The Maenad tradition<\/em>: every second winter, women went up into the mountains for ecstatic nights, portrayed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to a fixed corpus of sacred scripture; non-canonical texts are regarded as apocryphal.\">canonically<\/span> in Euripides&rsquo; <em>Bacchae<\/em>.<\/p><p><em>Domestic practice<\/em>: each new wine was <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">consecrated<\/span> to Dionysus at the household <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An elevated place or table for offerings and religious acts.\" tabindex=\"0\">altar<\/span>. In the Roman Empire the <em>Bacchanalia<\/em>, whose excesses led in 186 BCE to their restriction by the Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dionysus' Means of Protection<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thyrsus staff (with a pine-cone tip, wound with vines or ivy), vine wreath, ivy wreath, kantharos (a two-handled drinking vessel), panther skin, fawn skin, theatre mask (comedy and tragedy), bull (a theriomorphic aspect: Dionysus as a bull in the Bacchae).<\/p><p>Plants: grapevine, ivy, pine, pomegranate, fig. Sacred animals: panther, leopard, bull, goat, snake (in the hands of the Maenads), donkey (the mount of Silenus). Companions: Maenads, satyrs, Silenus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dionysus' Parallels<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Bacchus \/ Liber Pater<\/em> (Rome, an almost identical adoption), <em>Sabazios<\/em> (Phrygian, syncretised with Dionysus in the Hellenistic period), <em>Osiris<\/em> (Egypt, identified with Dionysus by Plutarch&rsquo;s <em>De Iside et Osiride<\/em> through the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring element of content in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> of the dying and rising of vegetation), <em>Tammuz\/Dumuzi<\/em> (Mesopotamia, a dying and rising vegetation god), <em>Adonis<\/em> (Phoenicia and Greece, a vegetation death), <em>Shiva<\/em> (Hinduism, a tantric and ecstatic aspect with dance and wine), <em>Soma<\/em> (the Vedic god of the draught, ecstatic).<\/p><p>Functionally, every ecstatic god of drink or plant shares aspects of Dionysus; the dying-and-rising <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring element of content in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> links him to the mystery religions of the entire Mediterranean.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protective Practice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><p><strong>Veneration in Everyday Life<\/strong><\/p><div><p><strong>Rituals and Invocations<\/strong><br>The Great Dionysia was the theatre festival of Athens, alongside which stood the Anthesteria. The Maenadic rites (oreibasia) led into the mountains; the Dionysian Mysteries promised a particular hope of salvation.<\/p><\/div><p><strong>Invocations and Conjurations<\/strong><\/p><div><p><strong>Textual <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">Transmission<\/span> and Formulae<\/strong><br>The Homeric Hymn to Dionysus, Euripides&#8217; tragedy &bdquo;The Bacchae&ldquo;, the Orphic gold tablets and texts of the Dionysian Mysteries transmit the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed towards a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> of the god.<\/p><\/div><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object to which a protective, misfortune-averting effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Amulets<\/span> and Protective Symbols<\/strong><\/p><div><p><strong>Material <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Plural of apotropaion: objects and signs intended to ward off misfortune.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaia<\/span> and Archaeological Evidence<\/strong><br>The thyrsus staff and ivy wreaths were among his signs. The mask of Dionysus held particular importance, serving an <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Warding off evil: of signs and objects intended to keep harmful influences away.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaic<\/span> function as both a theatrical and a protective mask; phallic processions are also attested.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dionysus, Parallels in Other Cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gods of wine and ecstasy are found everywhere: Osiris (Egypt, also rebirth), Soma (India, an intoxicating juice), Bacchus (Rome, a later name).<\/p><p>Dionysus&#8217; androgyny and transformation connect him with figures of transformation such as Hermes or Hecate. His role as god of theatre is unique in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the handed-down divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>. The ecstasy of the Maenads resembles shamanistic trances in other cultures.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb7a38c7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpb7a38c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb7bf429 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb7bf429\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Bacchae of Euripides: The God as Tragedy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp34a51a8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp34a51a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb74e41d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb74e41d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No ancient text shaped the image of Dionysus as strongly as the <em>Bacchae<\/em> of Euripides, performed shortly after 406 BCE. The play recounts the arrival of the god in Thebes, the city of his mother Semele.<\/p><p>Pentheus, the young king, refuses to acknowledge Dionysus as a god and tries to suppress the new <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed towards a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>. The god, who appears in human form, drives Pentheus into madness through a series of humiliations.<\/p><p>The climax is cruel. Pentheus, dressed by Dionysus in women&#8217;s clothing and curious about the raving women, is taken for a wild beast by the Maenads on Mount Cithaeron.<\/p><p>At their head, his own mother Agave tears him apart in the delusion of Dionysian frenzy. She returns to Thebes with his head, believing she has slain a lion, and only then realises what she has done.<\/p><p>From the perspective of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span>, the play is a central source because it presents the double face of Dionysus. The god is a giver of joy, wine and liberation, but whoever rejects him experiences his destructive side.<\/p><p>Scholars such as E. R. Dodds, whose commentary on the <em>Bacchae<\/em> (1944) remains authoritative to this day, have shown that the drama is neither a simple defence nor an indictment of the cult, but makes the unavailable, dangerous nature of the divine itself its theme.<\/p><p>The <em>Bacchae<\/em> are at the same time a reflection on tragedy as an institution, for the theatre in Athens stood under the patronage of Dionysus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp124c893 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp124c893\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5467eb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5467eb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Theatre of Dionysus and the Dramatic Festivals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpaff0305 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpaff0305\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd149c6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd149c6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Greek tragedy and comedy are institutionally bound up with Dionysus. In Athens the most important dramatic performances took place at his festivals, above all at the <em>Dionysia<\/em> in spring and the <em>Lenaia<\/em> in winter.<\/p><p>The stone theatre on the southern side of the Acropolis bore his name, the Theatre of Dionysus, and at its centre stood an <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A raised place or table for offerings and religious acts.\" tabindex=\"0\">altar<\/span> of the god; a priest of Dionysus held a place of honour in the front row.<\/p><p>The Great Dionysia was a state festival lasting several days. A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A solemn religious procession.\" tabindex=\"0\">procession<\/span> brought the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The pictorial representation of a deity venerated in a temple or shrine.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult image<\/span> of the god solemnly into the theatre, followed by <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express thanks, petition or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span>, choral contests of boys and men with dithyrambs, and the competitive performance of tetralogies of tragedy and comedy.<\/p><p>The poets, among them Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, competed against one another, and a jury awarded prizes. The festival was thus at once a religious celebration, a political self-presentation of the polis and an artistic contest.<\/p><p>Why it was precisely Dionysus who became the patron of drama has been much discussed in scholarship. The older theory derived tragedy from the dithyramb, a choral song to Dionysus, an assumption that goes back to Aristotle and is judged more cautiously today.<\/p><p>What is certain is that the theatre created a space in which transformation, mask, ecstasy and the crossing of one&#8217;s own identity were permitted and ordered, all elements that belong to the nature of Dionysus.<\/p><p>The mask, with which an actor assumed another form, points directly to the god, who was himself often venerated as a god of masks.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbbb6333 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbbb6333\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp51c69d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp51c69d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Twice-Born: Birth, Death and the Orphic Interpretation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp838d7d3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp838d7d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp683c3b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp683c3b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dionysus bears the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A fixed epithet that characterizes a deity or figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">epithet<\/span> of the twice-born. The best-known <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> tells of Semele, a king&#8217;s daughter of Thebes, who is pregnant by Zeus. At the instigation of the jealous Hera, she asks Zeus to show himself to her in his true form; the lightning radiance of the god consumes her.<\/p><p>Zeus rescues the unborn child and sews it into his own thigh, from which Dionysus is finally born. Hence the two births, from the mother and from the father.<\/p><p>Another, older and darker narrative tradition belongs to the Orphic milieu. Here Dionysus, often called Zagreus, is a child of Zeus and Persephone. The Titans lure the child, tear it apart and devour it. Zeus destroys the Titans with the thunderbolt, and from their ashes human beings come into being.<\/p><p>The heart of Dionysus is saved, and the god is born anew. From this narrative Orphic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> derived an anthropology: the human being carries within himself both a Titanic and a Dionysian part.<\/p><p>Scholarship has long disputed the age and scope of this Orphic tradition. The so-called Orphic gold tablets, thin inscribed gold leaves from graves in southern Italy, Crete and Thessaly, give indications of afterlife conceptions connected with Dionysus. They promise the initiate a better lot after death.<\/p><p>Here Dionysus is not only a god of wine and ecstasy, but a figure to whom hope for a particular destiny beyond the grave was attached. The precise connection between the Zagreus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>, the gold tablets and the mysteries that can be grasped in literature remains one of the difficult open questions of research.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp871c2ea e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp871c2ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf6f1a8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf6f1a8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Mysteries and the Maenads between Myth and Cult Reality<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4b08825 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp4b08825\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43f54f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp43f54f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The image of Dionysus includes the Maenads or Bacchae, the raving women who dance in the mountains, tear animals apart and withdraw from the ordinary order. It was long debated whether a real cult practice lay behind these literary images.<\/p><p>Today scholarship assumes that there were indeed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> women&#8217;s festivals, the <em>trieteria<\/em>, celebrated every two years at fixed locations, for example on Parnassus at Delphi. Inscriptions attest organised Bacchic associations with female leaders.<\/p><p>These real rites were considerably more ordered than the mythical frenzy. They took place at fixed times, had office-holders and were embedded in the festival calendar of the cities.<\/p><p>The mountain journey, the nocturnal dancing and the carrying of the <em>thyrsus<\/em>, the staff adorned with ivy and a pine cone, were part of the procedure. The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> exaggerated this practice into the dangerous and boundless, probably also in order to mark the social significance of the festival as a temporary, ordered exception.<\/p><p>In addition there were mystery cults of Dionysus into which both men and women could be initiated. The wall frieze of the Villa of the Mysteries in Pompeii is the most famous pictorial testimony, even though its interpretation remains contested.<\/p><p>Scholars of religion such as <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"German scholar of religious studies (1931 to 2015); principal work Greek Religion (1977).\" tabindex=\"0\">Walter Burkert<\/span> and Albert Henrichs have stressed that the Dionysian Mysteries did not form a unified system but were organised very differently from place to place.<\/p><p>What they had in common was the experience of crossing over, the temporary absorption into another order under the protection of a god who himself repeatedly crossed the boundary between human and animal, man and woman, life and death.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcca8439 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpcca8439\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp94b8664 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp94b8664\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dionysus between the Orient and Linear B<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7a08631 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7a08631\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa66e105 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa66e105\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The ancient Greeks themselves often regarded Dionysus as a god who came from outside, a newcomer from Thrace, Phrygia or Lydia. This idea is reflected in the <em>Bacchae<\/em>, in which the god comes to Thebes as a stranger.<\/p><p>For a long time scholarship too followed this interpretation and saw in Dionysus a comparatively late immigrant <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed towards a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>. This picture had to be corrected.<\/p><p>Decisive were the Mycenaean Linear B tablets, administrative texts written in a syllabic script of the second millennium BCE. On tablets from Pylos and the mainland the name <em>di-wo-nu-so<\/em> appears, which is convincingly read as Dionysus.<\/p><p>This makes it certain that the god was already known in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prehistoric epoch in which bronze was the most important metal for tools.\" tabindex=\"0\">Bronze Age<\/span>, that is, long before the Greeks stylised him in literature as a newcomer. The notion of the foreign god is thus not a historical finding but a religious <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring element of content in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span>.<\/p><p>From the standpoint of religious studies, this shifts the question. The riddle is no longer the origin from outside, but why the Greeks so persistently portrayed an old, indigenous god as foreign, as late and as transgressive.<\/p><p>A common explanation is that Dionysus had the function of embodying the Other, the dissolving, the extraordinary within their own religion.<\/p><p>He was the god who threatened the fixed order not from outside but showed it from within to be temporarily suspendable. The name on the clay tablets from Pylos is thus at once proof of his great age and an occasion to read anew the self-image of Greek religion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further Links<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/zeus\/\">Zeus, father<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/apollo\/\">Apollo, summer complement at Delphi<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/aphrodite\/\">Aphrodite, a related deity of the senses<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/osiris\/\">Osiris, the Egyptian dying-and-rising parallel<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/shiva\/\">Shiva, the ecstatic Hindu parallel<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/greece\/\">Greece, pantheon overview<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/high-deities\/\">Major deities, sub-category<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/gods\/\">Gods, class overview<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literature (Selection)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Otto, Walter F.: <em>Dionysus. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">Myth<\/span> and Cult<\/em>. Frankfurt 1933 (a classic).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Burkert, Walter: <em>Greek Religion of the Archaic and Classical Epoch<\/em>. Stuttgart 2011.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Burkert, Walter: <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiquity<\/span> Mysteries. Functions and Content<\/em>. Munich 1990.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Detienne, Marcel: <em>Dionysos &agrave; ciel ouvert<\/em>. Paris 1986.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Henrichs, Albert: <em>Greek Maenadism from Olympias to Messalina<\/em>. In: <em>Harvard Studies in Classical Philology<\/em> 82 (1978).<\/span><\/li><li>Euripides: <em>Bacchae<\/em> (numerous translations).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (entry &bdquo;Dionysos&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5545d00 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5545d00\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed33060 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed33060\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Frequently Asked Questions about Dionysus<\/h2><div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Who is Dionysus in Greek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the handed-down divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>?<\/h3><p>Dionysus is the Greek god of wine, ecstasy, theatre and religious transformation, the twelfth and youngest of the Olympian gods. His Roman counterpart is Bacchus (also Liber). His mother was the Theban princess Semele, his father Zeus.<\/p><p>When Semele was consumed too soon by Zeus&#8217; apparition, Zeus sewed the embryo into his thigh, from which Dionysus was fully born, hence the epithet Twice-Born (Dimetor). Dionysus is the god of the dissolution of ordinary boundaries, through wine, dance, music and sexuality.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>What were the Dionysian Mysteries?<\/h3><p>The Dionysian Mysteries, alongside the Eleusinian Mysteries, were among the most important mystery cults of the ancient world. At their centre stood the experience of ecstasy (being beside oneself), through wine, ecstatic dance (Maenads, Bacchantes) and sometimes the raw consumption of an animal (omophagy).<\/p><p>Theologically, the dying and rising god stood at the centre: Dionysus was torn apart by the Titans and reborn from the heart by Athena. The mysteries promised a happier afterlife existence for the initiates. The famous wall paintings of the Villa dei Misteri in Pompeii show scenes of initiation.<\/p><\/div><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Who is Dionysus in Greek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the handed-down divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Dionysus is the Greek god of wine, ecstasy, theatre and religious transformation, the twelfth and youngest of the Olympian gods. His Roman counterpart is Bacchus (also Liber). His mother was the Theban princess Semele, his father Zeus. When Semele was consumed too soon by Zeus' apparition, Zeus sewed the embryo into his thigh, from which Dionysus was fully born, hence the epithet Twice-Born (Dimetor). 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The famous wall paintings of the Villa dei Misteri in Pompeii show scenes of initiation.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dionysus, God of the Greek Tradition Dionysus is a god of the Greek tradition. God of wine, ecstasy, theatre and transformation. Dionysus is the most widely travelled god of Olympus, a god of boundaries and transitions. He breaks rules, transforms substances, and frees people from the constraints of everyday life. His festival, the *Dionysia*, gave [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4273,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Dionysus","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Dionysus: God of Wine and Theatre in Greece","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"God of wine, ecstasy, theatre and transformation. The Dionysia festivals, the Maenads and liberation through intoxication.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[79,86,88],"class_list":["post-4272","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultures","category-gods","category-greece"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Dionysus: God of Wine and Theatre in Greece<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"God of wine, ecstasy, theatre and transformation. 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