{"id":4208,"date":"2026-04-27T06:39:58","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T06:39:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/brahma\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:24:58","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:24:58","slug":"brahma","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/brahma\/","title":{"rendered":"Brahma"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4208\" class=\"elementor elementor-4208 elementor-1874 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Brahma, god of the Hindu tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>High <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> of creation in Hinduism, maker of the universe and of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"The oldest Indian scriptures (ca. 1500\u2013500 BCE); Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda.\">Vedas<\/span>, member of the Trimurti. Brahma stands at the centre of Hindu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Conception of the structure and order of the world within a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmology<\/span> as the origin of all things.<\/p><p>He embodies the principle of creation itself, not as a personal craftsman in the Western sense, but as a manifestation of the impersonal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism the absolute, formless, attributeless being; reflected in the Upanishads as the ground of all appearances.\">Brahman<\/span>, the absolute world principle. His role differs fundamentally from Vishnu, the preserver, and Shiva, the destroyer and renewer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: personified highest power in the pantheon of a culture, with clear responsibilities, forces of nature, fate, war, fertility. Worshipped through cults, offerings and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"\/en\/hinduism\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Hindu worlds of gods, asuras and protective beings, from Vedic to Tantric.\">Hinduism<\/a><a href=\"\/en\/high-deities\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Supreme gods of a pantheon, cosmic sovereignty, creator or ruler aspect.\">High Deity<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_brahma-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4209\" alt=\"Brahma - gods from the Hindu tradition, historical-illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_brahma-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_brahma-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_brahma-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_brahma.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Brahma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">At a Glance: Brahma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> High deity, creator god, manifestation of Brahman<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Hinduism (Trimurti)<br>Function: creation of the universe, revelation of the Vedas, cosmic order<br>Main attributes: four heads, four arms, swan mount, Veda books, lotus<br>Main <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> sites: Pushkar (Rajasthan), Saraswati <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span><br>Related deities: Vishnu (preserver), Shiva (destroyer and renewer), Saraswati (consort, wisdom and music)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Period of the Texts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> concerning Brahma extends from the Rigveda (ca. 1500-1200 BCE) to the Puranas (ca. 300 BCE to 900 CE). In the Rigveda the impersonal concept of Brahman (neuter: the world principle) appears first.<\/p><p>Only in the later Vedic texts (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Collection of philosophical texts at the end of the Vedic tradition (ca. 800\u2013500 BCE); foundation of Vedanta philosophy.\">Upanishads<\/span>, Brahmanas) is Brahman conceived as a person, and from this abstract principle the figure of the creator god Brahma (masculine) develops. The Puranas, in particular the Brahma Purana, Brahmaanda Purana and Markandeya Purana, give the most detailed information about his appearance, his deeds and his worship.<\/p><p><strong>Mythological classification<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Brahma<\/em>, the creator god, is one of the oldest concepts in Hinduism, with roots in the Vedic Brahman (the absolute principle).<\/p><p>Although conceived as the first person of the Trimurti, Brahma&#8217;s active worship is paradoxically rare. His <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the belief of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> emphasises the Vedic conception of creation as cyclical: Brahma creates, Vishnu preserves, Shiva destroys, in endless repetition.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Geographic Distribution<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Worshipped throughout the Indian subcontinent from the Vedic period to the present, with concentrations in northern India (Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, the Ganges plain). With the spread of Hinduism to Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Thailand, Bali) Brahma also reaches these regions, although there he often remains in the shadow of Vishnu and Shiva.<\/p><p>The most significant cult site is the Brahma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> in Pushkar (Rajasthan), one of the few places where Brahma stands at the centre of worship.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Source Situation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The core comes from the Rigveda, the Yajurveda, the Upanishads (in particular the Brahma Upanishad and the Mundaka Upanishad) and the Manusmriti (Code of Manu, ca. 200 BCE to 200 CE). The narrative elaboration is found in the Puranas, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana.<\/p><p>Later commentaries by Advaita Vedanta philosophers such as Adi Shankara (ca. 788-820 CE) primarily emphasise the impersonal Brahman and explain Brahma (the person) as the lotus-born creator within the framework of cosmic play (Lila).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name and Variants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskrit:<\/strong> \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094d\u092e\u093e (Brahm\u0101, masculine, the creator), distinguished from \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0928\u094d (Brahman, neuter, the world principle) and \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0923 (Brahmin, the priest). Epithets: <em>Hiranyagarbha<\/em> (&#8220;Golden Embryo&#8221;, born from the golden egg), <em>Lokadhyaksha<\/em> (Lord of the Worlds), <em>Chaturmukha<\/em> (Four-Faced), <em>Vedavahana<\/em> (Veda-Bearer), <em>Srashtri<\/em> (Creator), <em>Svayambhu<\/em> (&#8220;Self-existent&#8221;), <em>Pitamaha<\/em> (&#8220;Grandfather&#8221;).<\/p><p>Vedic precursor: Brahman as impersonal world principle; the hypostasis to Brahma (the person) takes place from late Vedic to Puranic times. Related terms: <em>Brahma-sutras<\/em> (aphoristic explanations of Brahman in philosophy), <em>Brahmi script<\/em> (writing system).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Description<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Appearance<\/strong><\/p><p>In Hindu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span> Brahma is consistently depicted with four heads, looking in the four cardinal directions, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of a notion or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of his omniscience and his connection with the four cardinal directions, but also with the four Vedas. Each head bears a beard and often a red or golden skin tone.<\/p><p>He sits on a pink lotus (a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of a notion or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of purity and unfolding) and rides a swan (<em>Hamsa<\/em>), the bearer of his wisdom and discernment.<\/p><p>His four arms hold various attributes: in one hand the Vedas (books or scrolls), in another a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The verbal turning of a person toward a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">prayer<\/span> chain (Mala), in the third a water vessel (<em>Kamandalu<\/em>) and sometimes a lotus. His clothing is often white or red, symbolising purity and creativity respectively.<\/p><p><strong>Nature and activity<\/strong><\/p><p>Brahma is not the eternal or indestructible; this role is taken by Brahman itself. Brahma is rather the time-bound executor of cosmic functions. In every cosmic cycle (Kalpa) he creates the universe from the cosmic egg (Hiranyagarbha), imprints the Vedas and orders space and time.<\/p><p>After a Brahma aeon (about 4.32 billion human years) the universe dissolves, and Brahma himself withdraws into Brahman, only to be born again in a new cycle.<\/p><p>This distinguishes Brahma radically from the monotheistic creator god of the West: he is not omnipotent, but an actor within an eternal, cyclical <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Conception of the structure and order of the world within a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmology<\/span>. His action follows cosmic laws, not arbitrary will.<\/p><p><strong>Appearance and symbolism<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Brahma<\/em> is depicted with four heads, four arms and reddish or golden skin tone; each head recites one of the four Vedas. He carries a prayer chain, a water pot, a Vedic text and sometimes a sceptre. The swan is his mount, bearer of knowledge. His red colour underlines the active and the creative.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profile: Brahma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important aspects of Brahma at a glance. The table summarises origin, function, appearance, worship, symbols and parallels.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Brahma's Origin<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Born from the cosmic egg (Hiranyagarbha) or arisen from Brahman itself (Puranic variants). In some narratives: son of Shiva and Shakti; in others, directly manifested from Brahman. His existence is not eternal but cosmically cyclical; he is created anew in every Brahma aeon and returns at the end into the unmanifest.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Brahma's Function<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Creator of the visible universe, interpreter and disseminator of the four Vedas, mediator between the absolute Brahman and the manifested world.<\/p><p>He sets cosmic laws into force, creates space, time, the elements and all living beings, gods, humans and animals. His creativity is, however, not arbitrary, but bound to cosmic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"In Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, the law of action and consequence: every action has effects on subsequent existences.\">karma<\/span> and to the eternal laws of nature.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Depiction<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Four heads, four arms, white or reddish beard, lotus seat and swan mount. Veda books or scrolls in one hand, Mala (prayer chain) in the second, water vessel (Kamandalu) in the third, lotus or sceptre in the fourth. Seated on a pink lotus, often accompanied by the swan (<em>Hamsa<\/em>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Brahma's Worship<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Today less widespread than that of Vishnu and Shiva, a phenomenon that believers explain with a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An edifying narrative, usually about the life of saints.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend<\/span>: a young Brahma fell in love with his own daughter Saraswati and was thereupon cursed to receive hardly any worship.<\/p><p>The main cult site is the Brahma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> in Pushkar (Rajasthan), a significant <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religiously motivated journey to a sacred site.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrimage<\/span> site with annual festivals (Kartik Purnima in October\/November).<\/p><p>Further <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuaries<\/span> are found in Saraswati temples, since Saraswati (Brahmani, the consort) embodies wisdom and music. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gift to a deity to express thanks, request or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">Offerings<\/span> are traditionally flowers, milk and plant-based presentations. Outside of Pushkar there are very few temples to Brahma, and active worship is minimal compared with that of the other major Hindu deities.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Brahma's Symbols<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Vedas (Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Fourth Veda, ca. 1000 BCE; contains the oldest systematic protective and incantation formulas of the Indian tradition.\">Atharvaveda<\/span>), often depicted as four scrolls or books. The lotus (purity, emergence), the swan (discernment, wisdom), the prayer chain (meditation, cyclical time), the water vessel (origin, fertility), the crown or diadem (cosmic authority).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related Beings<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em>Zeus<\/em> (Greece) as high deity and ordering power (functionally partly similar, although Zeus orders the already existing world while Brahma creates it); <em>Anu<\/em> (Mesopotamia) as the original head of the heavens, later displaced; <em>El<\/em> (Levant) as high god, functionally older and wiser; the <em>Demiurge<\/em> in Gnostic philosophy as world creator, though often negatively connoted, while Brahma works in a neutral, cosmic manner; <em>Amun-Ra<\/em> (Egypt) as creator god and source of all power.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Worship in Everyday Life<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Brahma occupies a more modest place in lived Hindu practice today than Vishnu (with his avatars Krishna and Rama) or Shiva (the destroyer and renewer).<\/p><p>This is connected with philosophical shifts: the medieval Bhakti movement concentrated on emotional love for Vishnu or Shiva, while Brahma as cosmic craftsman belongs rather to the domain of abstract meditation and philosophy.<\/p><p>In daily life Hindus turn to Brahma in moments of intellectual recreation or learning, for example in schools or in rituals connected with the opening of a new enterprise or with foundation acts.<\/p><p>His protective function relates to artistic and intellectual undertakings. At his main festival, Brahma Jayanti (in April), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> are adorned with flowers and lamps, and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A person who undertakes a religiously motivated journey to a sacred site.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrims<\/span> visit Pushkar for <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> bathing in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> waters.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Brahma: Parallels in Other Cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Vedic and philosophical tradition:<\/strong> the concept of Brahman itself is timeless and transcendent, a more abstract version of the &#8220;world stuff&#8221; than Zeus&#8217;s rule of the heavens. The development from Brahman (neuter) to Brahma (personal) reflects a philosophical compromise: how can the Absolute manifest itself? Brahma is the answer of the Puranas.<\/p><p><strong>Mesopotamian tradition:<\/strong> Anu (Sumerian An, Akkadian Anu) as the most original sky god, later replaced by Marduk (Babylon), who activates the creator function. As with Brahma, Anu is omnipotent but not actively creative in a narrative sense; only Marduk becomes the demiurge of order.<\/p><p><strong>Egyptian tradition:<\/strong> Amun-Ra, particularly worshipped in the Amarna period as universal god. Amun is the hidden power, Ra the manifestation, similar to the Brahman-Brahma dichotomy. Ptah as creator through word and thought (in the Memphite <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the belief of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>) shares with Brahma the connection to the spiritual force behind matter.<\/p><p><strong>Gnostic and Neoplatonic philosophy:<\/strong> the Demiurge in Gnostic thought as world creator, often, however, judged critically as imperfect or trapped in matter. Brahma, by contrast, is understood metaphysically as neutral: as a necessary cosmic function, not as evil or ignorant, but as temporary and cyclical.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd63f450 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd63f450\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4ba9121 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp4ba9121\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Birth from the Lotus: Cosmogonic Narratives<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcbfa631 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpcbfa631\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb6991bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb6991bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The best-known mythical depiction of Brahma shows him at the creation of the world. In a version widespread in the Puranas, the god Vishnu lies upon the world serpent Shesha in the cosmic primal waters.<\/p><p>From his navel grows a lotus, and upon this lotus blossom appears Brahma, who now unfolds the creation. This pictorial form, Brahma on the lotus from Vishnu&#8217;s navel, belongs to the firm iconographic motifs of Hinduism and at the same time subordinates Brahma to Vishnu.<\/p><p>An older conception, tangible in the Brahmanas and in parts of the Upanishads, links to the figure of the creator Prajapati, who was largely equated with Brahma.<\/p><p>Here the world comes into being through <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gift to a deity to express thanks, request or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offering<\/span>, through the heat of ascesis (<em>tapas<\/em>) or through the division of a primal egg, the <em>brahmanda<\/em>, the &#8220;egg of Brahma&#8221;.<\/p><p>In some narratives Brahma brings forth the world by dividing himself or by causing various beings to come into existence from his body and his <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A bodiless being to which effects in the world are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span>, among them the &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An incorporeal being to which effects in the world are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">mind<\/span>-born sons&#8221;, from whom the lineages of the sages descend.<\/p><p>Scholarship emphasises that these various creation narratives do not belong to a single contradiction-free system, but reflect different layers and schools of Indian religious history. They share the fact that Brahma embodies the personified creator function, that is to say the aspect of bringing forth within a larger cosmic cycle of arising and passing away.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0a98f4e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp0a98f4e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp172e3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp172e3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Why Brahma Is Hardly Worshipped<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb5dce1a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb5dce1a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2082675 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2082675\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Despite his position as creator god, Brahma in today&#8217;s Hinduism possesses almost no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of worship for a deity or holy figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> of his own. While Vishnu and Shiva are worshipped by great currents with countless temples, there are only very few <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">dedicated<\/span> to Brahma.<\/p><p>The best-known is the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> in Pushkar in Rajasthan. This striking disproportion has prompted various attempts at explanation in scholarship.<\/p><p>Several Puranas transmit stories that contain a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A verbal formula intended to inflict misfortune on a person or thing.\" tabindex=\"0\">curse<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> and are intended to explain why Brahma is not worshipped. In one widespread narrative Brahma is cursed by a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A traditional narrative with an often historical core and wondrous elements.\" tabindex=\"0\">sage<\/span> or by Shiva because he had lied or behaved arrogantly; in other versions his consort is angry with him.<\/p><p>From the standpoint of religious history such narratives are, however, to be understood as a retrospective justification of an already existing situation, not as its cause.<\/p><p>The more probable explanation lies in the development of Hindu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The lived religious attitude and practice of a person.\" tabindex=\"0\">piety<\/span>. With the rise of the great theistic currents, Vaishnavism and Shaivism, in each of which a single highest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> unites all functions, including that of creation, an independent creator god lost his cultic significance.<\/p><p>Brahma remained important as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theological<\/span> and cosmological figure, for example in the doctrine of the world ages and in the triad with Vishnu and Shiva, but he did not become the object of widespread <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A brief, personal or communal religious contemplation.\" tabindex=\"0\">devotion<\/span>. Religious scholarship shows by this that theological rank and actual cultic worship can diverge in Hinduism.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe3c68bd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe3c68bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf64da54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf64da54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Brahma's Day: The Reckoning of the World Ages<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4fbd9ed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp4fbd9ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa9f77d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa9f77d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>One of the most significant functions of Brahma in Hindu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Conception of the structure and order of the world within a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmology<\/span> is his measure of time. The Puranic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> develops a graded system of immensely long periods of time linked to the lifespan of Brahma.<\/p><p>The basic units are the four <em>yugas<\/em>, the world ages, which together form a <em>mahayuga<\/em>. One thousand <em>mahayugas<\/em> make up a <em>kalpa<\/em>, which corresponds to one day in the life of Brahma.<\/p><p>A <em>kalpa<\/em> is divided into fourteen sections, the <em>manvantaras<\/em>, each of which is ruled by a Manu, an ancestor of humanity.<\/p><p>At the end of Brahma&#8217;s day follows a night of equal length, in which the created world rests or perishes, in order to be brought forth anew on the next morning.<\/p><p>According to this reckoning Brahma himself lives one hundred such &#8220;years&#8221;; after that he too comes to an end, and the entire cycle begins anew.<\/p><p>The exact numbers vary among the texts, yet the basic principle is uniform. It yields a conception of time that is not linear but cyclical and encompasses periods of many billions of years.<\/p><p>From the standpoint of religious scholarship this system is important for several reasons. It places creation in an endless cycle of arising and passing away, in which even the creator god himself is subject to transience. It thereby relativises the significance of every single world creation.<\/p><p>And it forms the framework for the doctrine of the present age, the <em>kaliyuga<\/em>, which is regarded as the last and worst of the four <em>yugas<\/em>. Brahma&#8217;s lifespan is thus less an object of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A brief, personal or communal religious contemplation.\" tabindex=\"0\">devotion<\/span> than a scaffold that gives Hindu thought about time, transience and recurrence its form.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further Links<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>[Vishnu, Hinduism](\/vishnu\/)<\/li><li>[Shiva, Hinduism](\/shiva\/)<\/li><li>[Saraswati, Hinduism](\/saraswati\/)<\/li><li>[Zeus, Greece](\/zeus\/)<\/li><li>[Anu, Mesopotamia](\/anu\/)<\/li><li>[Marduk, Mesopotamia](\/marduk\/)<\/li><li>[High Deities, sub-category](\/hochgottheiten\/)<\/li><li>[Gods, class overview](\/g\u00f6tter\/)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources and Literature<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Zimmer, Heinrich: <em>Philosophies of India<\/em>. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span> Books 1951 (classic; German translation: Philosophien Indiens, Klett-Cotta 1985).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Michaels, Axel: <em>Der Hinduismus. Geschichte und Gegenwart<\/em>. Munich 1998 (modern overview).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Doniger, Wendy (ed.): <em>The Rig Veda, An Anthology<\/em>. Penguin Classics 1981 (primary sources in translation).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Flood, Gavin: <em>An Introduction to Hinduism<\/em>. Cambridge University Press 1996.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Coburn, Thomas B.: <em>Devi Mahatmya, The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition<\/em>. South Asia Books 1984 (on the role of Shakti and her relation to Brahma).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Klostermaier, Klaus K.: <em>A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism<\/em>. Oneworld Oxford 2010 (reference work).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-brahma e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-brahma\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-brahma-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-brahma-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">classical<\/span> Hindu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>, Brahma appears as the creator god of the Trimurti, to whom the bringing forth of the world is ascribed, while Vishnu preserves it and Shiva dissolves it. His profile as creator god is elaborated in the Puranas and Brahmanas, but in lived <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of worship for a deity or holy figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> he has receded behind Vishnu and Shiva; active Brahma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> are rare, the best-known example being Pushkar in Rajasthan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1f3e5e e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d1f3e5e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e078ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e078ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Frequently Asked Questions about Brahma<\/h2><div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Who is Brahma in Hinduism?<\/h3><p>Brahma is the creator god in Hinduism and part of the Trimurti (together with Vishnu, the preserver, and Shiva, the destroyer).<\/p><p>He is typically depicted with four heads (for the observation of all four cardinal directions) and four arms in which he holds the four Vedas, a lotus blossom, a water vessel and a prayer chain.<\/p><p>His consort is Saraswati, the goddess of wisdom and of the arts. His mount is the swan or the wild goose.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Why are there so few Brahma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> in Hinduism?<\/h3><p>Despite his central cosmological role, in India there is practically only one major Brahma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building that serves the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>: Pushkar in Rajasthan. Several myths explain this. In one, Brahma&#8217;s consort Saraswati <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Verbal formula by which harm is to be inflicted on a person or thing.\" tabindex=\"0\">curses<\/span> him after a quarrel. In another, Brahma lied before Shiva and was cursed not to be worshipped.<\/p><p>Theologically more significant is this: Brahma fulfils his function (creation) once per world age, after which his work is done. Vishnu and Shiva are continuously active and therefore stand at the centre of the cult.<\/p><\/div><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Who is Brahma in Hinduism?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Brahma is the creator god in Hinduism and part of the Trimurti (together with Vishnu, the preserver, and Shiva, the destroyer). He is typically depicted with four heads (for the observation of all four cardinal directions) and four arms in which he holds the four Vedas, a lotus blossom, a water vessel and a prayer chain. His consort is Saraswati, the goddess of wisdom and of the arts. 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Brahma stands at the centre of Hindu cosmology as the origin of all things. He embodies the principle of creation itself, not as a personal craftsman in the Western sense, but [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4209,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Brahma Hinduism","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Brahma: Creator God, High Deity of Hinduism, Trimurti","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Four heads, lotus, swan, Vedas. Role in the Trimurti, Trimurti trilogy, worship in Pushkar and his cosmic function.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[79,86,90],"class_list":["post-4208","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultures","category-gods","category-hinduism"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Brahma: Creator God, High Deity of Hinduism, Trimurti<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Four heads, lotus, swan, Vedas. 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