{"id":4192,"date":"2026-04-27T10:36:54","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T10:36:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/freyja\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:24:34","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:24:34","slug":"freyja","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/freyja\/","title":{"rendered":"Freyja"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4192\" class=\"elementor elementor-4192 elementor-2094 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Freyja, Goddess of the Germanic Tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Freyja is one of the central goddesses of Germanic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>, presiding over love, fertility, war and prosperity. She belongs to the lineage of the Vanir and embodies sensuality, female power and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magical<\/span> knowledge in Norse sources such as the Prose Edda.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: Personified highest power in the pantheon of a culture, with clear responsibilities, forces of nature, fate, war, fertility. Venerated through cults, sacrifices and temple institutions.\">Goddess<\/span><a href=\"\/en\/germanic\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Pre-Christian world of gods and spirits of Northern and Central Europe.\">Germanic<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_germanisch_freyja-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4193\" alt=\"Freyja, gods of the Germanic tradition, historical-illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_germanisch_freyja-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_germanisch_freyja-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_germanisch_freyja-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_germanisch_freyja.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Freyja<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Freyja is depicted with gold, cats, falcons and the neck <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A decorative, often repeated element of a pattern.\" tabindex=\"0\">ornament<\/span> Brisingamen. She chooses half of those fallen in battle (alongside Odin) and leads them to her hall Folkvangr. She is venerated in fertility cults, in marriage <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A solemn religious promise made to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">vows<\/span> and in female craft practices.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">At a Glance: Freyja<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> Principal Germanic goddess, Vanir, goddess of love, war and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of things through special acts or formulae.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span><br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Germanic \/ Norse (Vanir lineage)<br>Function: love, beauty, sex, war, seidr (Norse <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> magic), half of the fallen warriors<br>Main attributes: Brisingamen necklace, falcon-feather cloak, cat-drawn chariot, tears of gold<br>Main <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> sites: no <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">dedicated<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> documented; popular cult in Scandinavia and northern Germany<br>Siblings: Freyr (brother, principal Van)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historical Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Period of the Texts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Freyja has been central since the earliest Scandinavian sources. Principal sources: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Icelandic scholar (1179, 1241); author of the Prose Edda and the Heimskringla.\">Snorri Sturluson<\/span> <em>Snorra-Edda<\/em> (1220) and the <em>Poetic Edda<\/em> (13th century, containing older poems).<\/p><p>She is the foremost of the <em>Vanir<\/em> goddesses (the older, pre-Aesir divine lineage), received as a hostage in Asgard with her father Njord and brother Freyr after the war between Aesir and Vanir.<\/p><p>The main flowering of her cult: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Originating from the period before the spread of Christianity.\" tabindex=\"0\">pre-Christian<\/span> Scandinavia (Viking Age, 8th, 11th centuries). The Christianisation of Scandinavia (10th, 12th centuries) interrupted the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>, but folk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the customs handed down within a community.\" tabindex=\"0\">customs<\/span> (Friday gatherings of women, veneration of cats in some regions) persisted.<\/p><p>In the 19th and 20th centuries there was a Romantic revival; she is again central in the modern <em>Asatru<\/em> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Geographical Distribution<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dedicated Freyja <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> are not clearly documented; several Scandinavian place names (for example Frejskult sites in Sweden) point to old cult places. In the 11th century Adam of Bremen mentions the <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of Uppsala<\/em> with statues of Odin, Thor and Freyr (not explicitly Freyja, though implicitly in the Vanir context).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>In modern <em>Asatru<\/em> (active in Scandinavia, the USA, the UK and Germany) she is venerated again; in Iceland Asatru has been a state-recognised <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span> since 1973, with Freyja as principal goddess in some lineages.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Source Situation<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Central sources: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Icelandic scholar (1179, 1241); author of the Prose Edda and the Heimskringla.\">Snorri Sturluson<\/span>, <em>Snorra-Edda<\/em> (Gylfaginning, Skaldskaparmal); <em>Poetic Edda<\/em> (Hyndluljod, with the principal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> concerning Freyja and Ottar; Thrymskvida, on Freyja&#8217;s Brisingamen).<\/p><p>Secondary literature: Simek, <em>Dictionary of Northern Mythology<\/em>; de Vries, <em>Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte<\/em>; Nasstrom, <em>Freyja. The Great Goddess of the North<\/em> (standard work); Lindow, <em>Norse Mythology<\/em>; Davidson, <em>Roles of the Northern Goddess<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name and Variants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Freyja is depicted in the various sources and artistic traditions with certain recurring iconographic elements that remain relatively constant across decades and across different geographical regions. These elements are not merely decorative or chosen at random, but are deeply symbolically encoded and carry great significance.<\/p><p>They convey central functions, sources of power, areas of responsibility and the cosmic role of the being.<\/p><p>The overall system resembles a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> script or an encoded image; it allows initiates or the culturally educated to grasp and rightly understand the essential deeper meaning. Colours, sacred objects or weapons, bodily attributes and specific accessories, all are significant and traditionally transmitted.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Characteristics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Freyja was central to religious practice, everyday ritual and the daily understanding of the Germanic peoples. In critical or specific life situations, or at particular ritual times of the year, people turned to this entity with structured, often elaborate rituals, prayers or <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span>.<\/p><p>The seidr magic associated with Freyja was a regulated art with its own specialists: the v\u00f6lva, an itinerant seeress with a staff and a fixed ritual procedure, practiced it, and according to the Edda it was Freyja herself who introduced this practice among the Aesir. Whoever performed seidr followed learned procedures, chants, and role conventions, not free improvisation.<\/p><p>The continuity of these practices across many generations clearly shows that the practice was regarded as effective and necessary. Functions were varied: some were preventive (averting potential misfortune), some healing (alleviation of illness or suffering), some transformative (accompaniment through transitions between stages of life).<\/p><h3>Appearance and Symbolism<\/h3><p>Freyja is depicted with the golden necklace Brisingamen. She rides in a chariot drawn by cats. Her falcon cloak allows her to fly unseen. The rose, the spring and the warrior woman embody her many-sidedness. The sea belongs to her sphere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profile: Freyja<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important aspects of Freyja at a glance. The following fields summarise origin, function, appearance, veneration, symbols and cultural parallels.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradition<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Freyja is the daughter of <em>Njord<\/em> (sea god) and his sister (sister of Nerthus). Sister of <em>Freyr<\/em>, with whom she forms the Vanir sibling pair.<\/p><p>Spouse of <em>Od\/Odur<\/em> (identified with Odin in some sources); her husband disappears on endless travels, and Freyja seeks him weeping, her tears turning to gold. Mother of the daughters <em>Hnoss<\/em> (&#8220;jewel&#8221;) and Gersemi (&#8220;precious thing&#8221;). In the <em>Hyndluljod<\/em>, she has a relationship with the mortal Ottar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sphere of Action<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Goddess of love, beauty, sexuality and fertility. She also has a double function as a <em>war goddess<\/em>: according to Snorri she chooses half of the fallen warriors for her retinue in <em>Folkvangr<\/em> (the other half goes to Odin in Valhalla), a remarkable hierarchy that places Freyja on equal footing with Odin.<\/p><p>Patroness of <em>seidr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of things through special acts or formulae.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span><\/em> (shamanistic, oracular deep <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of things through special acts or formulae.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span>, which she taught to the Aesir). In personal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>, she is <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> in matters of love, in needs of fertility, and in warlike and seidr practice. In modern Asatru she is a central female <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ritual transition through which someone is admitted into a new status or community.\" tabindex=\"0\">initiation<\/span> goddess.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Depiction<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A beautiful young woman, often portrayed as youthfully erotic, distinctly different from the matronly Frigg. Golden hair, multi-layered court dress, often with armour beneath it (double function).<\/p><p>The <em>Brisingamen necklace<\/em> serves as her principal attribute, an elaborate gold necklace which she obtained from four dwarves (through intercourse with each), one of the most famous stories of Germanic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>.<\/p><p>The <em>falcon-feather cloak<\/em> (Falken-fjadrhamr) is also lent to Loki. She rides in a chariot drawn by <em>two large cats<\/em> (the most famous and most distinctive Freyja <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of a notion or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>). She is also frequently shown with a sword or a boar helmet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Freyja's Influence<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sphere of influence:<\/strong> In the old Germanic folk cult, Freyja was invoked in matters of love and concerns of fertility. <em>Seidr practitioners<\/em> (later <em>volva<\/em>, prophetic women) were regarded as her followers. In Scandinavian folk tradition, cats are her sacred animals, hence the taboo against harming a cat.<\/p><p>In the modern <em>Asatru<\/em> tradition she is the principal goddess of the women&#8217;s blot gatherings (especially in the Vanatru branches, which focus on the Vanir). Sacred weekday: Friday (in some traditions shared with Frigg; some scholars hold Frigg and Freyja to have originally been identical).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forms of Defence<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Brisingamen necklace (main attribute, elaborate gold chain), falcon-feather cloak, cat-drawn chariot (two large cats), sword, boar helmet, tears of gold (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of a notion or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of her search for Od).<\/p><p>Sacred animals: cat (especially the Norse forest cat), boar (she also rides the gold-bristled <em>Hildiswin<\/em>), falcon. Sacred plants: strawberry, elder, daisy (&#8220;Freyja plants&#8221; in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religious ideas and customs that are widespread in everyday life.\" tabindex=\"0\">folk belief<\/span>), ragged robin. Sacred weekday: Friday.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Counterparts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Frigg<\/em> (Germanic, a closely related or perhaps originally identical goddess), <em>Aphrodite<\/em> (Greece, goddess of love), <em>Venus<\/em> (Rome), <em>Inanna\/Ishtar<\/em> (Mesopotamia, love and war united in one figure, remarkably similar to Freyja), <em>Astarte<\/em> (Phoenicia), <em>Hathor<\/em> (Egypt), <em>Lakshmi<\/em> (Hinduism), <em>Erzulie Freda<\/em> (Vodou).<\/p><p>In functional terms, all double goddesses of love and war share aspects of Freyja. In the Germanic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> she is, after Odin, the most important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> of all.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Freyja, Parallels in Other Cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Freyja shares characteristics with Inanna, Aphrodite and the Devi-Shakti tradition, a multiple function comprising love, war and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of things through special acts or formulae.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span> that is uniquely condensed in the Germanic-Norse <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>. Unlike pure love goddesses of other cultures, Freyja commands her own army and possesses, in seidr, her own magical tradition.<\/p><p><strong>Jewish tradition:<\/strong> Lilith and other demonic or magical female figures share with Freyja features of sexual autonomy, magical competence and independence from the patriarchal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>, contrasting in cultural history but structurally similar in their subversion.<\/p><p><strong>Greco-Roman world:<\/strong> Aphrodite and Venus correspond to Freyja in love and sensuality, while Athena corresponds to her warlike side. No Greek goddess unites both dimensions as Freyja does.<\/p><p><strong>Slavic tradition:<\/strong> Freyja and Slavic love goddesses such as Mokosch or Stentatsia show parallels in fertility, household and female <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of things through special acts or formulae.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span>. Both traditions preserve the Indo-European goddess duality (housewife and warrior).<\/p><p><strong>Hinduism:<\/strong> Lakshmi and Durga similarly embody prosperity and sensuality on the one hand and warlike power on the other, with Durga as Shakti converging especially with Freyja&#8217;s combative role.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp34382c3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp34382c3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc1c652b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc1c652b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Sources: Snorri, the Poetic Edda and the Problem of Late Transmission<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2297e66 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2297e66\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp05b5ca9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp05b5ca9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>What we know about Freyja stems almost exclusively from texts that were written down in Christian Iceland in the 13th century, that is, centuries after the Christianisation of Scandinavia.<\/p><p>The most important sources are the <em>Poetic Edda<\/em>, a collection of mythological and heroic poems, and the <em>Prose Edda<\/em> of Snorri Sturluson, a handbook of poetic art that systematically presents the mythological material.<\/p><p>Snorri assigns Freyja to the <em>Vanir<\/em>, that divine lineage distinguished from the <em>Aesir<\/em> and joined with them after the mythical war between the two groups.<\/p><p>He calls her the most distinguished of the goddesses and ascribes to her the dwelling of Folkvangr, on which the hall Sessrumnir stands. A frequently quoted stanza states that Freyja receives half of those fallen on the battlefield, while the other half goes to Odin in Valhalla.<\/p><p>This source situation demands methodological caution. Snorri was an educated Christian who sought to order the old knowledge and preserve it for poetic art, but who also viewed it through the lens of his own time. Where the <em>Poetic Edda<\/em> and Snorri mutually support each other, the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> is relatively firm.<\/p><p>Where Snorri stands alone, it is open whether he renders older knowledge or supplements it systematically. The research of recent decades, for instance the work of Britt-Mari Nasstrom specifically on Freyja, has therefore emphasised that every statement about the goddess must be tied back to its source.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7374b57 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7374b57\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4d63e8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp4d63e8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Brisingamen and the Dispute over the Cats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp60a613c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp60a613c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5b7a91b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5b7a91b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Among Freyja&#8217;s firm attributes is the necklace or neck ornament <em>Brisingamen<\/em>. Snorri mentions it, and the Anglo-Saxon epic <em>Beowulf<\/em> knows a related piece, the <em>Brosinga mene<\/em>, which points to a familiarity with the conception that reached beyond Scandinavia.<\/p><p>A detailed narrative about the acquisition of the Brisingamen is, however, preserved only in a late source, the <em>Sorla thattr<\/em>, a tale from the 14th century whose value for pre-Christian religion is disputed.<\/p><p>In the poem <em>Thrymskvida<\/em> of the <em>Poetic Edda<\/em> the Brisingamen plays a role when Thor is to disguise himself as Freyja in order to recover his stolen hammer, and in doing so puts on the goddess&#8217;s necklace as well.<\/p><p>The episode is comically conceived, and at the same time shows how closely the Brisingamen was thought to be bound up with Freyja&#8217;s identity.<\/p><p>A further well-known attribute is her team of cats, which draws her chariot. This detail too rests essentially on Snorri&#8217;s authority. Scholarship has discussed which animals were originally meant, since the Old Norse word is not unambiguous in every case, and larger felines or other animals have also been proposed.<\/p><p>Such debates make clear that even apparently firm &#8220;facts&#8221; about Freyja often rest on the interpretation of single words. According to Snorri she also possesses a falcon-feather cloak with which one can fly, and the boar Hildisvini.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f361da e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2f361da\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp93ea821 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp93ea821\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Freyja and Seidr: Magic at the Boundary of Gender Roles<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp786ef96 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp786ef96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp169d5c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp169d5c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A particularly illuminating <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> in the history of religion connects Freyja with <em>seidr<\/em>, a form of ritual magic. Snorri reports in the <em>Ynglinga <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative often with a historical core and miraculous features.\" tabindex=\"0\">saga<\/span><\/em> that Freyja mastered this art and taught it to the Aesir, in particular to Odin.<\/p><p>According to the sources, seidr served, among other things, for <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The interpretation of signs in order to recognise what is hidden or to come.\" tabindex=\"0\">divination<\/span>, for influencing fortune and fate, and for harmful <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of things through special acts or formulae.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span>.<\/p><p>It is noteworthy that seidr in the sources appears burdened with a problem of gender. Several texts indicate that the practice of seidr was regarded as unmanly for men, as <em>ergi<\/em>.<\/p><p>When Odin practises seidr, this is reproached as shameful by Loki in the <em>Lokasenna<\/em>. That the art derived from a goddess and was practised above all by women fits this picture.<\/p><p>Freyja stands at an interface. She joins the spheres of love and fertility, which are usually ascribed to her, with the power over hidden knowledge and over fate.<\/p><p>This connection is not a contradiction but corresponds to a pattern that is also encountered with other Vanir deities: fertility and the power over fate belong together because both concern becoming and passing away.<\/p><p>Scholarship discusses whether behind Freyja stands an older, more wide-reaching goddess of fate and vegetation, whose profile is only partially visible in the transmitted <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>.<\/p><p>A certain answer is not allowed by the sources, but the connection of seidr, war, love and death makes Freyja one of the most multi-layered figures of the Norse pantheon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further Reading and Links<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/odin\/\">Odin, with whom she shares the fallen warriors (if page exists)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/frigg\/\">Frigg, related Germanic goddess<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/aphrodite\/\">Aphrodite, Greek parallel of love<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/germanic\/\">Germanic, pantheon overview<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/gods\/\">Gods, class overview<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Scholarly Literature<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Nasstrom, Britt-Mari: <em>Freyja. The Great Goddess of the North<\/em>. Lund 1995 (standard work).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Simek, Rudolf: <em>Dictionary of Northern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythology<\/span><\/em>. Stuttgart 2006.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>de Vries, Jan: <em>Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte<\/em>. Berlin 1956\/57.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lindow, John: <em>Norse Mythology. A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs<\/em>. Oxford 2001.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Davidson, Hilda Ellis: <em>Roles of the Northern Goddess<\/em>. London 1998.<\/span><\/li><li>Snorri Sturluson: <em>Snorra-Edda<\/em> (numerous translations).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (entry &#8220;Freyja&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-wv-freyja-faq elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"wv-freyja-faq\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-wv-freyja-faq-col\" data-id=\"wv-freyja-faq-col\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-freyja-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wv-freyja-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Frequently Asked Questions about Freyja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-freyja-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wv-freyja-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">  <summary><strong>Who is Freyja?<\/strong><\/summary>  <p>Freyja (Old Norse Freyja, &#8220;Lady&#8221;) is the most important female <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> of Norse <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>. She belongs to the lineage of the Vanir and is regarded as patroness of love, of fertility, of the knowledge of fate and of seidr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of things through special acts or formulae.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span>. In her, erotic, magical and warlike aspects are joined, which makes her one of the most multi-layered figures of Germanic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>.<\/p><\/details><details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">  <summary><strong>What role does Freyja play among the Vanir?<\/strong><\/summary>  <p>Freyja stems from the lineage of the Vanir, the older divine family, which was received into the circle of the Aesir after the war of the Vanir. She is the daughter of Njord and the sister of Freyr, and is regarded as the foremost Vanir goddess. In the Gylfaginning Snorri describes her, alongside Frigg, as the most important female <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> of the Norse pantheon.<\/p><\/details><details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">  <summary><strong>What does Freyja have to do with the war dead?<\/strong><\/summary>  <p>According to the Grimnismal and Snorri&#8217;s Gylfaginning, Freyja receives in her hall Folkvang the one half of those fallen in battle, while the other half falls to Odin in Valhalla. Hilda Ellis Davidson has argued that Freyja&#8217;s relation to death and fate was older and more comprehensive than the later literary tradition suggests. She thus joins responsibilities that otherwise appear distributed among several deities.<\/p><\/details><details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">  <summary><strong>How is the source situation for Freyja?<\/strong><\/summary>  <p>The central written testimonies stem from the 13th century, among them the Snorra-Edda, the Poetic Edda and the late-transmitted Sorla thattr. The texts reflect the pre-Christian religion not in unbroken form, but in a Christianised <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">record<\/span>. The archaeological <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> is sparser than for Odin or Thor, which is why many statements about Freyja remain a subject of scholarly discussion.<\/p><\/details>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-freyja-s elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"wv-freyja-s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\r\n  \"mainEntity\": [\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n      \"name\": \"Who is Freyja?\",\r\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n        \"text\": \"Freyja (Old Norse Freyja, \\\"Lady\\\") is the most important female deity of Norse mythology. She belongs to the lineage of the Vanir and is regarded as patroness of love, of fertility, of the knowledge of fate and of seidr magic. In her, erotic, magical and warlike aspects are joined, which makes her one of the most multi-layered figures of Germanic tradition.\"\r\n      }\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n      \"name\": \"What role does Freyja play among the Vanir?\",\r\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n        \"text\": \"Freyja stems from the lineage of the Vanir, the older divine family, which was received into the circle of the Aesir after the war of the Vanir. She is the daughter of Njord and the sister of Freyr, and is regarded as the foremost Vanir goddess. In the Gylfaginning Snorri describes her, alongside Frigg, as the most important female deity of the Norse pantheon.\"\r\n      }\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n      \"name\": \"What does Freyja have to do with the war dead?\",\r\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n        \"text\": \"According to the Grimnismal and Snorri's Gylfaginning, Freyja receives in her hall Folkvang the one half of those fallen in battle, while the other half falls to Odin in Valhalla. Hilda Ellis Davidson has argued that Freyja's relation to death and fate was older and more comprehensive than the later literary tradition suggests. 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The archaeological tradition is sparser than for Odin or Thor, which is why many statements about Freyja remain a subject of scholarly discussion.\"\r\n      }\r\n    }\r\n  ]\r\n}\r\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Freyja, Goddess of the Germanic Tradition Freyja is one of the central goddesses of Germanic mythology, presiding over love, fertility, war and prosperity. She belongs to the lineage of the Vanir and embodies sensuality, female power and magical knowledge in Norse sources such as the Prose Edda. GoddessGermanic Table of Contents Freyja Freyja is depicted [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4193,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Freyja","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Freyja, Germanic Goddess of Love and War","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"The written record of Freyja reaches back several centuries, drawing in all likelihood on even older oral traditions of Germanic religion.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[79,89,86],"class_list":["post-4192","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultures","category-germanic","category-gods"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - 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