{"id":4186,"date":"2026-04-27T06:40:10","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T06:40:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/odin\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:24:34","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:24:34","slug":"odin","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/odin\/","title":{"rendered":"Odin"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4186\" class=\"elementor elementor-4186 elementor-1876 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odin, god of the Germanic tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Highest god of the Germanic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>, All-father, ruler over ecstasy, poetry and wisdom. Odin stands at the centre of North Germanic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of a culture's transmitted divine narratives.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> as supreme guide of gods and humans.<\/p><p>Unlike most Indo-European high gods, Odin is not primarily a weather god or war commander, but a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religious specialist credited with mediating between humans and the spirit world.\" tabindex=\"0\">shaman<\/span>, magician and skald who acquired his knowledge at any price and does not order the world, but pervades it.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: Personified highest power in the pantheon of a culture, with clear responsibilities for natural forces, fate, war, fertility. Venerated through cults, sacrifices and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"\/en\/germanic\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Pre-Christian world of gods and spirits of Northern and Central Europe.\">Germanic<\/a><a href=\"\/en\/high-deities\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Supreme gods of a pantheon, cosmic sovereignty, creator or ruler aspect.\">High Deity<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_germanisch_odin-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4187\" alt=\"Odin - gods from the Germanic tradition, historical-illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_germanisch_odin-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_germanisch_odin-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_germanisch_odin-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_germanisch_odin.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">At a glance: Odin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> High <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>, god of ecstasy, wisdom and poetry<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Germanic (Asgard)<br>Function: Keeper of ecstasy and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of things through particular actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span>, father of martial prowess and skaldic art, psychopompos (death-god aspect)<br>Main attributes: spear Gungnir, ravens Hugin and Munin, wolves Geri and Freki, horse Sleipnir<br>Main <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> sites: Uppsala (Sweden), Lejre (Denmark)<br>Roman counterpart: Mercurius (interpretatio romana, Tacitus)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historical classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Period of the texts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> concerning Odin reaches from the largely lost <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Originating from the period before the spread of Christianity.\" tabindex=\"0\">pre-Christian<\/span> oral tradition through the Edda collections of the 13th century, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Icelandic scholar (1179-1241); author of the Prose Edda and the Heimskringla.\">Snorri Sturluson<\/span>&#8216;s Prose Edda and the Poetic Edda (8th to 13th century), down to the observations of Roman and later medieval authors.<\/p><p>The Edda texts are records by manuscript writers based on older, orally transmitted skaldic poems. A continuous written <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> such as exists for Zeus does not exist; instead we have fragmentary sources: Tacitus&#8217; Germania (c. 98 AD), skaldic fragments, Saxo Grammaticus (12th century) and the Edda collections.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Area of distribution<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Venerated throughout the Germanic-Nordic region: Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark), Danish and Norwegian islands, Anglo-Saxon England (where Woden lends his name to Wednesday) and South Germanic territories (Old High German Wodan\/Wuodan).<\/p><p>The breadth of the area of distribution is shown in the multitude of tribal names with Woden etymology and in the names of weekdays and months (Wodanstag\/Wednesday, Old Norse \u00d3\u00f0insdagr).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Source situation<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The core is formed by the Edda collections: the Poetic Edda (V\u00f6lusp\u00e1, H\u00e1vam\u00e1l, Vaf\u00fer\u00fa\u00f0nism\u00e1l) and Snorri Sturluson&#8217;s Prose Edda (Gylfaginning, Sk\u00e1ldskaparm\u00e1l).<\/p><p>Added to these are skaldic fragments in later authors, Tacitus&#8217; brief mention of Mercurius with the Woden identification, Saxo Grammaticus&#8217; Gesta Danorum, the Sieversian tradition, and archaeological finds (sacrificial bogs, inscriptions, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Relating to a religious vow; a votive offering is consecrated to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">votive<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span>). The chronology is problematic: the Edda records date from the 13th century but describe traditions from the pre-Christian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prehistoric epoch after the Bronze Age, marked by ironworking.\" tabindex=\"0\">Iron Age<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Old Norse:<\/strong> \u00d3\u00f0inn (nominative), genitive \u00d3\u00f0ins, etymology disputed, possible roots: Proto-Germanic *W\u014d\u00f0anaz (&#8220;the raging one&#8221;, from *wod- &#8220;ecstasy, frenzy, song&#8221;) or a connection with Old Norse <em>\u00f3\u00f0r<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An incorporeal being to which efficacy in the world is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span>, poetry, ecstasy).<\/p><p>Old High German: Wodan, Wuodan, Wuotan, Wuothan. Old Saxon: Wuodan. Old English: Woden, Wodan, namesake of Wednesday (&#8220;Woden&#8217;s Day&#8221;, analogous to Mardi\/Mercredi in the Romance languages from Roman Mercurius).<\/p><p>Low German\/Plattdeutsch: Wodan, Odin. Roman counterpart: Mercurius (interpretatio romana in Tacitus, despite the culturally distant assignment). The weekday name Mittwoch refers to the Roman identification (Wodan = Mercurius), not directly to Mercurius&#8217; functions.<\/p><p>Epithets and titles: All-father, Lord of the Skalds, Spear-Odin, Hanging-God (Hangago\u00f0, on account of the self-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express thanks, request, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrifice<\/span> on Yggdrasil), the One-Eyed, Raven-God (Hrafnagu\u00f0), the Wanderer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Description<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Appearance<\/strong><\/p><p>Odin is depicted in literature and pictorial <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> as a one-eyed old man with a long beard. He wears a wide flowing blue or grey cloak and a broad-brimmed hat (S\u00ed\u00f0h\u00f6ttr), which partly conceals his missing eye and his face.<\/p><p>He rides the eight-legged horse Sleipnir (Old Norse <em>sleipnir<\/em> &#8220;the gliding one&#8221;), which is faster than any other animal and also gallops between the worlds.<\/p><p>At his side he carries the spear Gungnir (Old Norse <em>gungnir<\/em> &#8220;the swaying one&#8221;), which never misses its mark. Two ravens, Hugin and Munin (Old Norse <em>huginn<\/em> &#8220;thought&#8221; and <em>muninn<\/em> &#8220;memory&#8221;), sit on his shoulders and make daily flights across the realm of the Nine Worlds in order to report everything to him.<\/p><p>Two wolves, Geri and Freki (Old Norse <em>geri<\/em> &#8220;the greedy one&#8221; and <em>freki<\/em> &#8220;the ravenous one&#8221;), accompany him; Odin himself rarely eats, but lives on wine alone (\u00c6sir nature).<\/p><p><strong>Nature and activity<\/strong><\/p><p>Odin is not the creator of the world, but the one who pervades and transforms it. He is the god of ecstasy, of martial frenzy (<em>berserkergang<\/em>), of shamanic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"An altered state of consciousness with narrowed attention; deliberately induced in shamanic and mediumistic practice.\">trance<\/span> and of skaldic poetry.<\/p><p>His hallmark is self-sacrifice: he hung himself for nine nights on the world tree Yggdrasil, pierced by a spear, in order to win the runes, the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> writing and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magical<\/span> system.<\/p><p>He sacrificed his right eye to Mimir&#8217;s well to drink a draught of its wisdom. His sphere of power encompasses poetry, war (not ordering rule like Zeus, but ecstatic battle frenzy), death and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of things through particular actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span>.<\/p><p>In contrast to Thor (god of thunder, ordering god of the peasants) or Tyr (god of law and oath), Odin represents transgression: the supernatural, the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religious specialist credited with mediating between humans and the spirit world.\" tabindex=\"0\">shaman<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of things through particular actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profile: Odin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important aspects of Odin at a glance. The table summarises origin, function, appearance, veneration, symbols and parallels.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origin<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Son of the giant Borr and the giantess Bestla. Brother of Vili and V\u00e9. After the creation of the world from the corpse of the primordial giant Ymir, he founded the realm of Asgard together with his brothers, established the order of the Nine Worlds and determined fate and the course of things.<\/p><p>His descent is hybrid: god and giant at once, which underlines his nature as a figure of transgression.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odin's function<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lord of ecstasy, poetry and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of things through particular actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span>. God of war in its ecstatic, not ordering, form. Psychopompos and ruler over battle and the fallen, whom he takes to Valhalla. Forefather of the skalds and master of the runes. Unlike other high gods, not primarily an orderer, but a transformer and transgressor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Form<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>One-eyed old man with a long beard, wide blue or grey cloak, broad-brimmed hat. Rides Sleipnir (eight-legged horse). Carries Gungnir (magical spear). Hugin and Munin (ravens of thought and memory) on his shoulders. Two wolves, Geri and Freki, as companions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odin's veneration<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Main cult sites: Uppsala (Sweden, alongside Freyr and Freyja), Lejre (Denmark, seat of the Danish royal houses). Odin was venerated primarily by warriors, skalds and artists, less by peasants and craftsmen (who tended to venerate Thor). Oaths, especially war oaths and skaldic oaths, were sworn in Odin&#8217;s name.<\/p><p>Human <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrifices<\/span> (hanging) were associated with the Odin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>; captives were sacrificed by hanging in order to gain Odin&#8217;s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The bestowal of well-being and protection, often in a fixed verbal form.\" tabindex=\"0\">blessing<\/span>. The so-called sacrificial bogs (for example in Denmark and Northern Germany) contain traces of such practices.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odin's symbols<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Spear Gungnir (which never misses its mark), ravens Hugin and Munin (thought and memory), wolves Geri and Freki, eight-legged horse Sleipnir, runes (especially Wunjo, Ansuz, Dagaz), the gallows (on account of the self-sacrifice), the eye (on account of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The concrete object or food offered to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">offering<\/span> at Mimir&#8217;s well).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Comparable figures<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mercurius (Rome, interpretatio romana), Veles (Slavic, magician and psychopompos), Hermes (Greece, psychopompos and sorcerer, functionally), Tyr (Germanic, originally high god, later supplanted by Odin), Loki (Germanic, transgressive, sorcerer, but antagonistic), shamanic high gods in Finno-Ugric and Siberian cultures.<\/p><p>The connection to Roman and Slavic figures underlines that Odin is a broadly universal Nordic manifestation of an Indo-European transgressor figure, not of the orderer model (Zeus, Iuppiter, Dyaus Pita, Perun).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Veneration in everyday life<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Odin was not the god of the broad population or of domestic peace; he was the god of warriors, skalds and magicians.<\/p><p>In everyday life his veneration was expressed less in family <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A gift offered to a deity to express thanks, request or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span> than in oath formulas at war oaths and oaths of honour, in skaldic invocations before composing poetry, and in practices of ecstatic induction (whether martial or <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>).<\/p><p>For warriors, especially leaders and elite warriors (berserkers), Odin was the patron. He bestowed the <em>berserkergang<\/em>, an ecstatic martial frenzy in which the warrior overcomes all pain and fear of death.<\/p><p>His veneration was therefore practical and dangerous: not consoling like the household cult of Hestia\/Vesta, but transgressive and empowering. At important decisions, particularly before wars, before sea voyages or before magical undertakings, offerings to Odin were customary, often in combination with Thor (protection) or Tyr (oath-keeping).<\/p><p>Artists and skalds, that is, high-ranking poets and musicians, also venerated Odin as their patron. The skaldic oath was a form of Odin veneration: the skald swore to use the mead of poetry (which Odin himself had stolen from the giants) and thereby to reveal truth through artistry.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odin, parallels in other cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Roman tradition<\/strong><\/p><p>Mercurius, not because of functional similarity (Hermes\/Mercurius are primarily messenger gods), but because of the Roman habit of the <em>interpretatio romana<\/em>; Tacitus equates Wodan with Mercurius, probably because of the shared role as a god of travel and of speech (Mercurius = god of trade and rhetoric, Odin = god of skalds and runes).<\/p><p>This identification is culturally superficial and shows less genuine functional kinship than the chess game of Roman <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The merging of ideas or deities from different religious traditions.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncretism<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Vedic and Hindu tradition:<\/strong> no direct parallel in the Vedic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>. The idea of a high deity acquiring wisdom through self-sacrifice does, however, recall shamanic motifs in Indo-European religions. Possible functional parallels to Rudra\/Shiva (transgressive god, sorcerer, ecstatic) are speculative.<\/p><p><strong>Slavic tradition<\/strong><\/p><p>Veles (Volos), god of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of things through particular actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span>, the underworld, herds and prosperity, shares with Odin the transgressive nature and the psychopompos function. Both are magician gods, not orderers. Veles, however, is connected primarily with the underworld and the dead, Odin with ecstasy and poetry.<\/p><p><strong>Germanic parallels:<\/strong> Tyr (Tiu, Ziu), originally an Indo-European high god (related to Zeus, Iuppiter, Dyaus Pita through the root *dyeus). In the course of early Germanic history Tyr was &#8220;supplanted&#8221; or &#8220;replaced&#8221; by Odin as high god, but retained the functions of the god of oaths and guardian of law.<\/p><p>This succession is culturally and historically significant and shows how a society&#8217;s shift in values is expressed in its <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x7-das-m e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x7-das-m\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-xh7-das- elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"xh7-das-\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The motif of self-sacrifice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-xc7-das- e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"xc7-das-\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bw-xt7-das--ef9d65c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bw-xt7-das--ef9d65c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-xt7-das- elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"xt7-das-\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A characteristic feature of Odin is his willingness to sacrifice himself in order to gain wisdom and power. According to the Edda he hung for nine nights on the world tree Yggdrasil, pierced by his own spear, without food and drink, until the runes were revealed to him.<\/p><p>He also sacrificed his right eye to the well of the giant Mimir in order to drink a draught of the well water that grants wisdom. This <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring element of content in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> distinguishes Odin fundamentally from other Indo-European high gods: while Zeus, Iuppiter or Perun acquire power through victory or order, Odin acquires it through renunciation and transgression.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp66d3771 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp66d3771\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1c1b0e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp1c1b0e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The acquisition of the runes: Odin's self-sacrifice on the world tree<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp86df3fd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp86df3fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp74cd0ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp74cd0ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>One of the best-known episodes of the Odin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> is his self-sacrifice for the acquisition of the runes, transmitted in stanzas 138 to 145 of the Eddic poem <em>H\u00e1vam\u00e1l<\/em> (Sayings of the High One).<\/p><p>Odin himself reports there that he hung for nine nights on the windy tree, wounded by the spear, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Through a religious act handed over to the sacred and thereby raised out of the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">consecrated<\/span> to himself, given to himself.<\/p><p>The tree is in all probability the world ash <em>Yggdrasil<\/em>, whose name can be interpreted as Odin&#8217;s steed, with the gallows poetically counted as the horse of the hanged.<\/p><p>Without bread or mead, Odin looked down, seized the runes with a cry and fell back. In the same context he reports how he received nine mighty magical songs from his maternal kinsman B\u00f6lthorn and a draught of the precious mead.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional ties.\" tabindex=\"0\">comparative study of religion<\/span> has discussed this passage intensively. Some researchers see in it an old <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A ritual transition through which someone is admitted into a new status or community.\" tabindex=\"0\">initiation<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A fixed, recurring religious act.\" tabindex=\"0\">rite<\/span>, comparable with shamanic practices in which the seeker undergoes a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands representatively for a concept or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolic<\/span> death in order to attain hidden knowledge.<\/p><p>Others emphasise the literary character of the text and warn against premature shamanic interpretations. Undisputed is that the episode portrays Odin as the god of knowledge won through suffering, who is willing to sacrifice himself in order to gain power over language, magic and hidden connections.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp703b002 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp703b002\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa7efda7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa7efda7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The mead of poetry: Odin as thief of inspiration<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp211561c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp211561c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcdafa62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpcdafa62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most detailed narrative on the origin of poetry is preserved by Snorri Sturluson in the <em>Sk\u00e1ldskaparm\u00e1l<\/em>, the second part of his <em>Edda<\/em>. It begins with the being Kvasir, who arose from the spittle of the reconciled \u00c6sir and Vanir and could answer all questions.<\/p><p>Two dwarves slew Kvasir and mixed his blood with honey into a mead which conferred on anyone who drank of it the gift of poetry and wisdom.<\/p><p>Through several stations this mead came into the possession of the giant Suttung, who had it guarded inside the mountain Hnitbj\u00f6rg by his daughter Gunnl\u00f6d. Odin set out under the alias B\u00f6lverk in order to obtain the mead.<\/p><p>With the help of the drill Rati he bored through the rock, transformed himself into a snake, crawled through and spent three nights with Gunnl\u00f6d, who in return granted him three draughts.<\/p><p>In three gulps Odin emptied all three vessels, transformed himself into an eagle and fled to Asgard, where he spat the mead into vessels.<\/p><p>This narrative also explains why poetry can be paraphrased in Old Norse as Odin&#8217;s booty or Kvasir&#8217;s blood. Researchers have pointed to structural similarities with the Indian Soma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>, in which a divine intoxicating drink is likewise stolen and an eagle becomes the bearer.<\/p><p>Whether a common Indo-European heritage underlies this remains controversial, yet the parallel is striking enough to be treated repeatedly in comparative <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of a culture's transmitted divine narratives.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc1b803d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc1b803d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8ba8373 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp8ba8373\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wodan in the continental sources and the long beard<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4bf60af e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp4bf60af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f05d1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2f05d1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Odin is known not only from the Icelandic sources of the high Middle Ages, but also under the continental Germanic name Wodan or Woden from considerably older witnesses.<\/p><p>The Roman historian Tacitus mentions in the <em>Germania<\/em> around 98 AD a god whom the Germanic peoples venerated most highly and whom he identifies with Mercurius, which research predominantly takes to refer to Wodan.<\/p><p>From the 8th century comes the <em>Second Merseburg Charm<\/em>, one of the few surviving <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Synonymous with heathen; belonging to a pre-Christian religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">pagan<\/span> texts in Old High German, in which Wodan heals a sprained horse&#8217;s foot through <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A linguistic ritual intended to summon or bind a power.\" tabindex=\"0\">incantation<\/span>.<\/p><p>The Lombard historian Paulus Diaconus transmits the story of how Wodan helped the Lombards to their name: his wife Frea placed the women of the tribe with their hair combed over their faces in the spot where Wodan would look upon waking, so that he addressed them as long-bearded ones.<\/p><p>The name itself, Proto-Germanic roughly <em>W\u014ddanaz<\/em>, belongs to a semantic field denoting rage, frenzy and ecstasy; Gothic <em>wods<\/em> means &#8220;possessed&#8221;. Adam of Bremen formulated in the 11th century the famous gloss <em>Wodan, id est furor<\/em>, &#8220;Wodan, that is, frenzy&#8221;.<\/p><p>This linguistic anchoring shows that the ecstatic, raging trait of Odin is not a late literary construct but was deeply embedded in the conception of the god. The English weekday Wednesday and the German Wuotanstag preserve the name to this day.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29ccd98 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp29ccd98\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd5e457e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd5e457e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odin and the Wild Hunt: afterlife in folk tradition<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp764bf7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp764bf7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp400c3a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp400c3a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>After Christianisation Odin did not vanish entirely, but lived on in folk conceptions, especially in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring element of content in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> of the Wild Hunt. Across wide parts of the Germanic-speaking region, folk tradition knew of a nocturnal spectral <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A solemn religious procession.\" tabindex=\"0\">procession<\/span> that raced through the skies especially in the dark season, led by a demonic figure.<\/p><p>In Scandinavia and parts of Northern Germany this leader was in some places identified with Odin or a name derived from it. In the 19th century Jacob Grimm collected numerous such records in his <em>Deutsche <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of a culture's transmitted divine narratives.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythologie<\/span><\/em> and saw in them a survival of the pagan storm god.<\/p><p>More recent research is more cautious: the Wild Hunt is a complex bundle of folkloristic conceptions into which various figures entered, and not every regional manifestation can be traced directly to Odin.<\/p><p>Nevertheless the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring element of content in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> fits Odin&#8217;s nature well. He is the god of fallen warriors, the leader of a host of the dead, who rides through the air on his eight-legged steed Sleipnir. The ecstatic, storm-like character already inherent in the name finds a post-Christian form in the raging spectral host.<\/p><p>In the Romantic period and later in Richard Wagner&#8217;s <em>Ring of the Nibelung<\/em>, Odin became, as Wotan, a central cultural figure, which shaped his reception into modern fantasy literature and popular culture while at the same time often detaching him from the historical <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp428d162 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp428d162\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp668f4dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp668f4dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The many names of Odin and their meaning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfd32b6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpfd32b6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1dd3ee1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp1dd3ee1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Few deities in the history of world religions bear as many epithets as Odin. The Eddic poem <em>Gr\u00edmnism\u00e1l<\/em> and Snorri&#8217;s <em>Gylfaginning<\/em> transmit more than 150 different designations, and skaldic poetry knows still more.<\/p><p>This abundance of names is not mere poetic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A decorative, often repeated element of a pattern.\" tabindex=\"0\">ornament<\/span>, but the expression of a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theological<\/span> conception: Odin takes on different forms and roles, and each name designates one aspect of his being.<\/p><p>Many epithets refer to his outward appearance and his disguises. <em>H\u00e1rbar\u00f0r<\/em> (Grey-beard), <em>S\u00ed\u00f0h\u00f6ttr<\/em> (Broad-hat), <em>Gr\u00edmnir<\/em> (the Masked One) designate him as a wandering, veiled god who appears one-eyed because he gave his eye for a draught from M\u00edmir&#8217;s well.<\/p><p>Other names concern his functions: <em>Valf\u00f6\u00f0r<\/em> (Father of the Fallen), <em>Sigf\u00f6\u00f0r<\/em> (Father of Victory), <em>Galdrsf\u00f6\u00f0r<\/em> (Father of the Magical Songs).<\/p><p>Yet other names tie in with specific myths. <em>B\u00f6lverkr<\/em> (Evil-doer) is the alias used in the theft of the mead of poetry, <em>B\u00e1leygr<\/em> (Flame-eye) refers to his gaze. Research interprets this multitude of names as a mirror of Odin&#8217;s character as god of transformation, cunning and hidden knowledge.<\/p><p>Unlike a god with a clearly delimited sphere of responsibility, Odin is hard to pin down, and the names are the linguistic means by which the Old Norse <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> expressed this multi-layered quality. For skaldic poetry they at the same time provided an inexhaustible reservoir of paraphrases.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3ee0c81 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3ee0c81\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp70bd54a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp70bd54a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odin in cult: human sacrifices and the question of archaeological traces<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf07278d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf07278d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp644e616 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp644e616\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The literary sources repeatedly connect Odin with human sacrifices, especially with killing by hanging and spear thrust. This form mirrors his own self-sacrifice on the tree; the sacrificed one dies, as it were, the death of the god.<\/p><p>In the 11th century Adam of Bremen describes the great sacrificial feast at the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building serving the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of Uppsala, at which humans and animals are said to have been hanged in a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred grove of trees that served as a cult site.\" tabindex=\"0\">grove<\/span>.<\/p><p>The literary <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> knows several narratives in which kings are <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Through a religious act handed over to the sacred and thereby raised out of the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">consecrated<\/span> to Odin and sacrificed by hanging or spear, for example in the <em>Ynglinga <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative often with a historical core and miraculous features.\" tabindex=\"0\">saga<\/span><\/em> and in the sagas. How reliably these reports reflect actual <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> is controversial, since they stem from Christian times and pursue, in part, polemical aims.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that investigates past cultures on the basis of material finds.\" tabindex=\"0\">Archaeology<\/span> provides a differentiated picture. Bog bodies from the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prehistoric epoch after the Bronze Age, marked by ironworking.\" tabindex=\"0\">Iron Age<\/span>, for example from Northern Germany and Denmark, show traces of hanging or strangulation and are sometimes interpreted as <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A gift offered to a deity to express thanks, request or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span>, but an unambiguous assignment to a particular god is not methodologically possible.<\/p><p>Finds of weapons and spears in bogs and at offering sites fit Odin&#8217;s connection with the spear Gungnir and with the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted action regularly repeated within a community.\" tabindex=\"0\">custom<\/span> of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To dedicate an object, place or person to the sacred through a religious act.\" tabindex=\"0\">consecrating<\/span> the enemy host to the god by means of a spear cast.<\/p><p>On the whole the archaeological findings confirm that human and weapon sacrifices existed in the Germanic region, without it being possible to quantify Odin&#8217;s share precisely. Research here works with probabilities, not certainties.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further links<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>[Tyr, Germanic](\/tyr\/)<\/li><li>[Thor, Germanic](\/thor\/)<\/li><li>[Freyja, Germanic](\/freyja\/)<\/li><li>[Mercurius, Rome](\/mercurius\/)<\/li><li>[Veles, Slavic](\/veles\/)<\/li><li>[High Deities, sub-category](\/hochgottheiten\/)<\/li><li>[Gods, class overview](\/g\u00f6tter\/)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Research literature<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Sturluson, Snorri: <em>Die Prosa-Edda. Gylfaginning, Sk\u00e1ldskaparm\u00e1l, H\u00e1ttatal<\/em>. Trans. and ed. by Felix Niedner. 1923 (reprint, German).<\/span><\/li><li><em>Die Lieder-Edda<\/em>. Old Norse heroic poems. Trans. and ed. by Felix Niedner. 1923 (reprint, German).<\/li><li>Dum\u00e9zil, Georges: <em>Mythe et \u00e9pop\u00e9e<\/em>. Vols. 1, 3. Paris 1968, 1973 (classic of Indo-European comparison).<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Simek, Rudolf: <em>Lexikon der germanischen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The entirety of a culture's transmitted divine narratives.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythologie<\/span><\/em>. Stuttgart 1984 (standard work).<\/span><\/li><li>Tacitus: <em>Germania<\/em>. Chap. 9 (Roman observations).<\/li><li>Saxo Grammaticus: <em>Gesta Danorum<\/em>. Books I, IV (medieval synchronisation).<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Ellis Davidson, Hilda R.: <em>The Road to Hel. A Study of the Conception of the Dead in Old Norse Literature<\/em>. Cambridge 1943 (reprint 2002).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>N\u00e4sstr\u00f6m, Britt-Mari: <em>Bl\u00f3tin. Kultpraktiken i det f\u00f6rkristen Norden<\/em>. Stockholm 2001.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Odin, god of the Germanic tradition Highest god of the Germanic pantheon, All-father, ruler over ecstasy, poetry and wisdom. Odin stands at the centre of North Germanic mythology as supreme guide of gods and humans. Unlike most Indo-European high gods, Odin is not primarily a weather god or war commander, but a shaman, magician and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4187,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Odin","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Odin: All-father, God of Ecstasy and Wisdom","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"All-father, ecstasy, poetry, runes, Gungnir, Sleipnir, and his parallels to Mercurius, Veles and Tyr.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[79,89,86],"class_list":["post-4186","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultures","category-germanic","category-gods"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - 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