{"id":4183,"date":"2026-04-27T06:40:19","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T06:40:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ra\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:24:34","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:24:34","slug":"ra","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/ra\/","title":{"rendered":"Ra"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4183\" class=\"elementor elementor-4183 elementor-1878 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ra, god of the Egyptian tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ra is a god of the Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>.<\/p><p>Egyptian sun god and supreme <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>, creator of order and daily renewer of the world. Ra stands at the centre of Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span> and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted narratives about the gods of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> as the highest figure of the cosmos.<\/p><p>He embodies the power of the sun, cyclical renewal, and the eternal struggle between light and chaos. His name is synonymous with divine power and the guarantee that day follows night and that good triumphs over evil.<\/p><p>As the Egyptian sun god, Ra is both creator and sustainer of the world.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: Personified highest power in the pantheon of a culture, with clearly defined responsibilities: forces of nature, fate, war, fertility. Venerated through cults, offerings, and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"\/en\/egypt\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mythology of the ancient Nile Valley, ca. 3000 BCE to 30 BCE.\">Egypt<\/a><a href=\"\/en\/high-deities\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Highest gods of a pantheon: cosmic sovereignty, creator or ruler aspect.\">Supreme Deity<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_ra-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4184\" alt=\"Ra, gods of the Egyptian tradition, historical and illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_ra-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_ra-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_ra-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_ra.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Overview: Ra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> Supreme deity, sun god, creator god<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Egypt<br>Function: Creator of order, daily renewal of the world, struggle against chaos<br>Principal attributes: solar disk, uraeus serpent, falcon head, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian symbol of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span><br>Principal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> sites: Heliopolis (On), Thebes (Karnak-Luxor \/ Amun-Ra), Abu Gurob<br>Roman counterpart: Sol Invictus, Helios (Greece)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Period of the Texts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> concerning Ra reaches from the Old Kingdom (ca. 2700 to 2200 BCE), where he is already venerated as a supreme deity in the <em>Pyramid Texts<\/em>, through the Middle and New Kingdoms into the Ptolemaic-Roman period.<\/p><p>The most important literary witnesses are the <em>Pyramid Texts<\/em> (Old Kingdom), the <em>Coffin Texts<\/em> (Middle Kingdom), the <em>Egyptian Book of the Dead<\/em> (particularly the <em>Book of the Day<\/em> and the <em>Book of the Night<\/em>), and the solar hymns from the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span>.<\/p><p>The syncretistic fusions with Atum and Amun emerge more strongly in the New Kingdom and remain established into Roman times.<\/p><p><strong>Mythological context<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Ra<\/em>, the sun god, is the formative cosmic principle of the Egyptian universe and the daily manifestation of creative power.<\/p><p>He travels each day in his solar barque across the sky, sets in the evening, and crosses the underworld (<em>Duat<\/em>) at night in an epic battle against the serpent <em>Apophis<\/em>, who attempts to devour him each day.<\/p><p><em>Ra<\/em> embodies the cyclical nature of life, death, and rebirth. He merges with other gods (<em>Amun-Ra<\/em>, <em>Ra-Horakhty<\/em>) and thus forms a multifaceted manifestation of universal power.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Area of Diffusion<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ra was venerated throughout <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> Egypt, with principal centres in Heliopolis (Iunu, Egyptian On), the oldest solar cult site, and Thebes (with the syncretistic figure Amun-Ra).<\/p><p>His veneration was not tied to a single city but pervaded religious practice from the Delta to the Nubian border. After the conquest by Hellenistic and Roman powers, Ra was equated with the Greek Helios and the Roman Sol Invictus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Source Situation<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The core of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> consists of the <em>Pyramid Texts<\/em> from Giza, Memphis, and Abydos (5th and 6th Dynasties), which already present Ra as a god of the sky and creation. The <em>Coffin Texts<\/em> of the Middle Kingdom extend the myths to include cosmic cycles.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>The <em>Egyptian Book of the Dead<\/em> (ca. 1550 to 1070 BCE) describes Ra&#8217;s nocturnal journey through the underworld in rich pictorial language. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">Temple<\/span> inscriptions, tomb paintings, and priestly commentaries in temple libraries (for example Edfu, Dendera) elucidate the syncretisms and the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> daily routine.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Designation and Spellings<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Egyptian:<\/strong> Ra (also <em>Re<\/em>, Egyptian <em>R\u02bf<\/em> or <em>Ra\u02bf<\/em>), determinative: solar disk. The root points to &#8220;sun&#8221;. Variant spellings: <em>Re<\/em> (Latin transliteration, common in older scholarly works), <em>Ra<\/em> (modern convention), <em>Pre<\/em> (a reading from the hieroglyphs, rarer).<\/p><p>Syncretistic names: <em>Atum-Ra<\/em> (fusion with the creator god Atum of Heliopolis, especially the morning form), <em>Amun-Ra<\/em> (fusion with the supreme god Amun of Thebes, dominant in the New Kingdom), <em>Ra-Horakhty<\/em> (Horus in the horizon, the unified figure of the rising Horus and the sun god), <em>Khnum-Ra<\/em> (fusion with the ram-headed creator god Khnum on the southern frontier).<\/p><p>Epithets: <em>Khepri<\/em> (morning form as <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian symbol of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span>, &#8220;the becoming one&#8221;), <em>Atum<\/em> (evening form as an aged man or ram), <em>Khenti-Amenti<\/em> (Lord of the West, in the underworld), <em>Neb-Tawy<\/em> (Lord of the Two Lands, of the cosmos). Hieroglyphic representation: the solar disk (Aten), often with a dot or circle beneath it.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Description<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Appearance<\/strong><\/p><p>Ra is typically depicted as a man with a <em>falcon&#8217;s head<\/em>, on the crown of which sits the luminous <em>solar disk<\/em>.<\/p><p>Around the solar disk coils the <em>uraeus serpent<\/em> (Egyptian <em>wadjet<\/em>), the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of royal power and protection. In early depictions (Old Kingdom), Ra sits in a barque (boat) and is drawn by other gods.<\/p><p>Later representations show him in part as a <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian symbol of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span><\/em> (Khepri, the morning form, a dung beetle figure) who rolls the solar ball through the entire night until he expels it again in the morning and the sun arises anew.<\/p><p>In the evening form he appears as an aged, elderly man or as a <em>ram<\/em> (Atum form).<\/p><p><strong>Nature and Activity<\/strong><\/p><p>Ra is not merely the god of the sun in the sky, but the <em>power of creation and renewal<\/em> itself. According to Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The conception of the structure and order of the world within a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmology<\/span>, he creates the day by his daily journey across the sky in the day barque <em>Mandjet<\/em> and orders the world.<\/p><p>At night he travels in the night barque <em>Mesektet<\/em> through the underworld (Duat), where he encounters the chaos <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A spiritual being to which harmful or ambivalent effects are attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> <em>Apophis<\/em>, an enormous serpent who threatens to devour him.<\/p><p>Every night Ra battles Apophis; every night he triumphs, and so the world is renewed. This cosmic battle is synonymous with the victory of order (Ma&#8217;at) over chaos (Isfet).<\/p><p><strong>Appearance and Symbolism<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Ra<\/em> is depicted as a man with a falcon&#8217;s head and the solar disk, adorned with the <em>uraei<\/em>, the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> serpent of the pharaohs. He wears ornaments of gold and carries the <em>sceptre of the sky<\/em>.<\/p><p>In his daily phases he changes form: as <em>Khepri<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian symbol of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span>) at dawn, as <em>Ra<\/em> at midday, as <em>Atum<\/em> in the evening, and as <em>Auf<\/em> at night in the underworld. The solar disk is his most dominant <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in place of an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>, representing life, warming power, and conscious intelligence.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profile: Ra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important aspects of Ra at a glance. The table summarises origin, function, appearance, veneration, symbols, and parallels.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cultural Context<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ra emerges as a <em>self-creator<\/em>, or he is created by <em>Atum<\/em> (the myths vary). In some versions he is the son of Atum and the sky goddess <em>Nut<\/em>.<\/p><p>In Heliopolis (On), the oldest cult site, he is venerated as a direct manifestation of solar energy. From the 5th Dynasty onward (ca. 2500 BCE), the pharaohs call themselves &#8220;Son of Ra&#8221; (<em>Sa Ra<\/em>), thus legitimising their rule as the earthly reflection of cosmic order.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ra's Function<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supreme deity and guarantor of cosmic order (Ma&#8217;at). Creator and daily renewer of the world. Leader of the struggle against chaos and darkness. Protector of the pharaohs and of the Egyptian people. His function is not moral in the personal sense, but cosmic: he represents the necessary return of the good and of the light.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ra's Appearance<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Man with a falcon&#8217;s head, solar disk, and uraeus serpent on the brow. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian symbol of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">Scarab<\/span> form (Khepri) as morning manifestation. Aged ram (Atum) as evening manifestation. Seated in a barque (Mandjet or Mesektet), drawn by other gods or animals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ra's Veneration<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principal cult sites: <em>Heliopolis<\/em> (On, the oldest and most important solar temple, destroyed but widely attested in literature), <em>Thebes<\/em> (Karnak and Luxor with the Amun-Ra <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred site dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span>), <em>Abu Gurob<\/em> (solar sanctuary of the 5th Dynasty, the location of daily rituals).<\/p><p>Priestly officials: priests at Heliopolis led the daily solar hymns. The pharaohs themselves served as the earthly representatives of Ra. Private veneration: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian symbol of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object to which a protective, misfortune-averting effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulets<\/span> as personal protective amulets, sunrise invocations at the peaks of life.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ra's Symbols<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em>Solar disk<\/em> (Aten), <em>falcon<\/em> (as the bird of the sky and of swiftness), <em>uraeus serpent<\/em> (protection and power), <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian symbol of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span><\/em> (Khepri, morning form and cycle), <em>ram<\/em> (Atum, evening form), <em>barque<\/em> (Mandjet and Mesektet, the vehicles through the cosmos).\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Counterparts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em>Helios<\/em> (Greece), <em>Sol Invictus<\/em> (Rome, especially in the later imperial period), <em>Surya<\/em> (Vedic \/ Hinduism), <em>Shamash<\/em> (Mesopotamia as sun god, though not a supreme deity), <em>Apollo<\/em> (Greece, in part with attributes of a sun god), <em>Savitar<\/em> (Vedic, the awakener and impeller). The Egyptian and Vedic solar deities share the function of daily renewal and the containment of chaos.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Veneration in Everyday Life<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ra was not a god of personal promises of salvation or of mysteries, but the guarantor of order. His veneration unfolded on two levels:<\/p><p><strong>Priestly and state:<\/strong> pharaohs and priests carried out daily rituals in the temples of Heliopolis, Karnak, and other cult sites. In the morning hymns were sung to support Ra in his ascent; in the evening protective spells and battle chants were intoned against Apophis.<\/p><p>These rituals were not regarded as private <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A brief, personal or communal religious contemplation.\" tabindex=\"0\">devotion<\/span>, but as <em>cosmic labour<\/em> that guaranteed the very existence of the world.<\/p><p>Personal and lay: private persons wore <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian symbol of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> amulets with Ra symbols or Ra names in order to secure daily protection. At sunrise short prayers or invocations were offered. Particularly under the pharaohs of the 5th Dynasty, solar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuaries<\/span> were erected as funerary monuments, in order to integrate the pharaoh into Ra&#8217;s cosmic orbit.<\/p><p>In personal names: the name <em>Ra<\/em> itself carried great power. Compound names such as <em>Si-Ra<\/em> (Son of Ra) or <em>Ra-Hotep<\/em> (Ra is content) were widely used in Egyptian families, especially among the elite.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ra: Parallels in Other Cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Greece and Rome<\/strong><\/p><em>Helios<\/em> bears all the attributes of Ra: sun god, daily journey across the sky in a quadriga (chariot), lamp-bearer of the world. In the later Roman period, Ra is fused with <em>Sol Invictus<\/em> (the Unconquered Sun), especially under the emperor Aurelian (270 to 275 CE), who established Sol Invictus as the supreme god. The parallel extends into early Christianity, which symbolically links the resurrection of Christ with the sunrise.<p><strong>Vedic and Hindu Tradition<\/strong><\/p><em>Surya<\/em> (the sun god) and <em>Savitar<\/em> (the awakener, the impeller) share with Ra the function of daily renewal. The Rigveda (ca. 1500 BCE) describes Surya&#8217;s journey across the sky in a golden quadriga. In contrast to Ra, who remains a supreme deity, Surya is later overlaid in Hinduism by Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva as the supreme Trimurti.<p><strong>Mesopotamia<\/strong><\/p><em>Shamash<\/em> is the Mesopotamian sun god and judge. Unlike Ra, however, Shamash is not the cosmic supreme deity but an aspect-god among many. <em>Marduk<\/em> assumes in Babylon the role of world-creator and chaos-vanquisher (battle against Tiamat), which is functionally similar to Ra but not confined to the sun.<p><strong>Germanic Tradition<\/strong><\/p><p>The <em>sun<\/em> (Sol, Sunna) is represented in Germanic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted narratives about the gods of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> by a goddess who likewise travels across the sky in a quadriga, pursued by the wolf Sk\u00f6ll. The function is similar (daily renewal), but the gender and the symbolism differ.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd075236 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd075236\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp733d0d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp733d0d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Solar Barque and the Journey Through the Twelve Hours of the Night<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd140f1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpd140f1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6d26802 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6d26802\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The central <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic study of God and the doctrines of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theological<\/span> image of Ra is his daily journey. By day the sun god crosses the sky in the day barque; in the evening he boards the night barque and travels through the underworld, the <em>Duat<\/em>.<\/p><p>This nocturnal journey is described in detail in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">dedicated<\/span> texts, above all in the <em>Amduat<\/em>, literally &#8220;that which is in the underworld&#8221;, and in the <em>Book of Gates<\/em>.<\/p><p>Both belong to the Books of the Underworld that were painted on the walls of the royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings during the New Kingdom.<\/p><p>The <em>Amduat<\/em> divides the night into twelve hours, each of which presents its own region with its own beings. In the middle hour, often the sixth, the decisive event takes place: the sun god unites with the corpse of Osiris, and from this union he draws the power for rebirth.<\/p><p>Research, for example by Erik Hornung, who has comprehensively edited and translated the Books of the Underworld, sees in this the core of the Egyptian conception of cosmic renewal.<\/p><p>The journey is not without peril. In every hour obstacles arise: gates must be passed, harmful beings warded off. The greatest enemy is the serpent Apophis, who seeks to halt the barque. Companions such as <a href=\"\/en\/egypt\/\">other deities<\/a> and the blessed dead who dwell in the beyond support the god.<\/p><p>At the end of the twelfth hour, Ra is reborn as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian symbol of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span> or as a child and rises on the eastern horizon. This narrative structure gave the Egyptians a model that allowed them to grasp the daily course of the sun, death, and the hope of rebirth within a single image.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8ebeaf6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp8ebeaf6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3cd4822 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3cd4822\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apophis: The Daily Struggle for World Order<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0a24bfd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0a24bfd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29eac91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp29eac91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ra&#8217;s antagonist is Apophis, in Egyptian pronunciation <em>Apep<\/em>, an immense serpent who threatens the solar barque on its nocturnal journey.<\/p><p>Apophis does not embody a single enemy but chaos itself, the unordered, which threatens day by day to devour the created world. Unlike the gods, Apophis is never born and never finally killed; he is a permanent threat.<\/p><p>In the Books of the Underworld and in dedicated ritual texts the struggle against Apophis is described. The serpent attempts to swallow the water on which the barque travels, or to block its path.<\/p><p>Gods such as Seth, who stands at the prow of the barque, or the goddess Selket bind and pierce the beast. The most important text on this is the so-called <em>Book of Apophis<\/em>, preserved in the late-period manuscript of the Papyrus Bremner-Rhind. It contains spells and instructions for binding, dismembering, and burning Apophis.<\/p><p>These texts were enacted <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to a prescribed sequence of religious actions.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritually<\/span> in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>. Priests fashioned figures of the serpent from wax or drew them on papyrus, in order then to trample, pierce, and burn them: a form of ritual destruction of chaos.<\/p><p>From the standpoint of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religious studies<\/span> this finding is significant, for it shows that Egyptian religion did not regard the persistence of the world order as self-evident.<\/p><p><em>Ma&#8217;at<\/em>, the right order, had to be defended each day, in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> by the sun god and in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed to a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> by the priesthood. Sunrise was therefore each morning a victory won, not an automatism.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5c618a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc5c618a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp06da435 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp06da435\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Heliopolis and the Theology of the Ennead<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5790fae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5790fae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp540b63f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp540b63f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The principal centre of the cult of Ra was Heliopolis, the City of the Sun, in Egyptian <em>Iunu<\/em>, situated in what is today the northern part of Cairo.<\/p><p>From here comes one of the most important Egyptian creation systems. At its centre stands the creator god, who in different texts is called Atum, Ra, or the combination Ra-Atum.<\/p><p>He arises from the primaeval waters of Nun and brings forth from himself the first pair of gods, Shu (air) and Tefnut (moisture). From these proceed Geb (earth) and Nut (sky), and from these in turn Osiris, Isis, Seth, and Nephthys.<\/p><p>This series of nine deities is called the <em>Ennead<\/em> of Heliopolis. It orders the most important gods of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> within a genealogical structure and makes Ra-Atum the origin of all things.<\/p><p>The Heliopolitan priest was in the Old Kingdom one of the most influential religious functionaries, and the solar cult shaped royal ideology: already in the Old Kingdom kings adopted the title &#8220;Son of Ra&#8221;, and the Pyramid Texts, the oldest religious texts of Egypt, are strongly imprinted with solar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly doctrine of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>.<\/p><p>The visible sign of the Heliopolitan cult was the <em>Benben<\/em>, a sacred stone pillar associated with the first land that emerged from the primaeval water, as well as the obelisk, whose tip was meant to capture the rays of the sun.<\/p><p>The solar sanctuaries of the 5th Dynasty, such as that of Niuserre at Abu Gurob, were independent edifices dedicated to solar theology. Heliopolis itself is today almost entirely built over, yet textual finds, obelisks, and the reports of ancient authors allow the central position of this site for Egyptian religion to be recognised.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6535370 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6535370\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9466707 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9466707\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Myth of the Revolt of Humanity<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe57068a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe57068a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd90c983 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd90c983\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A rarely told but theologically weighty <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> is the destruction of humanity, preserved in the text of the <em>Heavenly Cow<\/em>, which is recorded in several royal tombs of the New Kingdom.<\/p><p>It tells of a time when Ra still ruled as king over human beings and gods on the earth. The sun god has grown old, his body of gold, silver, and lapis lazuli, and humans plan a revolt against him.<\/p><p>Ra summons the gods to council. At their decision he sends out his own eye in the form of the goddess Hathor or Sakhmet to punish the rebels. The goddess falls into a frenzy of blood and threatens to exterminate the whole of humanity.<\/p><p>Ra, who does not wish to destroy humanity entirely, has vast quantities of beer dyed red and poured over the land. The goddess takes it for blood, drinks it, becomes drunk, and ceases her killing.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> ends with Ra&#8217;s withdrawal. Weary of the world, he has himself borne up on the back of the heavenly cow and ascends into the sky; immediate royal rule on earth thereby comes to an end and is transferred to other gods and finally to the pharaohs.<\/p><p>From the standpoint of religious studies, the text contains several explanations: for the separation of sky and earth, for the distance between the highest god and human beings, for certain festival <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the customs handed down within a community.\" tabindex=\"0\">customs<\/span> involving red beer, and for the dangerous double nature of the solar eye, which can protect and destroy.<\/p><p>It shows Ra at once as a powerful ruler and as an ageing figure distanced from the world.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp921d2ed e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp921d2ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc03c319 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc03c319\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fusions: Amun-Ra, Aten, and the Legacy of the Solar Cult<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp992dbdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp992dbdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee3e772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpee3e772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ra remained present for three millennia, but seldom in unaltered form. Characteristic of Egyptian religion is the fusion of deities, and Ra was particularly disposed to such combinations. Already early on, Ra-Atum appears, the combination with the Heliopolitan creator god.<\/p><p>With the rise of Thebes in the New Kingdom, Ra merged with the local imperial god Amun to form Amun-Ra, who was at once the hidden god and the visible sun. Ra-Horakhty, the combination with Horus in the horizon, is likewise a frequent iconographic type, depicted as a falcon-headed god with the solar disk.<\/p><p>The most radical intervention was the religious policy of Akhenaten in the 14th century BCE. Akhenaten elevated the <em>Aten<\/em>, the visible solar disk itself, to the sole venerated <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> and moved against the cult of Amun.<\/p><p>The Aten is from the standpoint of religious history a special case, because it was venerated without any anthropomorphic or zoomorphic image, represented solely as a disk with rays terminating in hands. After Akhenaten&#8217;s death this reform was reversed and the traditional pantheon, including Amun-Ra, was restored.<\/p><p>This history of fusions is for research a key to understanding Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The doctrinal teaching of a religion concerning God and faith.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span>. Hornung and others have shown that the Egyptians did not conceive deities as mutually exclusive individuals, but were able to recognise aspects of one <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> in another, without the individual gods thereby disappearing.<\/p><p>Ra is in this respect less a fixed figure than a theological principle: the principle of the sun as origin, sustainer, and daily renewed guarantor of the world order, which could be combined with numerous local and supra-regional deities.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further Links<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>[Atum, Egypt](\/atum\/)<\/li><li>[Amun, Egypt](\/amun\/)<\/li><li>[Apophis, Egypt](\/apophis\/)<\/li><li>[Helios, Greece](\/helios\/)<\/li><li>[Sol Invictus, Rome](\/sol-invictus\/)<\/li><li>[Surya, Hinduism](\/surya\/)<\/li><li>[Supreme Deities, Subcategory](\/hochgottheiten\/)<\/li><li>[Gods, Class Overview](\/g\u00f6tter\/)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Scholarly Literature<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Assmann, Jan: <em>\u00c4gypten. Eine Sinngeschichte<\/em>. Munich 2015.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hornung, Erik: <em>Der \u00e4gyptische <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins, and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythos<\/span> von der Himmelskuh. Eine Aetologie des Unvollkommenen<\/em>. Freiburg im Breisgau 1982.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Quirke, Stephen: <em>Ancient Egyptian Religion<\/em>. Dover 2013 (reprint).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Te Velde, Herman: <em>The God Khenti-Amentiu. Studien zur Religionsgeschichte und zur arch\u00e4ologischen Topographie des Westdelta<\/em>. Leiden 1967.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sources in: Faulkner, Raymond O. (ed.): <em>The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts<\/em>. Oxford 1969.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Goyon, Jean-Claude: <em>Le C\u00e9r\u00e9monial d&#8217;Ouverture de la Bouche dans le contexte rituel du temple d&#8217;Edfou<\/em>. Cairo 1972 (on priestly rituals and hymns).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Further standard works in the <a href=\"\/en\/literature\/\">literature index<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-227cfcf e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"227cfcf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80fc4a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"80fc4a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Frequently Asked Questions about Ra<\/h2><div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Who was Ra in Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted narratives about the gods of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>?<\/h3><p>Ra (also Re, Egyptian R\u02bf, &#8220;the sun&#8221;) is the highest sun god of the Egyptian pantheon and, in many periods, the imperial god. His veneration was particularly intense in the Old Kingdom at Heliopolis (Egyptian Iunu, &#8220;city of the pillar&#8221;).<\/p><p>Ra travels daily in his solar barque across the sky: in the morning as Khepri (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The dung beetle as an ancient Egyptian symbol of becoming and renewal.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarab<\/span>), at midday as Ra (falcon), in the evening as Atum (an aged man). At night he crosses the twelve hours of the underworld, where he battles the chaos serpent Apophis.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>How are Ra, Amun, and the Aten related?<\/h3><p>In the course of Egyptian history, various conceptions of the sun god converged. Ra was the original sun god of Heliopolis. In the Middle Kingdom, Amun of Thebes was fused with Ra to form Amun-Ra, the imperial god of the New Kingdom.<\/p><p>Akhenaten (1351 to 1334 BCE) attempted in his Aten reform to replace all the gods with the abstract solar aspect Aten: the only known monotheistic reform of Egyptian religious history, which was however quickly reversed after his death.<\/p><\/div><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Who was Ra in Egyptian mythology?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Ra (also Re, Egyptian R\\u02bf, the sun) is the highest sun god of the Egyptian pantheon and, in many periods, the imperial god. His veneration was particularly intense in the Old Kingdom at Heliopolis (Egyptian Iunu, city of the pillar). Ra travels daily in his solar barque across the sky: in the morning as Khepri (scarab), at midday as Ra (falcon), in the evening as Atum (an aged man). 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Egyptian sun god and supreme deity, creator of order and daily renewer of the world. Ra stands at the centre of Egyptian religion and mythology as the highest figure of the cosmos. He embodies the power of the sun, cyclical renewal, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4184,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Ra Egyptian sun god","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Ra: Egyptian Sun God and Creator","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Creative power, syncretisms (Atum-Ra, Amun-Ra), the battle against Apophis, Heliopolis, the Book of the Dead, and parallels to Helios, Sol Invictus","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[79,87,86],"class_list":["post-4183","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultures","category-egypt","category-gods"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - 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