{"id":4170,"date":"2026-04-27T07:06:34","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T07:06:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/osiris\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:24:16","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:24:16","slug":"osiris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/osiris\/","title":{"rendered":"Osiris"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4170\" class=\"elementor elementor-4170 elementor-1886 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Osiris, god of the Egyptian tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Osiris is a god of the Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>.<\/p><p>Ruler of the realm of the dead, judge of the deceased, god of resurrection and fertility. Osiris is one of the oldest and most beloved deities of Egypt; he embodies both the hope for the afterlife and the annual cycle of death and renewal.<\/p><p>After he was murdered by his jealous brother Seth and dismembered, he was restored and revived through the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of things through particular actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span> of his wife Isis. Every Egyptian pharaoh becomes an Osiris in death; every deceased Egyptian hopes to attain resurrection through the Osirian mysteries.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ goddess: personified supreme power within the pantheon of a culture, with clear domains such as natural forces, fate, war, or fertility. Venerated through cults, offerings and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"\/en\/egypt\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mythology of the ancient Nile valley, ca. 3000 BCE to 30 BCE.\">Egypt<\/a><a href=\"\/en\/death-deities\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gods of the underworld and of death, rulers of the afterlife, judges of the dead, guides of souls.\">God of the Dead<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_osiris-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4171\" alt=\"Osiris - Gods from the Egyptian tradition, historical-illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_osiris-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_osiris-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_osiris-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_osiris.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Osiris<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">At a Glance: Osiris<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> God of the dead, god of fertility and resurrection<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Egypt (Heliopolitan Ennead)<br>Function: Ruler of the underworld (Duat), judge in the Hall of the Two Truths, guarantor of resurrection<br>Main attributes: Atef crown, Heka and Nekhakha (crook and flail), Djed pillar, green skin<br>Main <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> centres: Abydos (place of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religiously motivated journey to a sacred site.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrimage<\/span> and mystery plays), Busiris in the Delta, Philae<br>Roman counterpart: Sarapis (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Fusion of elements from different religions or cults into new mixed forms, as in Haitian Vodou (lwa and Catholic saints).\">syncretism<\/span>)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historical Classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Period of the Texts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Osiris is attested from the Pyramid Texts of the Old Kingdom onwards, that is, from at least the twenty-fourth century BCE. This makes him one of the oldest deities of any documented cult.<\/p><p>His mysteries and his <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> receive their richest elaboration during the Middle Kingdom (ca. 2055 to 1650 BCE), when they are also embedded in private stelae and Coffin Texts.<\/p><p>The largest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A person who undertakes a religiously motivated journey to a sacred place.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrim<\/span> festivals in honour of Osiris took place at Abydos and are attested until the sixth century CE. With the Roman conquest, Osiris, especially in his <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fusion of conceptions or deities from different religious traditions.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncretism<\/span> as Sarapis, merges with Hellenic and Roman deities and spreads throughout the entire Mediterranean.<\/p><p><strong>Mythological Classification<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Osiris<\/em>, king of the dead and of the afterlife, is the central being of Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> concerning death and resurrection. According to the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">classical<\/span> account, <em>Osiris<\/em> was a fertile king of Egypt who was killed and dismembered by his jealous brother <em>Seth<\/em>.<\/p><p>His consort <em>Isis<\/em> gathered the parts and called him back to life. <em>Osiris<\/em> became king of the underworld and the archetype of the dying and rising god. After death, the pharaohs were identified with <em>Osiris<\/em> and thereby received immortality.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Area of Diffusion<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The veneration of Osiris extends across all of Egypt. Abydos was the principal cult centre and attracted thousands of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A person who undertakes a religiously motivated journey to a sacred place.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrims<\/span> each year to participate in the mysteries. The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building dedicated to the veneration of one or several deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of Osiris-Sokar-Ptah in Memphis served as a second religious centre. Further <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuaries<\/span> existed in Busiris in the Delta, at Philae and across the whole country.<\/p><p>In the Late Period and under Roman rule, the Osirian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span> also reached the Mediterranean world, especially in the form of the Sarapis cult, which originated in Alexandria and spread as far as Rome, Greece and the Black Sea region.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Source Situation<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Osirian tradition is unusually broadly transmitted: Pyramid Texts (24th c. BCE), Coffin Texts (20th to 17th c. BCE), Book of the Dead spells, religious papyri (e.g. Papyrus d&#8217;Orbiney), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building dedicated to the veneration of one or several deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> inscriptions, private stelae and harper&#8217;s songs.<\/p><p>The late Greek sources are equally essential: Plutarch&#8217;s treatise <em>De Iside et Osiride<\/em> (2nd c. CE) summarises the Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> for a Graeco-Roman audience. Egyptological specialist literature and later representations yield a coherently reconstructed picture.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Egyptian:<\/strong> <em>Wesir<\/em> or <em>Asar<\/em> (Osiris is the Greek transcription of the Egyptian name).<\/p><p>The meaning of the word is disputed; possible interpretations are &#8220;the one possessing power&#8221; or &#8220;the one seated on the throne.&#8221; Epithets: <em>Khenty-Imentiu<\/em> (&#8220;Foremost of the Westerners&#8221;, that is, of the deceased), referring to his rule over the afterlife. <em>Nefer Tem<\/em> (the beautiful, the perfected one).<\/p><p><em>Wennefer<\/em> (&#8220;the perfect one&#8221;, a later title marking the resurrection). Syncretic form: Sarapis (Greek \u03a3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03c2), a Hellenised <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fusion of conceptions or deities from different religious traditions.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncretism<\/span> of Osiris and the Apis bull, particularly widespread in the Late Period and the Roman era.<\/p><p>Important relatives: son of Geb (Earth) and Nut (Sky), brother (and later husband) of Isis, brother of Seth and Nephthys. Father of Horus (begotten with Isis).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Description<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Appearance<\/strong><\/p><p>In Egyptian representations, Osiris is shown as a mummified human being, a mummified king in the full exercise of his sovereignty. He wears the <em>Atef crown<\/em>, a tall conical headdress with ostrich feathers at the sides (a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in for a conception or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of dominion).<\/p><p>His body is tinted greenish or black: green for vegetation and fertile earth, black for the fertile silt of the Nile or for mourning.<\/p><p>The skin is partly textured or lined like a mummy&#8217;s. His hands are crossed and hold <em>Heka<\/em> (crook or shepherd&#8217;s staff) and <em>Nekhakha<\/em> (flail), symbols of pharaonic rule. From his loins springs a wheat stalk or a lotus stem, signs of his resurrection and of his role as a vegetation <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Nature and Activity<\/strong><\/p><p>Osiris represents the hope of resurrection and eternal life. Unlike other gods of the dead, he himself has been resurrected, through the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of things through particular actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span> and love of his wife Isis. This makes him the model for every deceased person.<\/p><p>In the kingdom of the dead (Duat), Osiris sits enthroned and presides over the Hall of the Two Truths (<em>Aaru<\/em>), where the hearts of the deceased are weighed against the feather of justice (Maat).<\/p><p>He is a just, loving, but also stern judge, and by no means a figure of malice or damnation. His dismemberment and restoration also make him a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in for a conception or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of the dying and becoming of all nature.<\/p><p><strong>Appearance and Symbolism<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Osiris<\/em> is depicted as a mummified figure with green or black skin: green for fertility and renewal, black for the powers of necromancy and death. He wears the double crown of Egypt and holds the <em>sceptre of right<\/em> (crook and flail, the tools of royal authority and of harvest).<\/p><p>His body is fully wrapped in mummy bandages, while his face remains uncovered. The green or black colour underlines his <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The threshold phase in a transition between two states, such as between life and death, waking and dreaming.\" tabindex=\"0\">liminal<\/span> position between life and death.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profile: Osiris<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important aspects of Osiris at a glance. The table summarises his origin, function, appearance, veneration, symbols and parallels.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origin of Osiris<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Son of Geb (Earth) and Nut (Sky), one of the five creative children that arise in the Heliopolitan cosmogony. As the eldest son, he received rulership over Egypt from his father.<\/p><p>His brother Seth, envious of his power and of his wife Isis, killed him, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring narrative element in art or storytelling.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> of the cosmic tension between order (Maat) and chaos (Isfet).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Function of Osiris<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ruler of the realm of the dead (Duat), judge of the deceased in the Hall of the Two Truths. Guarantor of resurrection after death.<\/p><p>At the same time god of vegetation and of fertility; his annual dying and rising symbolises the Nile flood cycle and the harvest. Every pharaoh becomes an Osiris in death; every pious Egyptian hopes for a resurrection akin to that of Osiris.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Appearance of Osiris<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mummified king with the <em>Atef crown<\/em>, crossed hands holding <em>Heka<\/em> and <em>Nekhakha<\/em>, green or black skin. Often enthroned or reclining. The Djed pillar, his <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands representatively for a concept or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolic<\/span> spine, is an independent identity <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An object that is worn and is held to have a protective, evil-averting effect.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulet<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Veneration of Osiris<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principal cult centre: Abydos, with annual <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A person who undertakes a religiously motivated journey to a sacred place.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrim<\/span> mysteries and festivals. Further <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuaries<\/span> existed at Busiris, Memphis and Philae. Osiris is honoured through private devotions and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object to which a protective, misfortune-averting effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulets<\/span> (especially the Djed pillar).<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A gift to a deity, expressing thanks, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">Offerings<\/span>: grain (emmer, barley), honey, wine and bread. Tombs were often equipped with hieroglyphic amulets and Osirian hymns. Kings and wealthy private individuals were buried with Osirian accoutrements in order to secure their resurrection.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbols of Osiris<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em>Atef crown<\/em> (rule and resurrection), <em>Djed pillar<\/em> (stability, spine), <em>Heka<\/em> (crook, rulership), <em>Nekhakha<\/em> (flail, power), green and black coloration, lotus and grain (resurrection and fertility), ankh (eternal life).\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parallels of Osiris<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anubis (Egyptian, though guide and priest rather than ruler of the afterlife), Hades (Greek, ruler of the underworld but without the resurrection aspect), Sarapis (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fusion of conceptions or deities from different religious traditions.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncretism<\/span>), Adonis and Tammuz (dying and rising vegetation gods), Dionysos (mystery cult) and Yamaraja (Indian, judge of the dead).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Myth: Dismemberment and Resurrection<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Osiris <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> is the central Egyptian myth of creation and redemption. Its basic outline is already attested in the Pyramid Texts, but its richest depiction appears in the Coffin Texts and the Book of the Dead.<\/p><p><strong>The murder:<\/strong> Osiris becomes king of Egypt and marries his sister Isis. His brother Seth, envious of his power and obsessed with Isis, plans the destruction of Osiris.<\/p><p>He arranges a banquet, at which he presents a beautifully decorated sarcophagus and promises to give it to whoever fits exactly inside. When Osiris steps inside, he is locked into the sarcophagus by Seth and his accomplices and thrown into the Nile.<\/p><p>The search of Isis: Isis grieves and searches all of Egypt for her husband and finally finds the sarcophagus entwined in a tamarisk tree at Byblos. She brings the sarcophagus back to Egypt and hides it in a thicket of the Delta.<\/p><p>The dismemberment: Seth discovers the sarcophagus and, in revenge, dismembers the body of Osiris into fourteen parts and scatters them across the country (or, in some versions, into sixteen parts).<\/p><p>The reassembly: Isis, together with her sister Nephthys, sets out to collect all the parts. At each place of discovery, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> or a statue was erected. The body is reunified and mummified through the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of things through particular actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magic<\/span> of Isis and Anubis (the guide); this is the first mummification, the model for all later Egyptian burials.<\/p><p>The resurrection: Through the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practices that seek to intervene in the course of events through special actions or formulas.\" tabindex=\"0\">magical<\/span> spells of Isis, Osiris is temporarily revived, just long enough to beget the son Horus with Isis.<\/p><p>Osiris then ascends his eternal throne in the underworld and becomes the ruler of the dead and the guarantor of their resurrection. Horus grows up, fights his uncle Seth and secures the kingdom of his father.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Osiris: Parallels in Other Cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x7parall e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"x7parall\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-xh7paral elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"xh7paral\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parallels in Other Cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-xc7paral e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"xc7paral\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bw-xt7paral-a5451c3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bw-xt7paral-a5451c3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-xt7paral elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"xt7paral\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Greek tradition<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Hades<\/strong> shares with Osiris the rule over the dead, but is less a god of resurrection. Dionysos shares with Osiris the aspect of rebirth and of the mystery cult; both experience a death and a rebirth in a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> sense.<\/p><p><strong>Mesopotamian tradition<\/strong><\/p><p>Nergal and his consort Ereshkigal rule over the realm of the dead (Kur), in a manner similar to Osiris and Isis. The Inanna descent <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurring narrative element in art or storytelling.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> (Inanna&#8217;s descent into the underworld and her renewal) has structural parallels to Osiris&#8217;s dismemberment and resurrection.<\/p><p><strong>Levantine and Anatolian tradition<\/strong><\/p><p>Adonis (Phoenician\/Syrian) and Tammuz (Babylonian-Sumerian) are dying and rising vegetation gods, comparable to the resurrection aspect of Osiris. All three represent the cycle of fertility and decay in nature.<\/p><p><strong>Germanic tradition<\/strong><\/p><p>Baldr, the beautiful god in Norse <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>, is likewise killed by deceit and (with one exception) cannot return, a contrast to Osiris, whose resurrection is assured.<\/p><p><strong>Hindu tradition<\/strong><\/p><p>Yamaraja is the judge and ruler of the dead, but does not share the resurrection <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> of Osiris. In Indian thought, resurrection takes place through reincarnation, not through the restoration of a body.<\/p><p><strong>Christian tradition<\/strong><\/p><p>The parallels between Osiris and Jesus are historically contested. Modern scholars are sceptical of direct &#8220;influences,&#8221; but structural similarities do exist: a passion narrative, resurrection, and ritual remembrance through mystical participation (the Eucharist, the Egyptian mysteries).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7f83f4d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7f83f4d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc3e753a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc3e753a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Osiris Myth according to Plutarch and the Egyptian Sources<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb56479e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb56479e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa7778a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa7778a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The coherent Osiris <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>, as it is most often retold today, comes in its most extensive form not from Egypt itself but from the treatise <em>De Iside et Osiride<\/em> by the Greek author Plutarch, written in the early second century CE. The Egyptian sources, from the Pyramid Texts of the third millennium to the temple inscriptions of the Late Period, usually presuppose the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> as known and allude only to individual episodes.<\/p><p>According to Plutarch, Osiris was a king who brought agriculture, laws and the veneration of the gods to Egypt. His brother Seth, driven by envy, lured him into an elaborately crafted chest, had it sealed and cast into the Nile.<\/p><p>Isis, sister and wife of Osiris, searched for the body and finally found it. Seth, however, dismembered the body into fourteen parts and scattered them across all of Egypt. Isis gathered the parts, and with the help of Anubis and Thoth, Osiris was embalmed and revived, long enough to beget the son Horus with Isis.<\/p><p>The Egyptian sources confirm the basic outline but diverge in detail. The number of body parts varies, and the list of places where they were found is connected with local cult sites, each of which claimed to possess one member of Osiris.<\/p><p>Abydos was considered the place of burial of the head or of the whole god and became the most important Osirian cult site.<\/p><p>Scholarship, for instance Jan Assmann, emphasises that the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> was not merely a story, but the foundation of the Egyptian conception of the afterlife.<\/p><p>Osiris becomes the ruler of the realm of the dead, and every deceased person hopes to share in his fate. Those who wish to follow the fraternal conflict further will find the opposing parties at <a href=\"\/en\/seth\/\">Seth<\/a> and <a href=\"\/en\/horus\/\">Horus<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp88c78b3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp88c78b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbf7a65d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpbf7a65d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Osiris and the Judgment of the Dead<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4fd45cd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp4fd45cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp82b6844 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp82b6844\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>At the centre of Egyptian hopes for the afterlife stands the idea of the judgment to which every deceased person must submit. Osiris is the presiding officer of this judgment.<\/p><p>The most elaborate pictorial representation is found in the New Kingdom Book of the Dead, especially in the famous vignette to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Magical or ecclesiastical exclusion; also the binding of a power through a formula.\" tabindex=\"0\">spell<\/span> 125, the so-called negative confession.<\/p><p>In this scene, the heart of the deceased is weighed on a scale against the feather of Maat, which embodies truth and cosmic order.<\/p><p>Anubis operates the scale, Thoth records the result, and a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being that combines features of several living creatures.\" tabindex=\"0\">composite creature<\/span> named Ammit, a devourer, lies in wait to consume the heart of any who are condemned. Osiris is enthroned at the end of the scene and receives the justified into his realm.<\/p><p>Before the judgment, the deceased recites the negative confession, a list of offences which he claims not to have committed. This confession is an important source for Egyptian ethics, because it shows which behaviours were regarded as reprehensible: lying, theft, violence, the displacement of boundary stones, the withholding of offerings.<\/p><p>The deceased who passes the judgment is called <em>maa-cheru<\/em>, roughly translated as &#8220;true of voice&#8221; or &#8220;justified.&#8221; He is thus regarded as an Osiris, meaning that he shares in the fate of the god who overcame death.<\/p><p>For this reason, deceased persons in New Kingdom and Late Period inscriptions often carry the name Osiris before their own.<\/p><p>Scholarship sees in this the democratisation of the conception of the afterlife: what in the Old Kingdom was reserved above all for the king became later accessible to every Egyptian who possessed the necessary rites and texts.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb7bd00f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpb7bd00f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp254ee88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp254ee88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Mysteries of Abydos and the Festivals of Osiris<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpef23ac1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpef23ac1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0312bdf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0312bdf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For more than two millennia, Abydos in Middle Egypt was the most significant cult centre of Osiris. Here lay the tomb of King Djer of the First Dynasty, which in later times was interpreted as the tomb of Osiris himself and became the destination of numerous <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A person who undertakes a religiously motivated journey to a sacred place.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrims<\/span> and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Relating to a religious vow; a votive offering is consecrated to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">votive<\/span> offerings.<\/p><p>From the Middle Kingdom, the so-called Osiris mysteries of Abydos are attested, a multi-day festival that re-enacted the death, search, recovery and triumph of Osiris in ritual form.<\/p><p>A central source for this is the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An upright inscribed or pictorial stone or wooden slab.\" tabindex=\"0\">stela<\/span> of Ikhernofret, an official of Senusret III, who reports that on the king&#8217;s behalf he equipped the festival processions and took part in several ritual acts. The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An upright inscribed or pictorial stone or wooden slab.\" tabindex=\"0\">stela<\/span> mentions a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A solemn religious procession.\" tabindex=\"0\">procession<\/span> of the divine bark and an event interpreted as a battle or confrontation.<\/p><p>Another characteristic element of the Osirian cult was the Osiris figures made of earth and grain, the so-called grain Osirises. In <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span>, moulds were filled with fertile earth and grains of cereal and moistened so that the grains sprouted.<\/p><p>The germinating seed in the form of the god made the idea of revival directly visible. Such grain mummies were placed in tombs and have survived archaeologically in considerable numbers.<\/p><p>The great annual Osiris festival in the month of Khoiak combined the agricultural year, the Nile flood and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>.<\/p><p>Scholarship emphasises that in Egypt Osiris was never merely a god of the dead, but remained just as closely tied to the recurring growth of plants and to the life-giving inundation. This twofold meaning, death and renewal, constitutes the core of his cult.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf8b38ff e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf8b38ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpccbf15e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpccbf15e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconography and Material Culture of Osiris<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp359c416 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp359c416\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp66b09b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp66b09b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Osiris is one of the most readily identifiable Egyptian gods, because his depiction remained remarkably consistent over long periods.<\/p><p>He appears as a mummiform figure, tightly wrapped, with only the hands free to hold crook and flail, the insignia of kingship. On his head he wears the Atef crown, a tall white crown flanked at the sides by feathers.<\/p><p>His skin is frequently depicted as green or black. Both colours are charged with meaning: green refers to vegetation and new life, black to the fertile silt of the Nile and at the same time to the realm of the dead.<\/p><p>Scholarship sees in this choice of colour the immediate expression of the god&#8217;s mythological dual nature.<\/p><p>A central <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in for a conception or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of Osiris is the Djed pillar, a pillar with several horizontal bars at the upper end. It is regarded as the backbone of Osiris and as a sign of duration and stability.<\/p><p>The ritual raising of the Djed pillar, attested in temple scenes, symbolised the raising up of the god and thus the victory over death. Djed amulets are among the most common finds in Egyptian tombs.<\/p><p>Materially, the Osirian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the religious acts of veneration for a deity or holy figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> is tangible through a large number of Late Period bronze statuettes that worshippers deposited as votive offerings in temples. Added to these are the grain mummies mentioned above, the stelae from Abydos and countless sarcophagi and papyri with depictions of Osiris.<\/p><p>This abundance of objects makes Osiris one of the archaeologically best documented gods of Egypt and allows the development of his cult to be traced across nearly three millennia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp609a489 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp609a489\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a3c842 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a3c842\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Osiris in the Graeco-Roman World and his Afterlife<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d596d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2d596d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp590c8bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp590c8bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>With Greek and Roman rule over Egypt, the Osirian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the religious acts of veneration for a deity or holy figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> spread beyond the borders of the Nile valley. A key role was played by the figure of Serapis, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> promoted in the Ptolemaic period, who combined features of Osiris with Greek conceptions.<\/p><p>Serapis, and above all Isis, found adherents throughout the Mediterranean world, and with them the conception of Osiris also travelled.<\/p><p>In the Isis mysteries of the Roman imperial period, of which the novel <em>Metamorphoses<\/em> by Apuleius provides a literary impression, Osiris was present as ruler of the beyond.<\/p><p>Sanctuaries for the Egyptian gods have been documented archaeologically from Britain to the Black Sea. Scholarship debates how far the originally Egyptian content was understood or reinterpreted in the process.<\/p><p>Plutarch&#8217;s treatise <em>De Iside et Osiride<\/em> is not only a source for the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>, but also a witness to its <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> interpretation. Plutarch read the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> philosophically and allegorically, as a confrontation between ordering and destructive forces. This allegorical reading shaped the European image of Osiris into the modern era.<\/p><p>With the decipherment of the hieroglyphs by Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Champollion in the early nineteenth century and the growth of Egyptology, Osiris once again became a culturally effective figure. He appears in Freemasonry, in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Collective term for teachings that claim hidden knowledge accessible only to initiates.\" tabindex=\"0\">esotericism<\/span> of the nineteenth century and in modern popular culture.<\/p><p>From a religious-studies perspective it is important to distinguish between the historical Osiris of the Egyptian sources and the manifold later appropriations that claimed him as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in for a conception or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of rebirth, secret knowledge or immortality.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further Reading and Links<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>[Isis, Egypt](\/isis\/)<\/li><li>[Seth, Egypt](\/set\/)<\/li><li>[Horus, Egypt](\/horus\/)<\/li><li>[Anubis, Egypt](\/anubis\/)<\/li><li>[Nephthys, Egypt](\/nephthys\/)<\/li><li>[Sarapis, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fusion of conceptions or deities from different religious traditions.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncretism<\/span>](\/sarapis\/)<\/li><li>[Hades, Greece](\/hades\/)<\/li><li>[Yamaraja, Hinduism](\/yamaraja\/)<\/li><li>[Gods of the Dead, sub-category](\/totengottheiten\/)<\/li><li>[Gods, class overview](\/g\u00f6tter\/)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Research Literature<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Assmann, Jan: <em>Der K\u00f6nig im Auge des Mondes: \u00c4gyptens solare Neuordnung in der Ramessidenzeit<\/em>. Munich 2012.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Assmann, Jan: <em>Tod und Jenseits im Alten \u00c4gypten<\/em>. Munich 2001.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Budge, E. A. Wallis: <em>The Gods of the Egyptians<\/em>. Dover 1969.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Dunand, Fran\u00e7oise: <em>La religion populaire dans l&#8217;\u00c9gypte ancienne<\/em>. Paris 2006.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Frankfurter, David: <em>Religion in Egypt: Assimilation and Difference<\/em>. Princeton 1998.<\/span><\/li><li>Plutarch: <em>De Iside et Osiride<\/em>. (Engl. transl. J. Gwyn Griffiths.) Swansea 1970.<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (entry &#8220;Osiris&#8221;). Stuttgart 1996ff.<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47c4541 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"47c4541\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8ec8e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d8ec8e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Frequently Asked Questions about Osiris<\/h2><div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Who was Osiris in Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>?<\/h3><p>Osiris (Egyptian Wesir) was the Egyptian god of the afterlife, of rebirth and of vegetation, one of the central divine figures of Egyptian religion.<\/p><p>In the Osiris <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> he is king of Egypt; he is murdered and dismembered by his brother Seth, and his sister-consort Isis gathers his limbs and revives him sufficiently to conceive their son Horus by him.<\/p><p>Osiris thereupon becomes ruler of the afterlife. Every deceased pharaoh was placed into the sarcophagus as an Osiris and given the Osirian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A fixed epithet that characterizes a deity or figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">epithet<\/span>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>What is the symbolism of Osiris dying and rising again?<\/h3><p>The Osiris <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> is one of the oldest documented dying-and-rising narratives in the history of religion. It has archetypal parallels to Adonis, Tammuz, Dionysos and, in Christianity, to Jesus Christ, all of them dying and rising deities connected with cycles of vegetation and of the year.<\/p><p>In the Pyramid Texts and in the Book of the Dead, the deceased is identified with Osiris in order to share in his resurrection. The annual flood of the Nile was regarded as the tears of Osiris, death and renewal of life in a single image.<\/p><\/div><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Who was Osiris in Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Osiris (Egyptian Wesir) was the Egyptian god of the afterlife, of rebirth and of vegetation, one of the central divine figures of Egyptian religion. In the Osiris <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> he is king of Egypt; he is murdered and dismembered by his brother Seth, and his sister-consort Isis gathers his limbs and revives him sufficiently to conceive their son Horus by him. 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Osiris is one of the oldest and most beloved deities of Egypt; he embodies both the hope for the afterlife and the annual cycle of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4171,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Osiris","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Osiris: Egyptian Ruler of the Dead and Afterlife Judge","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Dismembered by Seth, restored by Isis, ruler of the underworld and the model for every deceased Egyptian seeking resurrection in the afterlife.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[79,87,86],"class_list":["post-4170","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultures","category-egypt","category-gods"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO 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