{"id":4160,"date":"2026-05-19T07:22:20","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T07:22:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/athena\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T09:28:04","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T09:28:04","slug":"athena","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/athena\/","title":{"rendered":"Athena"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4160\" class=\"elementor elementor-4160 elementor-2976 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5267971 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5267971\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8380ddd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8380ddd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc8e551 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fc8e551\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37bad8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"37bad8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Athena, goddess of wisdom and protectress of Athens<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66c7ec4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66c7ec4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As goddess of wisdom and as protectress of Athens, Athena unites considered judgement with armed support for the community of the city. Athena, in the Attic dialect also rendered as Athena, belongs to the central figures of the Greek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> and is regarded as the daughter of Zeus, born from his head.<\/p><p>She is the protective goddess of the city of Athens, patroness of skilled craftsmanship, of prudent warfare and of just order. Unlike Ares, she does not embody bloody combat, but strategic leadership and the protection of the polis.<\/p><p>Her epithets \u00abPolias\u00bb (protectress of the city), \u00abPromachos\u00bb (foremost fighter) and \u00abParthenos\u00bb (virgin) mark the three principal axes of her <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>. In Homer she bears the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A fixed epithet that characterises a deity or figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">epithet<\/span> \u00abglaukopis\u00bb (of the gleaming eyes), variously rendered as \u00abowl-eyed\u00bb or \u00abbright-glancing\u00bb, pointing to her sharp, penetrating gaze.<\/p><p>The Linear B evidence from the Mycenaean period attests a \u00abLady Athana\u00bb, which supports the thesis of a pre-Greek citadel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> who, in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span> of the archaic polis, acquired the function of a panhellenic protective goddess.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e520f96 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e520f96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-171ee25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"171ee25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ goddess: personified highest power within the pantheon of a culture, with clear domains such as forces of nature, fate, war, fertility. Venerated through cults, sacrifices and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"\/en\/greece\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religion and mythology of ancient Greece from the Mycenaean period to late antiquity.\">Greece<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b8c7f2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b8c7f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f49cf33 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"f49cf33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__f49cf33\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__f49cf33\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__f49cf33\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8aea15e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8aea15e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4dc559 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f4dc559\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_griechenland_athene-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4161\" alt=\"Athena - gods from the Greek tradition, historical and illustrative\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_griechenland_athene-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_griechenland_athene-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_griechenland_athene-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_griechenland_athene.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a56661 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9a56661\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-099658b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"099658b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74a9afa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"74a9afa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Myth and lineage<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fec0d72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fec0d72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The birth of Athena from the head of Zeus counts among the best known creation myths of the Greek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>.<\/p><p>Hesiod relates in the \u00abTheogony\u00bb (lines 886 to 900 and 924 to 926) how Zeus swallows the pregnant Metis in order to avert a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The prediction of future events by religious or magical means.\" tabindex=\"0\">prophecy<\/span> according to which a son of this union would overthrow him.<\/p><p>From the split skull of Zeus, opened by Hephaistos or Prometheus with an axe, Athena leaps forth in full armour. The episode grounds her particular status as a pure mental offspring of the father of the gods, without maternal mediation in the usual sense.<\/p><p>Metis remains integrated within Zeus and becomes the embodiment of cunning prudence that the father of the gods henceforth carries within himself; Athena inherits this quality outwardly visible.<\/p><p>Pindar&#8217;s seventh Olympian Ode (lines 35 to 38) offers a Rhodian variant according to which at the birth a golden rain came down upon the island and the Heliads, in their haste, forgot to kindle the first <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A gift to a deity to express thanks, petition or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrifice<\/span>, for which reason they brought fire to the Rhodians.<\/p><p>On Crete another tradition located the birth at Lake Tritonis in Libya, for which reason Athena bears the epithet \u00abTritogeneia\u00bb; Herodotus (IV, 180) reports a Libyan Athena <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed toward a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> among the Auseans, connected with an annual contest among maidens around the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A built structure that serves the veneration of one or several deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>.<\/p><p>The etymological interpretation of the epithet remains disputed between a reference to Lake Tritonis and the Old Greek \u00abtrito\u00bb meaning \u00abthird-born\u00bb or \u00abtrue\u00bb.<\/p><p>From an episode with Hephaistos there emerges, in an Attic local tradition, Erichthonios: Hephaistos attempts to assault Athena; his seed falls on her leg, she wipes it off with wool and throws the cloth to the earth, from which Erichthonios arises (Apollodorus III, 14, 6).<\/p><p>Athena raises the child secretly and entrusts him to the daughters of Kekrops, Aglauros, Herse and Pandrosos, in a sealed chest, with the prohibition against opening it. Aglauros and Herse open the chest, see the child surrounded by a serpent and in madness throw themselves down from the Acropolis.<\/p><p>From this story the Athenian conception of autochthony is derived: their early kings are \u00abearth-born\u00bb, not immigrant. Erichthonios founds the Panathenaic festival and is regarded as the inventor of the four-horse chariot.<\/p><p>In sibling terms Athena is linked with Apollo, Artemis, Hermes and Ares; her closest relationship within the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> is with Zeus himself, whose plans she frequently carries out. She has no children of her own; her virginity is constitutive and distinguishes her structurally from Hera and Demeter.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transitional epoch between antiquity and the Middle Ages, roughly the 3rd to 7th centuries.\" tabindex=\"0\">Late antique<\/span> allegorical readings saw in Athena the \u00abthought\u00bb of the father of the gods, that is, a personified <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"In Heraclitus the cosmic principle of reason; in Philo and in the Gospel of John the creative essence of God.\" tabindex=\"0\">Logos<\/span> that is operative before any creation; this interpretation was elaborated by Philo of Alexandria and by Neoplatonic authors such as Proclus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c2320c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c2320c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a0957b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0a0957b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbols, iconography and attributes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d26a0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9d26a0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Athena&#8217;s principal attributes are helmet, lance, shield and the Aegis. The Aegis, a goatskin breastplate fringed with serpents and bearing the Gorgoneion in its centre, is regarded as a protective sign taken over from Zeus. In Homer she bears the Aegis into battle on behalf of her father.<\/p><p>The helmet, often crowned with a sphinx or a Pegasus, marks the martial function, while the lance is regularly held upright, not in attack. The specific restraint of the raised weapon shows her as a strategist, not as a fury of battle.<\/p><p>The owl, especially the little owl (Athene noctua, which carries her name down into modern zoology), has been her bird since the archaic period.<\/p><p>On the Attic tetradrachms it appears as the heraldic creature alongside the head of the goddess; the coins were traded throughout the Mediterranean as \u00abglaukes\u00bb (owls) and gave rise to the proverb \u00abto carry owls to Athens\u00bb.<\/p><p>The olive tree goes back to the dispute with Poseidon: Athena planted the first olive tree on the Acropolis and thereby gave the Athenians the plant that yielded nourishment, light and the healing of wounds.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> olive tree in the Pandroseion was held to be indestructible down into late Roman times; Pausanias (I, 27, 2) reports that after the Persian fire of 480 BCE it had put forth new shoots overnight.<\/p><p>The serpent is a further fixed attribute, in two functions: on the one hand as Erichthonios, who is guarded by Athena in the form of a serpent, on the other as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands representatively for an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of earth-relatedness and of healing wisdom.<\/p><p>Phidias&#8217; chryselephantine Athena Parthenos, described by Pausanias (I, 24, 5 to 7), shows the goddess in the chiton, with Nike on her outstretched right hand, the spear resting against the shield; in a fold at the ground a large serpent coils, identified with Erichthonios.<\/p><p>The shield bore the battle of the Amazons, its interior the Gigantomachy, the sandals the Centauromachy. The work was twelve metres high, made of 1140 kilograms of gold, the plates of which were detachable, so that in a crisis Pericles had access to a state gold reserve.<\/p><p>Alongside this, the loom and the spindle are counted among her attributes. Athena \u00abErgane\u00bb, \u00abthe worker\u00bb, protected all crafts, above all the textile skill of women.<\/p><p>In the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative concerning gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> of the weaving contest with Arachne (Ovid, Metamorphoses VI, 5 to 145) she appears as the severity of the norm that tears apart the superior but god-critical work of the Lydian woman.<\/p><p>Phidias designed for the Parthenon the annually rewoven peplos of Athena as an iconographic programme: into the saffron-dyed cloth there were always woven scenes of the Gigantomachy, in which Athena banished the giant Enkelados beneath the island of Sicily.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98b4b8a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"98b4b8a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f302c73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f302c73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult and veneration<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c84aca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c84aca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The central festival of Athena was the Panathenaia, celebrated annually on the 28th of Hekatombaion (July\/August), every four years as the \u00abGreat Panathenaia\u00bb with heightened expenditure. It began with a nocturnal torchlight <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A solemn religious procession.\" tabindex=\"0\">procession<\/span> from the Academy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred grove of trees that served as a cult site.\" tabindex=\"0\">grove<\/span> to the Acropolis.<\/p><p>Its climax was the festal procession, in which citizens, metics and selected maidens took part; they brought the newly woven peplos for the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> wooden cult image of Athena Polias on a ship-shaped wagon. The frieze of the Parthenon shows this procession over a length of 160 metres with around 380 human and animal figures.<\/p><p>At the Great Panathenaia athletes, rhapsodes and musicians competed; the victors received as prize amphorae of pressed olive oil from the sacred <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred grove of trees that served as a cult site.\" tabindex=\"0\">grove<\/span>.<\/p><p>These Panathenaic prize amphorae, with Athena Promachos on one side and the respective sporting event on the other, are today among the richest sources for Attic vase painting of the sixth and fifth centuries.<\/p><p>The athlothetes, who organised the games, belonged to the highest offices of the Attic democracy. From the time of Peisistratos the works of Homer were also recited rhapsodically at the Panathenaia, which contributed to the canonisation of the Homeric epics.<\/p><p>Alongside the Panathenaia there were further festivals of Athena: the Arrhephoria in Skirophorion, at which four high-born maidens carried a hidden basket into the earth; the Chalkeia in Pyanopsion, the smiths&#8217; festival for Athena Ergane and Hephaistos; the Skira in Skirophorion, a withdrawal of the women and the beginning of the new peplos weaving; the Plynteria, at which the ancient <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pictorial representation of a deity that is venerated in a temple or shrine.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult image<\/span> was disrobed and washed in the sea.<\/p><p>On this day the city was held to be cultically impure, the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A built structure that serves the veneration of one or several deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> were closed with cords and political proceedings rested. These rites show Athena less as a martial than as a culture-founding goddess who protects craft, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ritual transition through which someone is received into a new status or community.\" tabindex=\"0\">initiation<\/span> and the civic community.<\/p><p>Beyond Athens her <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed toward a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> was disseminated throughout the Greek world. In Sparta she was called Athena Chalkioikos, \u00abof the brazen house\u00bb, after a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A built structure that serves the veneration of one or several deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> lined with bronze plates; in Tegea the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A built structure that serves the veneration of one or several deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of Athena Alea was held to be one of the largest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuaries<\/span> of the Peloponnese, erected by Skopas.<\/p><p>In Pergamon the Athena Polias <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> stood on the acropolis, beside the famous library of the Attalids. The Hellenistic Athena Nikephoros of Pergamon became the reference point of a panhellenic cultural programme of the Attalids, which <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> Athens as a spiritual home.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2f5de9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f2f5de9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4126cda elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4126cda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Important sanctuaries and temples<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-faa4da8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"faa4da8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis, built between 447 and 432 BCE under Pericles, is the most famous <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> of the goddess. Iktinos and Kallikrates designed the Doric <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A built structure that serves the veneration of one or several deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>, Phidias created the twelve-metre-high gold-and-ivory statue of Athena Parthenos.<\/p><p>The building did not serve as the principal cult site but as treasury and temple of honour; the actual <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pictorial representation of a deity that is venerated in a temple or shrine.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult image<\/span> of Athena Polias stood in the neighbouring Erechtheion.<\/p><p>There were also shown the saltwater sea connected with the dispute between Athena and Poseidon and the sacred olive tree. The Parthenon carried on its pediments the birth of Athena (east pediment) and the dispute with Poseidon (west pediment); the metopes showed Gigantomachy, Amazonomachy, Centauromachy and the fall of Troy.<\/p><p>The Erechtheion with the Porch of the Maidens, erected between 421 and 406, was the actual cultic centre. Within it was preserved the archaic wooden image of Athena, a \u00abxoanon\u00bb, which according to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An edifying narrative, usually about the lives of saints.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend<\/span> had fallen from heaven.<\/p><p>At the Plynteria this image was disrobed annually and washed in the sea, similar to the Samian Tonaia of Hera. The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A built structure that serves the veneration of one or several deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> unites under one roof the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed toward a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> of Athena, of Poseidon-Erechtheus and of King Kekrops, and thus counts as the most complex sacral building of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">classical<\/span> period.<\/p><p>Beyond Athens there stand the Athena <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A built structure that serves the veneration of one or several deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> at Sounion, at the south-eastern end of Attica, the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A built structure that serves the veneration of one or several deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of Athena Aphaia on Aegina (properly <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Set apart from the everyday through a religious act and thereby handed over to the sacred.\" tabindex=\"0\">consecrated<\/span> to Aphaia, but closely connected with Athena <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span>), the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> of Athena Pronaia at Delphi and that of Athena Itonia in Thessaly.<\/p><p>In Asia Minor the Athena <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A built structure that serves the veneration of one or several deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> at Priene, erected by Pytheos in the fourth century BCE, and the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A built structure that serves the veneration of one or several deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of Athena Lindia on Rhodes belonged to the great <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A religiously motivated journey to a sacred site.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrimage<\/span> sites of the Hellenistic period.<\/p><p>The Lindian Athena temple housed the Lindian Chronicle, an <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A text incised or chiselled into a fixed support.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscription<\/span> enumerating the most valuable <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Relating to a religious vow; a votive offering is consecrated to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">votive<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span> of the sanctuary from the earliest period down to 99 BCE.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcb85f0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fcb85f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-146581b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"146581b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mythic narratives<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d591b2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d591b2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The dispute with Poseidon over Attica belongs to the Athenian foundation narratives. Apollodorus (III, 14, 1) reports that both gods laid claim to the land and presented their gifts before the assembly of the gods.<\/p><p>Poseidon struck his trident into the soil of the Acropolis and made saltwater spring forth (or a horse appear, according to the variant); Athena planted the olive tree.<\/p><p>The assembly of the gods, or King Kekrops, decided in favour of Athena, whereupon Poseidon punished the land with a flood. Phidias rendered this dispute on the west pediment of the Parthenon.<\/p><p>Pausanias (I, 26, 5) attests within the Erechtheion a rock cleft said to derive from the trident&#8217;s blow, and the saltwater well, which in a south wind smelled of the sea.<\/p><p>In the Trojan War Athena stands consistently on the Greek side. She guides Odysseus through the \u00abOdyssey\u00bb, supports Diomedes in the fight against Ares and Aphrodite (Iliad V), and devises with Epeios the wooden horse with which the Trojans themselves open their city.<\/p><p>Her wrath turns after the victory against the Greeks because Ajax the Locrian had violated Cassandra in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A built structure that serves the veneration of one or several deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of the goddess (Euripides, Trojan Women 48 to 97); storm and the misfortune of the return are the consequence.<\/p><p>The dispute over the Palladion, the wooden image of Athena rescued from Troy, remains within <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative concerning gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> a political argument of the cities that claim its custody; Argos, Athens and finally Rome (through Aeneas) lay claim to the image as divine legitimation of their state.<\/p><p>In the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative concerning gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> of Medusa, Athena helps Perseus to strike off the head of the Gorgon by handing him the polished shield as a mirror. The Gorgoneion she receives as the central piece of her Aegis.<\/p><p>In Apollodorus (II, 4, 3) and Ovid (Metamorphoses IV, 798 to 803) two different prehistories of the Gorgon are offered; in Ovid&#8217;s version Medusa was originally a beautiful mortal who, after being violated by Poseidon in the Athena <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A built structure that serves the veneration of one or several deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>, was transformed by the goddess herself into the dread being.<\/p><p>The older Greek tradition, by contrast, knows Medusa as a primordial dread being without human prehistory.<\/p><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative concerning gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> of Arachne (Ovid, Metamorphoses VI) shows Athena as the inexorable protectress of divine order: the Lydian weaver Arachne challenges the goddess to a contest and depicts in her weaving the misdeeds of the gods. Athena tears the work apart, strikes Arachne with the spindle and finally transforms her into a spider.<\/p><p>In the later tradition the episode became the paradigmatic admonitory fable against pride. At the same time, feminist mythological scholarship reads the material as a reflection on the limits of legitimate artistic critique in the face of power.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07f94f4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"07f94f4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6b8164 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b6b8164\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relations within the pantheon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43c6d57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"43c6d57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Athena is regarded as the favourite daughter of Zeus; in the \u00abIliad\u00bb she alone bears his Aegis shield on his behalf. Her loyalty to her father is absolute, and only in one episode (Iliad I, 396 to 406) is she mentioned as part of the Olympian conspiracy against him.<\/p><p>With her siblings Apollo and Artemis she has a calm, equally weighted relationship; all three embody the younger, skill-bearing generation over against the older <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>. With Hermes she shares the function of the prudent protector, for which reason both stand together by Perseus, Heracles and Odysseus.<\/p><p>The rivalry with Poseidon marks several local myths, alongside Athens also at Troezen and Argos. With Ares there is open enmity: Athena stands for strategic warfare, Ares for the ecstatic fury of battle.<\/p><p>In Homer, Athena wounds Ares by the hand of Diomedes (Iliad V, 855 to 859), and the two meet again in the theomachy of Iliad XX and XXI.<\/p><p>With Aphrodite a reservedly hostile relationship is evident, occasioned by the Judgement of Paris; Athena had promised Paris prudence and victory in war, Aphrodite had promised him Helen.<\/p><p>Hephaistos is her companion in craft; together both were regarded as the protective patrons of the Attic artisans. The Hephaisteion on the Agora, often wrongly called the \u00abTheseion\u00bb, was jointly <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Set apart from the everyday through a religious act and thereby handed over to the sacred.\" tabindex=\"0\">consecrated<\/span> to the two and is the best preserved Doric <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A built structure that serves the veneration of one or several deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> of Greece.<\/p><p>A particular bond joins Athena with the heroes: Odysseus, Perseus, Bellerophon (to whom she gives the golden bridle for Pegasus), Diomedes, Jason and above all Heracles receive her support in a form which, according to the Homeric ethic, represents the highest possible mark of divine favour.<\/p><p>In Hesiod&#8217;s Shield of Heracles, Athena appears as the arming patroness who equips the hero with divine prudence.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4341ec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e4341ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60a0e01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"60a0e01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reception<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e94523b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e94523b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Roman identification with Minerva gives rise to a shifted emphasis: Minerva was originally an Etruscan goddess Menrva, whose functions as patroness of craft and of schools stood in the foreground; the martial dimension of the Greek Athena was covered in Rome by Mars and Bellona.<\/p><p>Within the Capitoline triad with Jupiter and Juno, however, Minerva remained a central state <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>, and Domitian erected for her on the Campus Martius a significant <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span>.<\/p><p>The Quinquatrus, five-day festivals in March, honoured Minerva especially as patroness of teachers and pupils; Ovid devotes to them in the \u00abFasti\u00bb (III, 809 to 848) a detailed description.<\/p><p>In <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transitional epoch between antiquity and the Middle Ages, roughly the 3rd to 7th centuries.\" tabindex=\"0\">late antiquity<\/span> the Athena Parthenos developed into a cultural cipher: Procopius reports that the image of Athena Promachos was still standing in Constantinople in the sixth century, before it was destroyed in the uprising of 1203. The Middle Ages knew Pallas above all as an allegorical figure of wisdom; in the \u00abRoman de la Rose\u00bb and in Christine de Pizan&#8217;s \u00abCit\u00e9 des Dames\u00bb she becomes the protective goddess of educated women.<\/p><p>Boccaccio&#8217;s \u00abDe claris mulieribus\u00bb places her in the line of exemplary female figures of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiquity<\/span>, and Petrarch treats her in the \u00abAfrica\u00bb.<\/p><p>The Renaissance brought, with Sandro Botticelli&#8217;s \u00abPallas and the Centaur\u00bb and Andrea Mantegna&#8217;s \u00abPallas Expelling the Vices\u00bb, a humanist reappropriation. The eighteenth century saw in Pallas Athena the image of the Enlightenment, which Schiller celebrated in his famous distich \u00abThe most beautiful science\u00bb.<\/p><p>The nineteenth century made her the heraldic image of academies and universities, for instance of the Academy of Sciences in Berlin and of the University of Athens, at whose entrance hall the statue of the goddess stands after the model of Phidias.<\/p><p>The foundational studies of Klaus Vierneisel and Paul Zanker on Athena iconography have systematically worked out the cultural-political significance of the figure in Classicism and in the nineteenth century.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64df9ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"64df9ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4eb67d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4eb67d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Scholarly classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17c1d6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"17c1d6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The etymology of the name Athena remains disputed. An Indo-European derivation is regarded as improbable; most researchers, including Robert Beekes, assume a pre-Greek, Aegean origin. The Linear B script attests the designation \u00aba-ta-na-po-ti-ni-ja\u00bb (\u00abLady Athana\u00bb) in an <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A text incised or chiselled into a fixed support.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscription<\/span> from Knossos, which suggests a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A prehistoric era in which bronze was the most important metal for tools.\" tabindex=\"0\">Bronze Age<\/span> protective goddess of a citadel or palace city.<\/p><p>Martin P. Nilsson saw in Athena a personification of the Mycenaean palace mistress who, in the transition from palace-era kingship to polis religion, retained her martial and craft-related function.<\/p><p>From an Indo-European comparative perspective Athena shows structural similarities with the Roman Minerva (via Etruscan mediation) and with the Indo-Aryan Sarasvati, who likewise protects wisdom, speech and art.<\/p><p>Yet the specific combination of female warrior, patroness of crafts and protectress of the city is rare in the Indo-European comparative material and supports the assumption of an Aegean substratum deity.<\/p><p>Georges Dum\u00e9zil could not assign Athena unambiguously within his theory of the three functions: she shows traits of all three functions, which would be unusual in an Indo-European <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> but is to be expected in a substratum deity.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"German scholar of religious studies (1931 to 2015); principal work Greek Religion (1977).\" tabindex=\"0\">Walter Burkert<\/span> and Jean-Pierre Vernant have worked out the structural opposition between Athena and Ares as a model of the Greek classification of war: Athena stands for controlled, polis-bound and ultimately reconcilable martial violence, Ares for the ecstatic, community-dissolving fury of battle. This polarity is a key to the understanding of Greek military ethics.<\/p><p>Joan Connelly&#8217;s thesis (2014), that the Parthenon frieze depicts not the Panathenaic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A solemn religious procession.\" tabindex=\"0\">procession<\/span> but the mythical sacrifice of the daughters of Erechtheus, has occasioned a new debate over the religious programme of the Athenian state cult.<\/p><p>Recent scholarship of the last decades emphasises, on the whole, the political function of Athena as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A vivid image that stands for an abstract thought.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of the democratic self-affirmation of Athens.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3162f43 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3162f43\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb06698 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bb06698\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c02019 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c02019\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Homer, \u00abIliad\u00bb (especially V, XV, XX to XXII) and \u00abOdyssey\u00bb (especially I, V, XIII). Hesiod, \u00abTheogony\u00bb 886 to 900 and 924 to 926. Apollodorus, \u00abBibliotheke\u00bb, III, 14 (dispute over Attica, Erichthonios).<\/p><p>Pausanias, \u00abDescription of Greece\u00bb, I, 24 to 28 (Acropolis); Herodotus, \u00abHistories\u00bb, IV, 180 (Libyan Athena <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration directed toward a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>). Ovid, \u00abMetamorphoses\u00bb, VI, 5 to 145 (Arachne) and IV, 798 to 803 (Medusa).<\/p><p>Ovid, \u00abFasti\u00bb III, 809 to 848 (Quinquatrus). Pindar, Olympian Odes VII. Euripides, \u00abIon\u00bb and \u00abTrojan Women\u00bb.<\/p><p>Walter Burkert, \u00abGreek Religion of the Archaic and Classical Period\u00bb, Stuttgart 1977. Karl Ker\u00e9nyi, \u00abThe <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the handed-down divine narratives of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythology<\/span> of the Greeks\u00bb, Zurich 1951. Jean-Pierre Vernant, \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A handed-down narrative concerning gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">Myth<\/span> and Society in Ancient Greece\u00bb, Frankfurt am Main 1987. Joan Breton Connelly, \u00abThe Parthenon Enigma\u00bb, New York 2014.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Athena, goddess of wisdom and protectress of Athens As goddess of wisdom and as protectress of Athens, Athena unites considered judgement with armed support for the community of the city. Athena, in the Attic dialect also rendered as Athena, belongs to the central figures of the Greek pantheon and is regarded as the daughter of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4161,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Athena Greek goddess","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Athena: Goddess of Wisdom, Protectress of Athens","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Athena is the goddess of wisdom, strategy and craftsmanship, born from the head of Zeus, protectress of Athens, with owl and Aegis.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[86,27,88,52],"class_list":["post-4160","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gods","category-goetter","category-greece","category-griechenland"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast 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