{"id":4157,"date":"2026-04-27T10:36:15","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T10:36:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/apollo\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:24:14","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:24:14","slug":"apollo","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/apollo\/","title":{"rendered":"Apollo"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4157\" class=\"elementor elementor-4157 elementor-2036 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apollo, god of the Greek tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>God of light, music, healing and the oracle.<\/strong> Apollo is one of the twelve Olympians and the most multifaceted god of Greek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span>.<\/p><p>Son of Zeus and Leto, twin brother of Artemis, he embodies order, beauty and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The prediction of future events by religious or magical means.\" tabindex=\"0\">prophecy<\/span>. His <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the worship of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> at Delphi is the navel of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> world; his <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine response is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> shapes the decisions of kings and mortals alike.<\/p><p>Apollo is a god of the Greek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>, patron of the healing art, of music and of the oracle.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: Personified highest power within the pantheon of a culture, with clear domains such as natural forces, fate, war and fertility. Venerated through cults, sacrifices and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"\/en\/greece\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religion and mythology of ancient Greece, from the Mycenaean period to late antiquity.\">Greece<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_apollon-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4158\" alt=\"Apollo, gods from the Greek tradition, historical illustration\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_apollon-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_apollon-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_apollon-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_apollon.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apollo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Overview: Apollo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> Major Greek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>, god of the Muses, of healing, light and prophecy<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Greece (one of the twelve Olympians); adopted unchanged in Roman religion<br>Function: music and poetry, healing and plague, archery, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine response is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span>, observance of due measure (mhd\u00e9n \u00e1gan)<br>Main attributes: bow with silver arrows, kithara (lyre), laurel wreath, tripod<br>Main <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> sites: Delphi (chief oracle of the ancient world), Delos (birthplace), Klaros, Didyma, Patara<br>Roman counterpart: Apollo (unchanged)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Period of the texts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Apollo has held a central position in Greek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted narratives about the gods of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span> since Homer (8th century BC).<\/p><p>His main cult site, <em>Delphi<\/em>, probably emerged in the 8th century BC (above an older earth-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine response is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> site of Gaia and Themis), became the panhellenic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the worship of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> and remained the most important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine response is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> of the ancient world for almost a thousand years, until it was closed in 392 AD under Theodosius.<\/p><p>The principal flourishing of Apollonian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The scholarly study of God and of the faith of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">theology<\/span> falls in the 5th and 4th centuries BC (Pindar, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Plato).<\/p><p>In the Roman Empire, Augustus turned the Apollo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> into a state programme: the Apollo Palatinus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building dedicated to the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> in Rome was a central imperial sanctuary. Decline set in during <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transitional epoch between antiquity and the Middle Ages, roughly the 3rd to 7th century.\" tabindex=\"0\">late antiquity<\/span>; the last Pythian utterance at Delphi is dated to 393 AD.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Area of distribution<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Main cult sites: <strong>Delphi<\/strong> (the Pythian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine response is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span>, panhellenic, with the famous Pythia, who delivered her pronouncements in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An altered state of consciousness with narrowed attention; deliberately induced in shamanic and mediumistic practice.\" tabindex=\"0\">trance<\/span> over earth vapours), <strong>Delos<\/strong> (the mythical birthplace, a panhellenic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacred<\/span> island on which births were forbidden), <strong>Klaros<\/strong> (in Asia Minor, the second major <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine response is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span>), <strong>Didyma<\/strong> (near Miletus, an Apollo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building dedicated to the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> with its own <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine response is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span>), <strong>Patara<\/strong> (in Lycia, the winter seat of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine response is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span>).<\/p><p>The <em>Pythian Games<\/em> at Delphi (every four years) were one of the four panhellenic games. Roman: temple of Apollo Palatinus in Rome (Augustan), the Sosianus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building dedicated to the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Source situation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Central sources: Hesiod (<em>Theogony<\/em>), Homer&#8217;s Iliad and Odyssey (central; Apollo is the most important Greek god in the Iliad on the Trojan side), the <em>Homeric Hymn to Apollo<\/em> (the longest text on Apollo, which treats Delian as well as Delphic aspects), Pindar (<em>Pythian Odes<\/em>), Aeschylus&#8217;s <em>Eumenides<\/em>, Plutarch (<em>De Defectu Oraculorum<\/em>, a late reflection on the decline of the oracle), Pausanias&#8217;s <em>Description of Greece<\/em>, Book X (the topography of Delphi).<\/p><p>Secondary literature: Burkert, <em>Greek Religion<\/em>; Graf, <em>Apollo<\/em>; Bowden, <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">Classical<\/span> Athens and the Delphic Oracle<\/em>; Fontenrose, <em>The Delphic Oracle<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Apollo is depicted as a beautiful, beardless youth, often with a lyre in his hands or with bow and arrow. His <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in for an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> is the sun (although Helios is the direct personification of the sun god).<\/p><p>The laurel wreath, the golden staff (<em>thyrsos<\/em>) and the slaying of the serpent (the fight against the Python) belong to his <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The study of pictorial content and its meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconography<\/span>. His colours are gold and white; his animal is the raven, his tree the laurel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Characteristics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Apollo is venerated in three principal aspects: as healer (the god who sends and heals plague), as seer (through the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine response is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> of Delphi), and as musician (inventor and master of the lyre). His priesthood at Delphi was known for telling, ambiguous <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine response is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> responses that shaped destinies.<\/p><p>The Delphic maxim &#8216;Know thyself&#8217; is attributed to Apollo. Pythagoreans and Platonists see in him the embodiment of harmony and reason. His annual festivals at Delphi and Delos gathered <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A person who undertakes a religiously motivated journey to a sacred place.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrims<\/span> from across Hellas.<\/p><p><strong>Appearance and symbolism<\/strong><\/p><p>Apollo embodies the ideal ephebic body: young, unbearded, muscular, often depicted nude with the lyre, his primary instrument.<\/p><p>His iconographic attributes are precise: the lyre (invented by Hermes and acquired by Apollo), the bow and quiver (weapons of his lethal power), the laurel wreath (a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in for an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of his victory over the Python and the prize of poets).<\/p><p>The wolf was his sacred animal, as was the raven, both symbols of prophecy. The laurel tree was <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">consecrated<\/span> to him; the Pythia at Delphi chewed laurel leaves before her prophecies. His colour was the gold of the sun; his light pervaded all artistic and spiritual insights.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profile: Apollo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important aspects of Apollo at a glance. The following fields summarise his origin, function, appearance, veneration, symbols and cultural parallels.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cultural context<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Apollo is the son of Zeus and the Titaness <em>Leto<\/em>, twin brother of <em>Artemis<\/em>. He was born on the island of Delos, where Leto (pursued by Hera) had found refuge. Three days after his birth, Apollo slew the dragon Python at Delphi and took over the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine response is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> from the pre-Hellenic earth deity Themis.<\/p><p>Among his literary affairs are Daphne (who was transformed into a laurel tree, hence his laurel wreath), Cassandra (to whom he gave the gift of prophecy but then withdrew belief in her words), Hyakinthos (the beloved who died from a discus throw, whose death Apollo commemorates in the Hyacinthia festival) and Cyrene (founder of the eponymous city).<\/p><p>He is the father of Asklepios (the god of healing) and of several prophetic heroines.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Addressees<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A double function typical of Apollo: <em>bringer of plague<\/em> (the opening of the Iliad, where the plague in the Greek camp is sent as Apollo&#8217;s punishment) and <em>god of healing<\/em> (father of Asklepios, patron of physicians).<\/p><p>Patron of <em>music and poetry<\/em>, leader of the nine Muses on Mount Helikon. Patron of <em>archery<\/em> with silver arrows.<\/p><p><em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine response is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">Oracle<\/span> god<\/em> par excellence; his <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building dedicated to the worship of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> at Delphi was the religious centre of the Greek world. <em>God of light<\/em> (Apollo Phoebus, &#8216;the radiant one&#8217;), later assimilated to Helios as sun god in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The merging of ideas or deities from different religious traditions.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncretism<\/span>.<\/p><p>Patron of <em>purity<\/em> and of <em>due measure<\/em> (the Delphic &#8216;Know thyself&#8217; and &#8216;Nothing in excess&#8217; are sayings of Apollo). Patron of the initiations of young men (ephebia).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Form<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A young, beautiful, beardless man with long wavy hair, the ideal image of Greek male beauty, canonised in the <em>Apollo Belvedere<\/em> sculpture. Nude or with a light loincloth or cloak. A <em>laurel wreath<\/em> (the Daphne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in for an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>) on his head. <em>Bow and arrow quiver<\/em> (silver arrows, not bronze as with Artemis).<\/p><p>The <em>kithara<\/em> (a lyre with a larger resonance body) in his hand, on which he plays at the table of the gods. The <em>tripod<\/em> (the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in for an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> of the Delphic oracle). Accompanied by the Pythia in depictions of Delphi. In archaic art occasionally still shown with a long beard; in classical art consistently young and unbearded.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sphere of influence<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sphere of influence:<\/strong> Apollo was among the most widely venerated Greek gods. In personal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> he was <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invoking address to a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> for healing (especially in cases of plague), for inspiration before poetic or musical activity, and for purification after religiously laden killings (Apollo Katharsios).<\/p><p>The most important public point of contact with Apollo was the <em>Delphic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine response is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span><\/em>: officials and kings from across the Mediterranean travelled to Delphi to obtain the Pythia&#8217;s pronouncements on politics, colonisation, war and marriage.<\/p><p>The <em>Pythia<\/em> sat on a tripod over an earth fissure, chewed laurel leaves and spoke in trance; her utterances were rendered into hexameter verse by priests. Major festivals: the <em>Pythia<\/em> (every four years, panhellenic), the <em>Karneia<\/em> (Sparta), the <em>Hyacinthia<\/em> (Sparta) and the <em>Daphnephoria<\/em> (Thebes). In the Roman Augustan period the Apollo Ludi were held.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forms of defence<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bow with silver arrows, kithara (a larger lyre), plectrum, laurel wreath (the Daphne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in for an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>), tripod (the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine response is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in for an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>), the omphalos stone (Delphi, the centre of the world), the sun disc (later through Helios <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The merging of ideas or deities from different religious traditions.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncretism<\/span>), swan (his companion bird), dolphin (the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A fixed epithet that characterizes a deity or figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">epithet<\/span> Apollo Delphinios).<\/p><p>Sacred plants: laurel, palm (the Delian birth symbol). Sacred animals: swan, dolphin, wolf, griffin and mouse (Apollo Smintheus, the mouse god).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apollo's parallels<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Apollo<\/em> (Rome, an almost identical adoption), <em>Helios<\/em> (Greece, the later Hellenistic syncretisation as sun god), <em>Sol Invictus<\/em> (Rome, the late Roman solar identification, possibly a precursor of Christ as Sol), <em>Mithras<\/em> (Persian, sun and truth), <em>Surya<\/em> (Hinduism), <em>Re<\/em> (Egypt, the principal sun god), <em>Lugh<\/em> (Celtic, god of light and of many crafts), <em>Bragi<\/em> (Germanic, poetry), <em>Nergal<\/em> (Mesopotamia, the plague-bringer aspect).<\/p><p>Functionally, all patrons of plague healing with a healer \/ sender double function (as with Sekhmet) share aspects of Apollo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protective practice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><p><strong>Veneration in daily life<\/strong><\/p><div><p><strong>Rituals and invocations<\/strong><br>The Delphic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine response is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> with the Pythia stood at the centre of the Apollo cult. Paeans were sung to ward off epidemics, and the festivals of the Thargelia and Karneia were observed. In cases of blood guilt, Apollo was the central instance for rites of purification (katharsis).<\/p><\/div><p><strong>Invocations and adjurations<\/strong><\/p><div><p><strong>Textual <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmission<\/span> and formulas<\/strong><br>The Homeric Hymn to Apollo celebrates the birth and the spheres of power of the god.<\/p><p>The oracular pronouncements of Delphi were collected and reworked in literary form, and the paean came to constitute a hymn genre of its own in the service of Apollo. Callimachus too <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Handed over to the sacred through a religious act and thereby set apart from the everyday.\" tabindex=\"0\">dedicated<\/span> a hymn to him.<\/p><\/div><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object to which a protective, misfortune-averting effect is attributed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Amulets<\/span> and protective symbols<\/strong><\/p><div><p><strong>Material <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Plural of apotropaion: objects and signs intended to ward off harm.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaia<\/span> and archaeological evidence<\/strong><br>In front of house doors stood the Apollo Agyieus, a conical pillar or baitylos meant to secure the threshold. Apollo was invoked as Alexikakos, &#8216;the averter of evil&#8217;; laurel branches were considered purifying and protective and are widely attested in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuaries<\/span> such as Delphi.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apollo, parallels in other cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sun gods and light deities are found everywhere: Helios (Greece, the pure sun god), Ra (Egypt), Surya (India), Shamash (Mesopotamia). Apollo&#8217;s link to healing and music is distinctive and connects him with Asklepios (his son) and with the Muses.<\/p><p>He shares his gift of prophecy with Athena and Zeus, but Delphi makes him unique. The Python <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> (the struggle against chaos) connects him with other gods of order such as Marduk or Ra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1700381 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1700381\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6f41138 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6f41138\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Delphi: the oracle and the dragon fight<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8c37b78 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp8c37b78\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe52e915 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpe52e915\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Apollo&#8217;s most important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the worship of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> was Delphi on the slope of Mount Parnassus. There the Pythia, the priestess of the god, delivered oracular pronouncements that carried weight throughout the Greek cultural sphere.<\/p><p>For centuries private persons and entire cities consulted the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine response is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> before founding colonies, before wars and before political decisions. Delphi was regarded as the centre of the world; a stone, the <em>omphalos<\/em> or navel, marked this spot.<\/p><p>The founding myth tells that the site had previously belonged to a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the earth or the underworld; in ancient religion the gods and spirits of the depths (Hades, the Erinyes, Demeter chthonia).\" tabindex=\"0\">chthonic<\/span> power. At that place Apollo slew a serpent or dragon, in the sources called Python, and took possession of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the worship of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span>.<\/p><p>From this victory the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The transmission of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span> derives both the epithet <em>Pythios<\/em> and the name of the priestess, Pythia. The Homeric Hymn to Apollo describes the god&#8217;s search for a cult site and the dragon fight in detail.<\/p><p>How the oracular practice actually functioned is contested in scholarship. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ancient<\/span> authors report vapours rising from an earth fissure that are said to have put the Pythia into an altered state.<\/p><p>For a long time this was held to be legendary, yet geological investigations of recent decades have shown that fault lines and gas-bearing strata are indeed present at the site, so that the ancient testimonies cannot simply be ruled out.<\/p><p>What is certain is that the pronouncements were brought into an interpretable form by priests. Delphi was therefore less a mysterious solitary voice than a religious institution that remained stable over centuries, the influence of which on Greek history can hardly be overstated.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdc7e1a4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpdc7e1a4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc520d80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc520d80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The god of music and the contest with Marsyas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp489dc4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp489dc4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp09476ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp09476ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Apollo is the god of music, above all of stringed music. His instrument is the kithara, a form of lyre. He leads the chorus of the Muses and therefore bears the epithet <em>Musagetes<\/em>.<\/p><p>In Greek thought his music stands for what is ordered, measured and harmonious. This is bound up with a contrast that is played out in several myths: the contrast to the ecstatic, breath-driven music of the aulos, the double pipe.<\/p><p>This contrast is told in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> of Marsyas. The satyr Marsyas finds the aulos that Athena has cast away and becomes such a virtuoso player that he challenges Apollo to a contest. The Muses or other gods decide in favour of Apollo.<\/p><p>As punishment for his presumption, the god has the satyr flayed alive. A second musical contest, that with the shepherd god Pan, ends more leniently: here King Midas judges against Apollo and receives ass&#8217;s ears for it.<\/p><p>Both narratives are illuminating from a religious-historical perspective. They classify musical instruments and styles and assign them to different divine spheres, the Apollonian measure and the Dionysian and Panic frenzy. At the same time they treat the theme of hybris: whoever measures himself against a god loses, and the punishment is harsh.<\/p><p>The cruel flaying of Marsyas was a widespread <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A recurrent thematic element in art or narrative.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> in ancient art. The myths show Apollo as a god who not only brings forth beauty but who also appears as an inexorable guardian of the order of rank between human, demigod and god.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf8b6185 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf8b6185\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b71bb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2b71bb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Healer and bringer of plague: the ambivalence of Apollo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3246e98 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp3246e98\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp55aa28d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp55aa28d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Apollo is the god of healing, yet at the same time the god who sends plagues. This double nature is not incidental but belongs to the core of his being.<\/p><p>The opening of the <em>Iliad<\/em> already shows it: because King Agamemnon has insulted Apollo&#8217;s priest Chryses, the god sends a plague into the Greek army. Apollo&#8217;s arrows, otherwise images of the sudden death of men, here strike whole camps. Only the god&#8217;s reconciliation through <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A gift offered to a deity to express thanks, supplication or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrifice<\/span> and the return of the abducted daughter ends the epidemic.<\/p><p>On the other side, Apollo is the father of Asklepios, the god of healing. Apollo himself bears epithets related to healing, for instance <em>Paian<\/em>, originally the name of a healing god who was merged with him and which at the same time became the designation of a cultic healing song.<\/p><p>In this function he was venerated as <em>Apollo Iatros<\/em>, the physician, or as an averter of harm.<\/p><p>Scholarship has emphasised this ambivalence as typical of the Greek image of the gods. Apollo is the power that disposes of sudden, externally arriving threats, of plague and of sudden death as well as of their warding off and healing.<\/p><p>Whoever wished to avert a disease had to turn to the same power that could send it. The epithets <em>Apotropaios<\/em>, the averter, and <em>Alexikakos<\/em>, the warder-off of evil, belong in this context.<\/p><p>This conception must not be misunderstood as a promise of healing; it reflects the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> attempt to interpret events not at human disposal, such as epidemics, in religious terms and to answer them <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to an established religious sequence of actions.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritually<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8b1080d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp8b1080d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpaf6ecda elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpaf6ecda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apollonian and Dionysian: a modern history of interpretation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp124e603 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp124e603\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp98d9cc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp98d9cc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>The name of Apollo has, beyond <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiquity<\/span>, become a term of cultural theory. Decisive here was Friedrich Nietzsche, who in his early work <em>The Birth of Tragedy<\/em> of 1872 set the Apollonian and the Dionysian over against one another as two opposed fundamental forces of Greek culture and of art as such.<\/span><\/p><p>For him, the Apollonian stands for measure, form, clarity, beautiful appearance and individuation; the Dionysian for frenzy, the dissolution of boundaries and the ecstatic merging into the whole.<\/p><p>This conceptual formation had an enormous effect on the intellectual history of the twentieth century, from literary studies to anthropology. It became the standard formula for grasping oppositions of reason and frenzy, of order and chaos.<\/p><p>From the perspective of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">study of religion<\/span>, however, caution is in order here. Nietzsche&#8217;s pair of concepts is a nineteenth-century philosophical construction, not a description of ancient religion. In lived Greek religion, Apollo and <a href=\"\/en\/dionysus\/\">Dionysos<\/a> were by no means simply opponents.<\/p><p>On the contrary, it is precisely Delphi that shows their interlocking. There Apollo ruled for the greater part of the year, but in the winter months, when the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine response is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> rested, the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the worship of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> was considered a site of Dionysos. Both gods shared the same sacred place.<\/p><p>Scholarship, notably <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"German scholar of religious studies (1931 to 2015); principal work Greek Religion (1977).\" tabindex=\"0\">Walter Burkert<\/span>, has stressed that the Greek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> did not fall apart into fixed camps but that the same cult landscape could take up different divine aspects.<\/p><p>The career of the term Apollonian therefore says more about modern cultural interpretation than about the ancient god himself, an instructive example of the difference between historical source and later appropriation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further links<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/en\/artemis\/\">Artemis, twin sister<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/dionysus\/\">Dionysos, opposing counterpart in the Delphic cult (winter Dionysos, summer Apollo)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/hecate\/\">Hekate, goddess of crossroads (related chthonic function)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/lugh\/\">Lugh, the Celtic parallel of light<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/greece\/\">Greece, pantheon overview<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/high-deities\/\">High deities, sub-category<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/gods\/\">Gods, class overview<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Research literature<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Burkert, Walter: <em>Greek Religion of the Archaic and Classical Period<\/em>. Stuttgart 2011.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Graf, Fritz: <em>Apollo<\/em>. London \/ New York 2009.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Bowden, Hugh: <em>Classical Athens and the Delphic Oracle. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A collective term for practices used to discern a divine will.\" tabindex=\"0\">Divination<\/span> and Democracy<\/em>. Cambridge 2005.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Fontenrose, Joseph: <em>The Delphic Oracle. Its Responses and Operations<\/em>. Berkeley 1978.<\/span><\/li><li>Pausanias: <em>Description of Greece<\/em>, Book X (Delphi).<\/li><li>Plutarch: <em>De Defectu Oraculorum<\/em>; <em>De Pythiae Oraculis<\/em>.<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (entry &#8216;Apollon&#8217;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e51d194 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e51d194\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cdc7d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3cdc7d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Frequently asked questions about Apollo<\/h2><div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Who is Apollo in Greek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the transmitted narratives about the gods of a culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mythology<\/span>?<\/h3><p>Apollo is one of the twelve Olympian gods, son of Zeus and the Titaness Leto, twin brother of Artemis. He is the god of light, of the arts (especially music and poetry), of healing and of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The foretelling of future events by religious or magical means.\" tabindex=\"0\">divination<\/span>.<\/p><p>His most important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the worship of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuary<\/span> was Delphi at the foot of Mount Parnassus, where the Pythia delivered her famous <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine response is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracles<\/span>.<\/p><p>Apollo slew the dragon Python (or serpent) at the site of the later sanctuary, a classic dragon-slayer <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A transmitted narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>. He is regarded as the ideal Greek god: beautiful, young, governed by reason, Apollonian (in Nietzsche&#8217;s sense, as opposed to the Dionysian).<\/p><\/div><div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>What was the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine response is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> of Delphi?<\/h3><p>The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine response is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> of Delphi was the most important oracular sanctuary of the Greek world, consulted for about a thousand years (from around 800 BC until 393 AD, when it was closed by Theodosius).<\/p><p>The Pythia, a priestess on a tripod above an earth fissure with rising vapours (possibly ethylene-bearing gases, as modern geological studies indicate), gave Apollo&#8217;s answers in trance. Political, military and private questions were posed; the answers were often ambiguous (the legendary &#8216;wooden wall&#8217; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A site or institution where a divine response is obtained.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> given to Themistocles before Salamis).<\/p><\/div><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Who is Apollo in Greek mythology?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Apollo is one of the twelve Olympian gods, son of Zeus and the Titaness Leto, twin brother of Artemis. He is the god of light, of the arts (especially music and poetry), of healing and of divination. His most important sanctuary was Delphi at the foot of Mount Parnassus, where the Pythia delivered her famous oracles. Apollo slew the dragon Python (or serpent) at the site of the later sanctuary, a classic dragon-slayer myth. 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