{"id":4125,"date":"2026-04-27T07:06:23","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T07:06:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/anubis\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T14:24:14","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T14:24:14","slug":"anubis","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/en\/anubis\/","title":{"rendered":"Anubis"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4125\" class=\"elementor elementor-4125 elementor-1884 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Anubis, god of the Egyptian tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anubis is a god of the Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>.<\/p><p>Guardian of the mummies, judge of the dead, jackal god of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoch of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BC to 600 AD.\" tabindex=\"0\">ancient<\/span> Egypt. From the earliest days of Egyptian civilisation, Anubis presided over the dead, embodying the transition from dying to the afterlife and the safekeeping of the mortal remains.<\/p><p>His name <em>Inpu<\/em> or <em>Anpu<\/em> is already attested in the Egyptian Pyramid Texts. His image, a jackal or a human body with a jackal&#8217;s head, became the embodiment of mummification and the hope of resurrection in the kingdom of the dead, the realm of the <em>Two Truths<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"God \/ Goddess: Personified highest power within the pantheon of a culture, with defined spheres of responsibility such as forces of nature, fate, war or fertility. Venerated through cults, offerings and temple institutions.\">God<\/span><a href=\"\/en\/egypt\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mythology of the ancient Nile valley, ca. 3000 BCE to 30 BCE.\">Egypt<\/a><a href=\"\/en\/death-deities\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gods of the underworld and of death, rulers of the afterlife, judges of the dead, guides of souls.\">God of the dead<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of contents\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_anubis-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4126\" alt=\"Anubis - gods from the Egyptian tradition, historical illustration\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_anubis-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_anubis-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_anubis-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_anubis.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Anubis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">At a glance: Anubis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> Major Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span>, god of the dead and of embalming<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Egypt (all dynasties)<br>Function: Guide of the dead, embalming, guardian of the West, weigher of the hearts<br>Principal attributes: jackal head, was sceptre, ankh, mummy wrapping, scales<br>Principal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> sites: Cynopolis (Hardai, main cult site), Memphis, Thebes<br>Greek identification: Hermanubis (Hermes-Anubis <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fusion of conceptions or deities from different religious traditions.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncretism<\/span>, Hellenistic)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Period of the texts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anubis is attested as a chief god of the dead from the Pyramid Texts onwards (ca. 24th century BCE). His main period of prominence was the Old Kingdom, prior to the fusion with the Osiris <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A traditional narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> in the Middle Kingdom, when Osiris rises to become the dominant <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> of the dead.<\/p><p>Anubis, however, remains guardian and embalmer. In the New Kingdom he holds the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the authoritatively recognized body of scriptures of a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonical<\/span> role of weigher of the hearts in the Judgment of the Dead. In the Hellenistic and Roman periods he undergoes <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fusion of conceptions or deities from different religious traditions.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncretism<\/span> with Hermes as Hermanubis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Geographical distribution<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The main cult site was <strong>Cynopolis<\/strong> (&#8220;city of dogs&#8221;, Egyptian Kasa, today El-Qis north of Asyut), with the central Anubis <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A building dedicated to the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> and thousands of mummified dogs in the cemeteries.<\/p><p>Further sites include Memphis, Thebes (Anubis as vizier in sarcophagus reliefs) and Saqqara (large dog cemeteries). In Hellenistic Egypt he was venerated in Alexandria, in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fusion of conceptions or deities from different religious traditions.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncretism<\/span> as Hermanubis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Source situation<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principal sources: Pyramid Texts (spells 213 ff.), Coffin Texts (spells 6, 215), Book of the Dead (spells 17, 30, 125, the famous chapter on the weighing of the heart), inscriptions from Cynopolis and Saqqara.<\/p><p>Scholarly literature: DuQuesne, <em>The Jackal Divinities of Egypt<\/em>; Bonnet, <em>Reallexikon<\/em>; Wilkinson, <em>Complete Gods and Goddesses<\/em>; Lurker, <em>Goetter und Symbole der alten Aegypter<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Name<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Egyptian:<\/strong> <em>Inpu<\/em> or <em>Anpu<\/em> (the etymology is uncertain; possible readings are &#8220;the unclean one&#8221; or a reference to decaying matter). Greek transcription: Anoubis, &#7944;&#957;&#959;&#965;&#946;&#953;&#962; (Anoubis).<\/p><p>Epithets: <em>Khenty-imentiu<\/em> (Foremost of the Westerners, that is, of the dead), <em>Neb-ta-djeser<\/em> (Lord of the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Belonging to the divine and thereby withdrawn from everyday use.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sacred<\/span> Land, the necropolis), <em>Neb-Sahu<\/em> (Lord of the corpses), <em>Imy-ut<\/em> or <em>Im-p<\/em> (He who is in his wrappings, embodied in the Imiut fetish).<\/p><p>Roman and Hellenistic counterpart: Hermanubis (fusion with Hermes Psychopompos). In Roman transcription Anubis remains unchanged. Important relations: son of Osiris and Nephthys (in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The era of Greek and Roman culture, roughly 800 BCE to 600 CE.\" tabindex=\"0\">classical<\/span> reading); in older texts sometimes named as son of Re and Hesat. Brother or close helper of Osiris. Consort of Bastet or Inpu-Bastet in syncretistic variants.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Characteristics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"iwg-h3-demoted\"><strong>Appearance<\/strong><\/p><p>Anubis is represented in two principal forms: either as an upright human figure with a jackal&#8217;s head, usually coloured black and often wearing a headdress (uraeus, crown); or as a fully black recumbent jackal on a standard (the Imiut fetish, a leather <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A vivid image that stands for an abstract idea.\" tabindex=\"0\">emblem<\/span> with tail and ears).<\/p><p>The black colour signifies at once decay and the fertility of the earth, not evil. The standard with the recumbent jackal was used in processions and burial rites. Amuletic representations often show him in mummy form, that is, himself wrapped, which underscores his dual role as god and as bandaged dead.<\/p><p class=\"iwg-h3-demoted\"><strong>Nature and activity<\/strong><\/p><p>Anubis is not death itself, but the administrator and guarantor of the correct transition into the realm of the dead.<\/p><p>His principal tasks are: (1) the supervision of mummification carried out by the priests, who as <em>Senu-Anubis<\/em> (Servant-Priests) wore the Anubis mask; (2) the <em>psychostasy<\/em>, the weighing of the heart of the deceased against the feather of Maat (justice) before the <em>Netre-nebu<\/em> (assembly of the 42 judges) in the <em>Hall of the Two Truths<\/em>; (3) the protection of the tombs against desecration.<\/p><p>He thus held the central role of judge and guide that was later assumed more fully by Osiris.<\/p><p><strong>Appearance and symbolism<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Anubis<\/em> is always represented with the head of a black or dark grey jackal or wild dog on a human body. The black colour symbolises decomposition and renewal in the grave.<\/p><p>In Egyptian perception, the jackal was the animal that roamed the cemeteries and threatened the bodies; <em>Anubis<\/em> personifies the mystical power to control and sanctify these processes. His attributes are the <em>flail<\/em> (the tool of mummification) and the lead of the dead. In the embalming <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A structure that serves the veneration of one or more deities.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> the priests wore an <em>Anubis<\/em> mask.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profile: Anubis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most important aspects of Anubis at a glance. The following fields summarise origin, function, appearance, veneration, symbols and parallels.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Anubis' origin<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anubis is the son of <em>Nephthys<\/em> (in one tradition resulting from a liaison with Osiris) and was raised by Isis, because Nephthys, fearing Seth, exposed him. In later traditions he is the son of Osiris (linked to the Osiris <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A traditional narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>).<\/p><p>He is the father of <em>Kebechet<\/em> (goddess of purification). Before the rise of the Osiris <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A traditional narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>, Anubis himself was the central <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> of the dead; after the fusion he serves as vizier of Osiris.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Anubis' function<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Guide of the dead into the afterlife. Patron of embalming: the embalming priests (<em>wt<\/em>) wore an Anubis mask during the preparation.<\/p><p>Weigher of the hearts in the Judgment of the Dead (Maat tribunal): the soul of the deceased is weighed against the feather of Maat (truth), and Anubis verifies the balance. Guardian of the cemeteries and of the mummies against tomb robbers and damage.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Anubis' appearance<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jackal-headed figure on a human body, frequently with black skin (the black of mummification and of the fertile Nile soil, not understood as demonic). In his hand the was sceptre and the ankh.<\/p><p>Often shown in the pose of the <em>Anubis bending<\/em> over a mummy, with which the embalming is carried out. Also pure jackal form (recumbent on a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred container or place of devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span>) as a sarcophagus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sign that stands in for an idea or meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>. In Hellenistic syncretism (Hermanubis) shown with the caduceus of Hermes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Anubis' veneration<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sphere of activity:<\/strong> Anubis stood at the beginning and at the end of every Egyptian burial. Before mummification prayers were spoken to him, and the <em>wt<\/em> priests wore jackal masks. During the funeral <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A solemn religious procession.\" tabindex=\"0\">procession<\/span> he was the one guiding the dead.<\/p><p>In the Judgment of the Dead, his weighing of the heart determined entry into the afterlife. In personal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> practice he was <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invocation of a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoked<\/span> for protection of the deceased&#8217;s mummy against tomb robbery.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Anubis' symbols<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jackal (in recumbent pose, sarcophagus guardian), black skin colour, was sceptre, ankh, scales, mummy wrapping, flail (in some representations), Imiut fetish (bundle with animal hide, specific to Anubis). Sacred animals: jackal, black dog. Sacred plant: sycamore tree.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Anubis' parallels<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Hermes Psychopompos<\/em> (Greece, guide of the dead, syncretised in the Hellenistic period as Hermanubis), <em>Charon<\/em> (Greece, ferryman of the dead), <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> (Tibet\/Buddhism, judge of the dead), <em>Yamaraja<\/em> (Hinduism), <em>Mictlantecuhtli<\/em> (Aztec, god of the dead), <em>Hel<\/em> (Germanic, ruler of the underworld), <em>Cerberus<\/em> (Greece, as a parallel in canine form).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Veneration in everyday life<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anubis was more present in everyday Egyptian religious practice than many other gods. His <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of religious acts of veneration for a deity or sacred figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> pervaded all social classes and periods.<\/p><p>The principal role of Anubis was in funerary rites. Embalming began with a priestly <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A solemn act of worship performed according to fixed rules.\" tabindex=\"0\">ceremony<\/span>, in which the <em>Senu-Anubis<\/em>, a priest wearing the Anubis mask, opened the body, removed the organs and deposited them in canopic jars. The masked priest acted, in the most literal sense, as the representative of Anubis.<\/p><p>The deceased was preserved through treatment with natron, then anointed with oils and balms, and finally wrapped in linen, each step accompanied by the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The petitioning or invocation of a deity or power.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocation<\/span> of Anubis.<\/p><p>The wrapping was central to the conception of resurrection: the <em>sahu<\/em> (the corpse) was to be preserved for the afterlife of the <em>ka<\/em> (the essence) and the <em>ba<\/em> (the personality).<\/p><p>In priestly service the Anubis priests wore the mask during embalming, and likewise during tomb consecrations and festivals of the dead. The <em>Imy-ut<\/em> standard (recumbent jackal on a staff) was carried at the head of processions.<\/p><p>Wearers of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A worn object credited with protective, harm-averting power.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulets<\/span> across all social classes carried small figures of Anubis in faience or lapis lazuli for protection and in hope of a favourable fate in the afterlife.<\/p><p>The weighing of the heart (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Magical or ecclesiastical exclusion; also the binding of a power through a formula.\" tabindex=\"0\">spell<\/span> 125 of the Book of the Dead) was central to afterlife eschatology: the deceased stood before Anubis, Osiris and the 42 judges. The heart was weighed against the feather of Maat. If the deceased had lived a just life, the heart was light; lies or wickedness made it heavy.<\/p><p>The balance held by Anubis alone determined the outcome: admission to the <em>Amen-Tuat<\/em> (the Blessed Fields) or consumption by Ammit, the monster called &#8220;devourer of the dead&#8221;. This belief permeated Egyptian spirituality for more than two thousand years.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Anubis, parallels in other cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"iwg-h3-demoted\"><strong>Roman and Hellenistic tradition<\/strong><\/p><p>Hermanubis (a composite figure of Hermes and Anubis) was promoted by the Ptolemaic dynasty as a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fusion of conceptions or deities from different religious traditions.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncretism<\/span> between Greek and Egyptian conceptions. Apuleius describes processions of Anubis in Roman cities in his <em>Metamorphoses<\/em>.<\/p><p>Hermanubis combined the guiding function of Hermes Psychopompos with the mummification expertise of Anubis, and was venerated by Greeks and Romans into the 4th century CE.<\/p><p class=\"iwg-h3-demoted\"><strong>Mesopotamian tradition<\/strong><\/p><p>Nergal (ruler of the underworld) and Ereshkigal (its mistress) fulfil similar functions; Nergal, however, does not weigh the souls as Anubis does. Mesopotamian conceptions of the afterlife are bleak, without the hope of justice through a weighing.<\/p><p class=\"iwg-h3-demoted\"><strong>Hindu tradition<\/strong><\/p><p>Yamaraja (ruler of the realm of the dead, Yamaloka) shares with Anubis the function of the just, incorruptible judge and the weighing of souls. Yamaraja sits together with Chitragupta, his scribe and helper, and examines the deeds of the deceased. Like Anubis, Yamaraja is not malevolent, but just in his severity.<\/p><p class=\"iwg-h3-demoted\"><strong>Greek tradition<\/strong><\/p><p>Hades (ruler of the underworld) and Charon (the ferryman) share with Anubis the functions of guide and guardian, but not that of the weighing. Hermes Psychopompos (escort of souls) is functionally closest to Anubis as guide, which is why the syncretism took the form of Hermanubis.<\/p><p class=\"iwg-h3-demoted\"><strong>Germanic tradition<\/strong><\/p><p>Hel (daughter of Loki, mistress of the realm of the dead, Helheim) holds supervisory functions, but no weighing ordeal as in the case of Anubis. Helheim is morally less differentiated than the Egyptian Hall of the Two Truths.<\/p><p class=\"iwg-h3-demoted\"><strong>Mesoamerica<\/strong><\/p><p>Mictlantecuhtli (lord of Mictlan, the Aztec realm of the dead) is functionally a ruler of the underworld like Anubis, but without the weighing ordeal or hope of resurrection. Aztec eschatology is more martial in character than the Egyptian one.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa06d63c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa06d63c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp934cec6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp934cec6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The weighing of the heart and the Judgment of the Dead<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3913969 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp3913969\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5edf4c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5edf4c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The central scene in which Anubis appears is the Judgment of the Dead, the examination of the deceased before entry into the afterlife.<\/p><p>The most detailed pictorial and textual sources for this are the papyri of the so-called <em>Book of the Dead<\/em>, a collection of spells which from the New Kingdom onwards was placed with the deceased. The famous chapter 125 describes the weighing of the heart.<\/p><p>In this scene the heart of the deceased is placed on one pan of a pair of scales, and on the other the feather of Maat, which embodies truth and the right order. Anubis operates the scales.<\/p><p>He examines whether the heart is in equilibrium with the feather, that is, whether the deceased led a life in accordance with Maat. The god Thoth records the result. Beside them lurks a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being that combines features of various living creatures.\" tabindex=\"0\">composite creature<\/span>, the so-called Ammit, the devourer, ready to consume the heart of one who is condemned, which signifies definitive annihilation.<\/p><p>In this scene Anubis acts as an incorruptible, matter-of-fact examiner. He is not the judge in the strict sense, that role belongs to the god Osiris, before whom the hearing takes place, but the official who carries out the decisive procedure.<\/p><p>His role presupposes that the verdict is objective and cannot be manipulated. The weighing of the heart is among the most frequently depicted scenes of Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The academic discipline that studies religions comparatively and without confessional commitment.\" tabindex=\"0\">religion<\/span> and shows how closely ethical conduct in life and one&#8217;s fate after death were thought to be linked.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpda9dc7b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpda9dc7b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5962af5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5962af5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Anubis and the invention of mummification<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp19b432b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp19b432b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc44ed9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc44ed9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>, Anubis is regarded as the god who invented embalming and who first performed it. This function is closely connected with the Osiris <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A traditional narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>. After Osiris had been killed by his brother Seth and his body dismembered, the parts were gathered and the corpse reassembled.<\/p><p>According to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The passing on of knowledge and narratives across generations.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span>, it was Anubis who treated this body, and by doing so performed the first act of mummification. In this way Osiris became ruler of the realm of the dead.<\/p><p>From this mythical foundation the cultic practice was derived. The priest who played the principal role in the actual embalming wore an Anubis mask, a head in jackal form, and thereby acted as the deputy of the god.<\/p><p>The workshop of the embalmers and the place of treatment stood under the protection of Anubis. Collections of spells accompanying the procedure invoked him and described the individual actions as divine work.<\/p><p>In this context Anubis bears several telling epithets. He is called Tepy-dju-ef (&#8220;He who is upon his mountain&#8221;), a reference to the desert heights lying above the necropolises, and lord of the sacred place, by which the area of embalming and burial is meant.<\/p><p>Another <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A fixed epithet that characterizes a deity or figure.\" tabindex=\"0\">epithet<\/span> designates him as the overseer of the divine hall, the room in which the body was prepared for eternity. The connection between <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A traditional narrative about gods, origins and the order of the world.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An ordered sequence of symbolic actions with religious or cultural meaning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> practice is here particularly close: every embalming repeated the mythical first act of the god on Osiris.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa22fda6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa22fda6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0292fd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0292fd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconography: the jackal god and his forms of representation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa09d899 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa09d899\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpafcc8be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpafcc8be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anubis is depicted in two closely related ways. The first shows him entirely as a recumbent black animal with pricked ears and long tail, often resting on a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A small sacred container or place of devotion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shrine<\/span> or pedestal. The second, more frequent form shows him as a man with the head of this animal.<\/p><p>Which animal is precisely meant has long been disputed. The traditional view is that of a jackal; more recent research is inclined to suggest a canid close to the African golden wolf. What is certain is that it is a dog-like desert animal.<\/p><p>The choice of this animal is explained by observation of reality. Jackals and related animals roamed at night through the desert cemeteries and dug there.<\/p><p>By conceiving the god of the dead in the form of precisely this animal, the Egyptians transformed the threat to the graves into a protective god of the graves. The being that could endanger the dead became their preserver.<\/p><p>The black colour of Anubis is striking. In Egypt, black was not the colour of mourning in the modern sense, but the colour of the fertile Nile soil and thus of rebirth and regeneration. At the same time it is the colour of the corpse darkened by the embalming resin.<\/p><p>Anubis frequently appears with a collar and with a flail or fan-like implement. On coffins, tomb walls and stelae he is ubiquitous, often beside the deceased or kneeling over the mummy. The frequency of his depiction makes him one of the most pictorially documented deities of Egypt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5a074a7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5a074a7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6887982 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6887982\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Anubis through the ages: from the early period to the Greco-Roman epoch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp81a2216 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp81a2216\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5e1f928 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5e1f928\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The position of Anubis within the Egyptian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"The totality of the gods of a religion or culture.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> was not the same throughout the whole of its history. In the early period and in the Old Kingdom, Anubis was among the most important gods of the dead.<\/p><p>The oldest surviving religious texts, the Pyramid Texts of the Old Kingdom, name him frequently, and at that time he was the leading <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A being venerated as divine within a religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">deity<\/span> of the realm of the dead.<\/p><p>With the rise of Osiris worship, which gained in importance during the Middle Kingdom, this position shifted. Osiris became ruler of the afterlife, and Anubis stepped back into a serving, preparatory role. This rearrangement was expressed mythologically by representing Anubis as son of Osiris, in some accounts as the son of Osiris and Nephthys.<\/p><p>From the independent god of the dead of the early period he thus became helper and embalmer in the service of Osiris. This restructuring is a good example of how hierarchies of gods change in the course of religious history without an older figure simply disappearing.<\/p><p>In the Greco-Roman period Anubis underwent a new flowering. The Greeks identified him with Hermes, from which the composite figure of <em>Hermanubis<\/em> emerged. Anubis became part of the Egyptian cults spread across the Mediterranean, especially in the context of the veneration of Isis.<\/p><p>In the processions of these cults a priest with an Anubis mask took part, which Roman authors also mention. The god thus remained present for centuries and far beyond Egypt. His history extends from the oldest Egyptian texts into the religious world of the Roman Empire.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp356c9ba e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp356c9ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa6fb65d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa6fb65d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult sites, animal cemeteries and the source situation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6b7fcbb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp6b7fcbb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5a2bb75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5a2bb75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The main cult site of Anubis lay in Middle Egypt, in a city which the Greeks called Kynopolis, the city of dogs, because the dog-like god was particularly venerated there.<\/p><p>In addition Anubis possessed cult places in many locations, since as god of the necropolises he was present wherever burials took place. A particular role was played by him in the mortuary temples and in the workshops of the embalmers.<\/p><p>A distinct source category, important for research, are the animal cemeteries. At several sites in Egypt, particularly at Saqqara, archaeologists have uncovered underground galleries in which vast quantities of mummified dog-like animals are buried, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Set apart from the everyday by a religious act and handed over to the sacred.\" tabindex=\"0\">consecrated<\/span> to Anubis as sacred animals.<\/p><p>Such animal mummies were often donated by <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A person who undertakes a religiously motivated journey to a sacred place.\" tabindex=\"0\">pilgrims<\/span>, who deposited them as <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Relating to a religious vow; a votive offering is consecrated to a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">votive<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"An offering to a deity to express gratitude, petition, or veneration.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerings<\/span> in the <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A sacred place dedicated to the veneration of a deity.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuaries<\/span>. The number of these burials runs into the millions and attests a broad, popular <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A person's lived religious attitude and practice.\" tabindex=\"0\">piety<\/span> that is scarcely visible in the major religious texts.<\/p><p>What we know about Anubis thus rests on several groups of sources that complement one another. There are, first, the religious texts, from the Pyramid Texts and the Coffin Texts to the <em>Book of the Dead<\/em>. Second, the pictorial representations on tomb walls, coffins and stelae.<\/p><p>To these are added the archaeological findings, the animal cemeteries, the workshops and the cult sites. Finally, Greek and Roman authors report on the cult of Anubis in their own day.<\/p><p>This variety of sources permits a comparatively precise picture, but also shows that conceptions over the long span of Egyptian history were not uniform but changed and varied regionally.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further reading and links<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/en\/osiris\/\">Osiris, king of the dead following the rise of Osiris<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/nephthys\/\">Nephthys, mother<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/isis\/\">Isis, foster mother<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/hermes\/\">Hermes, Greek Hermanubis syncretism (where a page exists)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/egypt\/\">Egypt, pantheon overview<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/death-deities\/\">Gods of the dead, sub-category<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/gods\/\">Gods, class overview<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Scholarly literature<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>DuQuesne, Terence: <em>The Jackal Divinities of Egypt<\/em>. London 2005.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lurker, Manfred: <em>Goetter und Symbole der alten Aegypter<\/em>. Bern 1974.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Bonnet, Hans: <em>Reallexikon der aegyptischen Religionsgeschichte<\/em>. Berlin 2000.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hornung, Erik: <em>Die Graeber im Tal der Koenige<\/em>. Zurich 1982.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (entry &#8220;Anubis&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Further standard works in the <a href=\"\/en\/literature\/\">literature index<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-605bf22 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"605bf22\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c6b8f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8c6b8f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Frequently asked questions about Anubis<\/h2><div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Who was Anubis in Egyptian religion?<\/h3><p>Anubis (Egyptian Inpw) was the jackal-headed god of the dead and patron of mummification in ancient Egypt. Before the rise of the Osiris cult, Anubis was the principal god of the realm of the dead.<\/p><p>At the Judgment of the Dead he weighed the heart against the feather of Maat and led the soul to burial. His connection with the jackal (or wild dog) has a real-world background: these animals visited cemeteries in the desert, hence the step to a &#8216;protective deity against tomb desecration&#8217;.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>How was Anubis venerated in Hellenistic Egypt?<\/h3><p>In Hellenistic Egypt (after 332 BCE), Anubis merged with the Greek Hermes to form Hermanubis, a mediator between the worlds, similar to the Greek Hermes Psychopompos.<\/p><p>In the Roman Empire the cult of Isis spread as far as Rome and Britain, and Anubis with it, as companion of Isis. In Pompeii there are wall paintings showing Anubis, and in the Coptic Christian miracle stories his image lives on as the dog-headed Saint Christopher.<\/p><\/div><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Who was Anubis in Egyptian religion?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Anubis (Egyptian Inpw) was the jackal-headed god of the dead and patron of mummification in ancient Egypt. Before the rise of the Osiris cult, Anubis was the principal god of the realm of the dead. At the Judgment of the Dead he weighed the heart against the feather of Maat and led the soul to burial. His connection with the jackal (or wild dog) has a real-world background: these animals visited cemeteries in the desert, hence the step to a 'protective deity against tomb desecration'.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How was Anubis venerated in Hellenistic Egypt?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"In Hellenistic Egypt (after 332 BCE), Anubis merged with the Greek Hermes to form Hermanubis, a mediator between the worlds, similar to the Greek Hermes Psychopompos. In the Roman Empire the cult of Isis spread as far as Rome and Britain, and Anubis with it, as companion of Isis. In Pompeii there are wall paintings showing Anubis, and in the Coptic Christian miracle stories his image lives on as the dog-headed Saint Christopher.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Anubis, god of the Egyptian tradition Anubis is a god of the Egyptian tradition. Guardian of the mummies, judge of the dead, jackal god of ancient Egypt. From the earliest days of Egyptian civilisation, Anubis presided over the dead, embodying the transition from dying to the afterlife and the safekeeping of the mortal remains. 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