{"id":18020,"date":"2026-05-19T11:59:13","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T11:59:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/laozi-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-21T13:37:23","modified_gmt":"2026-06-21T13:37:23","slug":"laozi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/el\/laozi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"18020\" class=\"elementor elementor-18020 elementor-3065 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-345170e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"345170e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff235dd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ff235dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fb6ac8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8fb6ac8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc68772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bc68772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9, \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-359f20b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"359f20b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u039f \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 (\u8001\u5b50, \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 Lao-tzu, Lao-tse) \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf-\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf Dao, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0394\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0394\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/span> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 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\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec1d295 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ec1d295\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d78c6a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d78c6a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u0398\u03b5\u03cc\u03c2\/\u0398\u03b5\u03ac: \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u2013 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf, \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1. \u039b\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1\u03ce\u03bd.\">\u0398\u03b5\u03cc\u03c2<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3280e9a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3280e9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78f4bb5 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"78f4bb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u03a0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 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contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6d504f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a6d504f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf9f9ad iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cf9f9ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3217\" alt=\"Laozi - \u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2, 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data-id=\"7b7d392\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0015f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b0015f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c2b50b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c2b50b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0397 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0395\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 800 \u03c0.\u03a7. \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf 600 \u03bc.\u03a7.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1<\/span> \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u00abShiji\u00bb (\u00ab\u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u00bb) \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1 \u03a4\u03c3\u03b9\u03ad\u03bd, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03c4\u03bf 90 \u03c0.\u03a7. \u039f \u03a3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1 \u03a4\u03c3\u03b9\u03ad\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p><p>\u0397 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u0396\u03bf\u03c5, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 6\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0.\u03a7. \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p><p>\u039b\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bd\u03b5\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc \u039a\u03bf\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf (551 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 479 \u03c0.\u03a7.) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1 \u0394\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf. \u0395\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9, \u03bf \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u0393\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03a7\u03b1\u03bd-\u0393\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf Daodejing \u03c3\u03b5 5.000 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039b\u03ac\u03bf \u039b\u03ac\u03b9\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u0396\u03bf\u03c5. \u0397 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 100 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf \u03a3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1 \u03a4\u03c3\u03b9\u03ad\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u039f Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u00abLaotse\u00bb (1995) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u00abThe Philosophy of the Daodejing\u00bb (2006) \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1 \u03a4\u03c3\u03b9\u03ad\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6257dc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c6257dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad033e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ad033e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28596d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28596d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>\u0397 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9. \u039f Russell Kirkland \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u00abTaoism: The Enduring Tradition\u00bb (2004) \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bf \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03b1\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc.<\/span><\/p><p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1: \u03c4\u03bf Daodejing \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7, \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 4\u03bf \u03ae 3\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0.\u03a7.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf 1993 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u0393\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ad\u03bd (\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03a7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03b9) \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Daodejing, \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0.\u03a7. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf Daodejing \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd.<\/span><\/p><p>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf. \u0397 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fa1cda e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6fa1cda\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72671cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"72671cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u03a4\u03bf Daodejing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed9666a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed9666a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u03a4\u03bf Daodejing (\u00ab\u039a\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2\u00bb) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf 81 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cd\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p><p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u00abDao\u00bb (\u0394\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1), \u00abDe\u00bb (\u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae, \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7), \u00abWuwei\u00bb (\u03bc\u03b7-\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1), \u00abZiran\u00bb (\u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc-\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5-\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9-\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc-\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf-\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u00abPu\u00bb (\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf \u03be\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf, \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1). \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf Daodejing \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0393\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u039c\u03c0\u03b9 (226 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 249) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a7\u03b5\u03c3\u03ac\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba (1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0.\u03a7. \u03ae 2\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc.\u03a7.). \u039f\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd: \u03bf \u0393\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u039c\u03c0\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac-\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03bf \u03a7\u03b5\u03c3\u03ac\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac-\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u0397 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Daodejing \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1. \u0397 Livia Kohn \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u00abDaoism and Chinese Culture\u00bb (2001) \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c4\u03c4\u03ae \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ba74c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ba74c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c62d4e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c62d4e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0397 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c669a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c669a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 2\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc.\u03a7. \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03af (\u00ab\u0395\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u0394\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u00bb), \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf \u03a4\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u039d\u03c4\u03b1\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03c4\u03bf 142 \u03bc.\u03a7., \u03bf \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Dao.<\/p><p>\u039b\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a4\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u039d\u03c4\u03b1\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03bf \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf-\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf Dao, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0394\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0394\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc<\/span> \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba (618 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 907) \u03bf \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03a4\u03ac\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd (\u00ab\u03a5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c2 \u0386\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2\u00bb), \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0393\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03af \u03a4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03b6\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd (\u00ab\u0395\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u0391\u03be\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2\u00bb) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039b\u03af\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bf \u03a4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03b6\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd (\u00ab\u0395\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u0391\u03be\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u0398\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u00bb).<\/p><p>\u03a5\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03bf \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b1\u03ca\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a7\u03bf\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u039a\u03bf\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4e0da5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d4e0da5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b11b74c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b11b74c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u039f \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94e71dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94e71dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0399\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u039b\u03b9, \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u039b\u03b9.<\/p><p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf-\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf Dao, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0394\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0394\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/span>. \u039f \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03a3\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac\u03bd\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba (\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 712 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 756) \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03af\u03c4\u03bb\u03bf \u00ab\u03a5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u0391\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039f\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u039c\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2\u00bb \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf Daodejing \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>\u039f Florian Reiter \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u00abThe Aspirations and Standards of Taoist Priests in the Early Tang Period\u00bb (1998) \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba.<\/span><\/p><p>\u0397 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf-\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf Dao, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0394\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0394\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/span>, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u03bd\u03b1\u03ce\u03bd<\/span> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0397 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/span>. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03bf\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f33cd7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f33cd7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-518d1c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"518d1c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0398\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-357732f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"357732f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u00ab\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf-\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf Dao, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0394\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0394\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/span>\u00bb (Daojia) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u00ab\u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf-\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf Dao, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0394\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0394\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/span>\u00bb (Daojiao), \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03a7\u03b1\u03bd (206 \u03c0.\u03a7. \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 220 \u03bc.\u03a7.). \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u0397 Isabelle Robinet \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u00abTaoism: Growth of a Religion\u00bb (1997) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Harold Roth \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u00abOriginal Tao\u00bb (1999) \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1. \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf Daodejing \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>\u039f Volker Olles \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf-\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf Dao, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0394\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0394\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc<\/span> \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03b9\u03c4\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u039f\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03ca\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u03b8\u03b5\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1<\/span> \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2).<\/p><p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf-\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf Dao, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0394\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0394\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2<\/span> \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e31b6ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e31b6ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4de1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f4de1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u039f \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6ed944 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d6ed944\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0397 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd (\u039a\u03bf\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03a3\u03c9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2) \u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ae. \u039f Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p><p>\u039f \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03cd \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03c9\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u0395\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a4\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03b6\u03af (4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0.\u03a7.), \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf \u03b4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u00abZhuangzi\u00bb \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1.<\/p><p>\u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf-\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf Dao, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0394\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0394\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/span>. \u039f Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Harold Roth \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ae790a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6ae790a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4f2ade elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f4f2ade\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1 \u039c\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0393\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ad\u03bd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcdec89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcdec89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>\u0397 \u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00abDaodejing\u00bb \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 20\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf 1973 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf 3 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03af \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a4\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03c3\u03ac (\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03a7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bd) \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b9, \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf 168 \u03c0.\u03a7.<\/span><\/p><p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u00abMawangdui A\u00bb \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u00abMawangdui B\u00bb \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd: \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u00abDe\u00bb (\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1 38 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 81 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5) \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u00abDao\u00bb (\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1 1 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 37).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5. \u039f Robert G. Henricks \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u00abLao-Tzu. Te-Tao Ching\u00bb (\u039d\u03ad\u03b1 \u03a5\u03cc\u03c1\u03ba\u03b7 1989) \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ce\u03bd \u039c\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 130 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u0392\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b3\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1 \u0393\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u039c\u03c0\u03b9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf 1993 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u0393\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ad\u03bd (\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bd) \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03c4\u03bf 300 \u03c0.\u03a7.<\/p><p>\u03a3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Daodejing \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 Daodejing. \u039f Robert Henricks \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u00abLao Tzu&#8217;s Tao Te Ching.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A Translation of the Startling New Documents Found at Guodian\u00bb (\u039d\u03ad\u03b1 \u03a5\u03cc\u03c1\u03ba\u03b7 2000) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae editio princeps\u00b7 \u03b7 Sarah Allan \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Crispin Williams \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u00abThe Guodian Laozi\u00bb (Berkeley 2000) \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u039f Harold D. Roth \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u00abOriginal Tao\u00bb (\u039d\u03ad\u03b1 \u03a5\u03cc\u03c1\u03ba\u03b7 1999) \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0393\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ad\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Daodejing \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf-\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd, \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u00abNeiye\u00bb \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u00abHeguanzi\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f70d31 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f70d31\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-477e1e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"477e1e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d530ab5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d530ab5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0397 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Daodejing \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p><p>\u03a4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0391\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<\/span>. \u03a4\u03bf \u00ab\u03a3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03a7\u03b5\u03c3\u03ac\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u00bb (\u00ab\u03a3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u038c\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039b\u03ac\u03bf-\u03c4\u03c3\u03b5\u00bb), \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03a7\u03b1\u03bd (de facto \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 2\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc.\u03a7.), \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0391\u03bb\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (neidan).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u039f Eduard Erkes \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf 1950 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u00abArtibus Asiae\u00bb \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a7\u03b5\u03c3\u03ac\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u00b7 \u03bf Alan K. L. Chan \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u00abTwo Visions of the Way\u00bb (Albany 1991) \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03a7\u03b5\u03c3\u03ac\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0393\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u039c\u03c0\u03b9 (226 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 249), \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u00abxuanxue\u00bb (\u00ab\u0394\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2\u00bb) \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u0392\u03ad\u03b9-\u03a4\u03b6\u03b9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf-\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ae, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u00ab\u03a4\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u00bb (\u00abwu\u00bb) \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9.<\/p><p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0393\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u039c\u03c0\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p><p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u00ab\u03a3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03a3\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba&#8217;\u03b5\u03c1\u00bb (\u00ab\u0395\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u00bb), \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 2\u03bf \u03ae 3\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u00ab\u03a4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03af\u00bb (\u0395\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u0394\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u039f Stephen R. Bokenkamp \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u00abEarly Daoist Scriptures\u00bb (Berkeley 1997) \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03a3\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba&#8217;\u03b5\u03c1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u00ab\u03a4\u03ac\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u00bb \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u039b\u03af\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03c3\u03af\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-450e76c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"450e76c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11340e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11340e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0394\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b7<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eae2959 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eae2959\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u03a4\u03bf Daodejing \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u0392\u03af\u03b2\u03bb\u03bf, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 18\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u00b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 19\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 20\u03cc \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd \u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf Richard Wilhelm, \u03bf James Legge \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Arthur Waley.<\/p><p>\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 20\u03cc \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b7 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039b\u03ac\u03bf\u03c4\u03b6\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03bf\u03b9, \u03a4\u03b1\u03ca\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03bf\u03b9, \u0399\u03ac\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af \u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd 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