{"id":17993,"date":"2026-05-19T11:29:46","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T11:29:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/buddha-gautama-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-21T13:36:41","modified_gmt":"2026-06-21T13:36:41","slug":"buddha-gautama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/el\/buddha-gautama\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u0393\u03ba\u03b1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"17993\" class=\"elementor elementor-17993 elementor-3035 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f92b4fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f92b4fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d5d5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3d5d5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3046ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3046ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf4012a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf4012a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u0393\u03ba\u03b1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1, \u0399\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb2232c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb2232c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u039f \u03a3\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1 \u0393\u03ba\u03b1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03bf \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf-\u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p><p>\u0395\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 5\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0.\u03a7., \u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1. \u0397 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5797f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f5797f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f2e7e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8f2e7e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u0398\u03b5\u03cc\u03c2\/\u0398\u03b5\u03ac: \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 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https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fa2568 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2fa2568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46c540b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46c540b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29a8204 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"29a8204\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36e800d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36e800d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0395\u03c0\u03af \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf \u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u00ab\u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u00bb \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 563 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 483 \u03c0.\u03a7.<\/p><p>\u039f Heinz Bechert \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1980 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (\u00abDie Datierung des historischen Buddha\u00bb, \u0393\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd 1991 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 1997) \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03ba \u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u00ab\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u00bb \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 480 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 400 \u03c0.\u03a7.<\/p><p>\u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd 410 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 380 \u03c0.\u03a7. \u039f Hans Wolfgang Schumann (\u00abDer historische Buddha\u00bb, \u039a\u03bf\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 1982) \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p><p>\u0397 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9, \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u039c\u03ac\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03c5\u03b1, \u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03c3\u03cc\u03ba\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9: \u03bf \u03a3\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03ac\u03ba\u03c5\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03af, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf \u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0399\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u0390\u03c9\u03bd\u00b7 \u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf \u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03af \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u039d\u03b5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bb, \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1.<\/p><p>\u0397 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03c3\u03cc\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03af, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b3\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 3\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0.\u03a7. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u039f Klaus-Josef Notz (\u00abBuddhismus\u00bb, \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03b3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b4\u03b7 2002) \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u039a\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03cc \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae<\/span>\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15053dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"15053dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7ece3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f7ece3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0397 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03a0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25552a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c25552a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0397 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u039c\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1 \u03a3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1 (\u039d\u03c4\u03af\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1 \u039d\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 16). \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03a1\u03b1\u03ca\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c7\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03a3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u00b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p><p>\u0386\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03b5\u03c3\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1 \u03a3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1 (\u039c\u03b1\u03c4\u03b6\u03c4\u03b6\u03af\u03bc\u03b1 \u039d\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 26), \u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c1\u03ae\u03be\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u0386\u03bb\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1 \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039f\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03ba\u03b1 \u03a1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p><p>\u039f \u039b\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03a3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc.\u03a7., \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cd\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b8\u03b1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u00ab\u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2\u00bb, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03ac\u03c1\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1.<\/p><p>\u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b2\u03bf<\/span>\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u039f Edward Conze (\u00abDer Buddhismus\u00bb, \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03b3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b4\u03b7 1953) \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e46ce5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e46ce5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-604c3f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"604c3f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0394\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 \u0395\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u0391\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d6a375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d6a375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03ba\u03ae\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b8, \u03c4\u03bf \u039d\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03c0\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1 \u03a3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1 (\u03a3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1 \u039d\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 56.11), \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 \u00ab\u0395\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u0391\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2\u00bb: \u03b7 \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf (dukkha), \u03bf \u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 (tanha), \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae (nirodha), \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 (atthangika-magga).<\/p><p>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03ae \u03b8\u03ad\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b7, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b2\u03af\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1<\/span>\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p>\u039f Volker Zotz (\u00abGeschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie\u00bb, \u03a1\u03ac\u03b9\u03bd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03ba 1996) \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03a4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 \u0391\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03ca\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2: \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1, \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1<\/span>, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u00bb. \u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ace9927 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ace9927\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b024d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b024d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u03a3\u03ac\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-960cc77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"960cc77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a6\u03ce\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4 \u0393\u03ba\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 45 \u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03bf\u03c3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b1. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b8, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03a1\u03b1\u03ca\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c7\u03b1 (\u0392\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03ac\u03bb\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0386\u03bb\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03a3\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 (\u03a4\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03ac\u03bb\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0386\u03bb\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2<\/span>). \u03a4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03bf \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf \u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03b8\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1.<\/p><p>\u0397 \u03a3\u03ac\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2: \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u03af (bhikkhu), \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 (bhikkhuni), \u03ac\u03c1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03ae\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03af. \u0397 \u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u039c\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03b6\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039a\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1 (\u0392\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1-\u03a0\u03b9\u03c4\u03ac\u03ba\u03b1). \u0397 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8264d71 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8264d71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f189522 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f189522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1, \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c452567 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c452567\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0397 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bb\u03c5\u03c6\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4 (2\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0.\u03a7.), \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1.<\/p><p>\u039f \u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0394\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (dharmacakra), \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u039c\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1. \u039c\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u0393\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 1\u03bf \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 3\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc.\u03a7., \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03bb\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cd\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1.<\/p><p>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u00ab\u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u00bb (mahapurusalaksana) \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7 \u039f\u03cd\u03c3\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1 (\u03b8\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5), \u03b7 \u039f\u03cd\u03c1\u03bd\u03b1 (\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c7\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5), \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03af \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 (mudra) \u03ba\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2: \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b7\u03c2 (bhumisparsha), \u03b7 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (abhaya), \u03b7 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (dharmacakra) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd (dhyana).<\/p>\n<p>\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03c1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1. \u039f \u0391\u03c3\u03cc\u03ba\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03b5\u03ba \u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 3\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0.\u03a7. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 84.000 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p><p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af \u039c\u03ac\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03c5\u03b1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c038d14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c038d14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b57e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4b57e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0394\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c398bad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c398bad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0392\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u039c\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 1\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0.\u03a7., \u03b4\u03af\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u00ab\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u00bb \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 (trikaya): \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (nirmanakaya), \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03bf \u03a3\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (sambhogakaya) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u03a3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03ae \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b7\u03c2.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>-\u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 (dharmakaya) \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1.<\/p><p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0392\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u03a3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1<\/span>(\u039b\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0392\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u03a3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1<\/span>, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc.\u03a7.) \u03bf \u03a3\u03b1\u03ba\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u039f Donald Lopez (\u00abThe Story of Buddhism\u00bb, \u03a3\u03b1\u03bd \u03a6\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf 2001) \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 Robert Buswell \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Donald Lopez (\u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, \u03a0\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 2014) \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u0392\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1.<\/p><p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Bechert, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ae\u03c7\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c1\u03b9 \u039b\u03ac\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b1\u03ca\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0398\u03b9\u03b2\u03ad\u03c4. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2\u00b7 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fea99b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7fea99b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e63532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e63532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b7<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3bde59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3bde59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0397 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1 \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03a3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 19\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1. \u039f Eug\u00e8ne Burnouf \u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u00abIntroduction \u00e0 l&#8217;histoire du buddhisme indien\u00bb (\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9 1844). \u039f Hermann Oldenberg \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u00abBuddha. Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde\u00bb (\u0392\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03bf 1881).<\/p><p>\u039f Schopenhauer \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b2\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf\u03bd 20\u03cc \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03cc\u03c2 \u039d\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03ba\u03b1 (Anton Gueth) \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc6968 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ffc6968\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c461c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"73c461c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u03a0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8545b4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8545b4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u03a0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2: \u039c\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1 \u03a3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1 (\u039d\u03c4\u03af\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1 \u039d\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 16)\u00b7 \u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03b5\u03c3\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1 \u03a3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1 (\u039c\u03b1\u03c4\u03b6\u03c4\u03b6\u03af\u03bc\u03b1 \u039d\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 26)\u00b7 \u039d\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03c0\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1 \u03a3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1 (\u03a3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1 \u039d\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 56.11)\u00b7 \u0392\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1-\u03a0\u03b9\u03c4\u03ac\u03ba\u03b1, \u039a\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u00b7 \u039b\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u00b7 \u03a3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0392\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u03a3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1<\/span>(\u039b\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0392\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u03a3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1<\/span>).<\/p>\n<p>\u0394\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1:<\/p><ul><li>Heinz Bechert (\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc.), \u00abDie Datierung des historischen Buddha\u00bb, 3 \u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9, \u0393\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd 1991 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 1997.<\/li><li>Hans Wolfgang Schumann, \u00abDer historische Buddha\u00bb, \u039a\u03bf\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 1982.<\/li><li>Klaus-Josef Notz, \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb, \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03b3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b4\u03b7 2002.<\/li><li>Volker Zotz, \u00abGeschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie\u00bb, \u03a1\u03ac\u03b9\u03bd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03ba 1996.<\/li><li>Edward Conze, \u00abDer Buddhismus\u00bb, \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03b3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b4\u03b7 1953.<\/li><li>Donald Lopez, \u00abThe Story of Buddhism\u00bb, \u03a3\u03b1\u03bd \u03a6\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf 2001.<\/li><li>Robert Buswell \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Donald Lopez, \u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, \u03a0\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 2014.<\/li><li>Hermann Oldenberg, \u00abBuddha.<\/li><\/ul><p>Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde\u00bb, \u0392\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03bf 1881.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4c2b84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e4c2b84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff18585 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff18585\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f3a5d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f3a5d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u0389\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03c1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03b1\u03ca\u03c3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9 (\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 100 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03c1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1) \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p><p>\u039f\u03b9 \u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03af (\u00ab\u0394\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b2\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u00bb) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u039c\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03ba\u03b1 (\u00ab\u039c\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u00bb) \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u00b7 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u0392\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1.<\/p><p>\u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u039c\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03ba\u03c5\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03b7 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ae \u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03a3\u03c1\u03b9 \u039b\u03ac\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1. \u039f Heinz Bechert \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b8\u03af\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acb2de5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"acb2de5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bc2480 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8bc2480\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u039f\u03b9 \u03ba\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03c3\u03cc\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4773f11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4773f11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u039c\u03ac\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03c5\u03b1 \u0391\u03c3\u03cc\u03ba\u03b1 (\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 268 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\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p><p>\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u039a\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03cc \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae<\/span>\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039d\u03b9\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9 \u03a3\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u039a\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1, \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u0391\u03c3\u03cc\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac \u0392\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03a3\u03b1\u03ba\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b9.<\/p><p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 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\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c00e2b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c00e2b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66ed5a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66ed5a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55b6ffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55b6ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 (deva) \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u039f \u03a0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2<\/span>\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2\u00b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4&#8217; \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03c5\u03ba\u03ba\u03ac.<\/p><p>\u039f \u038a\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 (\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9 \u03a3\u03ac\u03ba\u03ba\u03b1), \u03bf \u0392\u03c1\u03ac\u03c7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1<\/span>\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1.<\/p><p>\u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03b7\u00b7 \u03bf \u0392\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1. \u039f Klaus-Josef Notz \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb \u03c9\u03c2 \u00ab\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf \u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd\u00bb. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03af \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3b1717 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a3b1717\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e64bc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1e64bc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0392\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b7<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dbfa07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5dbfa07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 (\u0392\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1), \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 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\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1. \u039f\u03b9 227 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 (311 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2) \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c3\u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.<\/p><p>\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u039f\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03ac\u03b8\u03b1, \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03ae \u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 3\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0.\u03a7. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99198a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99198a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3c9f48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3c9f48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f2749d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f2749d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0391\u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03c1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0397 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7<\/span>, \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03a1\u03b1\u03ca\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c7\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03b1\u03c7\u03ac\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1. \u039f \u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ae\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 (\u03a3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1-\u03a0\u03b9\u03c4\u03ac\u03ba\u03b1), \u03bf \u039f\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 (\u0392\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1-\u03a0\u03b9\u03c4\u03ac\u03ba\u03b1).<\/p><p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039a\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1. \u039f \u00c9tienne Lamotte (\u00abHistoire du bouddhisme indien\u00bb, \u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd 1958) \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1: \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p><p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0392\u03b1\u03ca\u03c3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9 (\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 380 \u03c0.\u03a7.) \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af \u0391\u03c3\u03cc\u03ba\u03b1 (\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 250 \u03c0.\u03a7.) \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a4\u03b9\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03ac\u03ba\u03b1.<\/p><p>\u0397 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ae \u039c\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03af\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae, \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03a0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03a3\u03c1\u03b9 \u039b\u03ac\u03bd\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b1 \u0392\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03ac\u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9 \u0391\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 1\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0.\u03a7. \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u0391\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b2\u03b9\u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c6\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1.<\/p><p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u00b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03ae \u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1. \u03a9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03ce\u03bd (bhanaka) \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0&#8217; \u03ad\u03be\u03c9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adc2a29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"adc2a29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c6626 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48c6626\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u039f \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26118f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26118f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u039f \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03b6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03be\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1<\/span>\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u00ab\u03ad\u03be\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u00bb. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u039c\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03c1\u03b1, \u03bf \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a4\u03b6\u03b1\u03ca\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd, \u03bf \u039c\u03ac\u03ba\u03ba\u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9 \u0393\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1 (\u0391\u03c4\u03b6\u03af\u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1), \u03bf \u03a0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1 \u039a\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c0\u03b1, \u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b6\u03c4\u03b6\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1, \u03bf \u0391\u03c4\u03b6\u03af\u03c4\u03b1 \u039a\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03a3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b6\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u039c\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03c7\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf \u03a3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1 \u03a3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1 (\u039d\u03c4\u03af\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1 \u039d\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 2) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p><p>\u0397 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03bb \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u00ab\u0391\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0395\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2\u00bb \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u039f Karl Jaspers \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u00abVom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte\u00bb (1949) \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u0391\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0395\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03af\u03bd\u03b1, \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1, \u0399\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c4\u03b7. \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u039a\u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd. \u039f Padmanabh Jaini (\u00abThe Jaina Path of Purification\u00bb, \u039c\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03ca 1979) \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2.<\/p><p>\u0395\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf\u03b9 \u03a4\u03b6\u03b1\u03ca\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae \u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae 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elementor-element-331b0f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"331b0f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81e52c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"81e52c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u03a4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b2\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-189913c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"189913c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0397 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\u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03a4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03ac\u03bc\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a6\u03ce\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03c1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1.<\/p><p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039c\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u0392\u03b1\u03c4\u03b6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 7\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc.\u03a7. \u039f \u039b\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae. \u039f Steven Collins (\u00abSelfless Persons\u00bb, \u039a\u03ad\u03b9\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b6 1982) \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03ba\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1: \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0397 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1<\/span>\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62ba234 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62ba234\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c61e41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c61e41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u039f \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u0394\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-293d475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"293d475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1<\/span>\u03bf \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03af\u03c4\u03bb\u03bf \u00absatthadevamanussanam\u00bb, \u00ab\u0394\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd\u00bb. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03c4\u03af\u03c4\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ad\u03be\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ce\u03bd (\u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03af, \u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03b9, \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9, \u03b6\u03ce\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2). \u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf \u038a\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 (\u03a3\u03ac\u03ba\u03ba\u03b1), \u03bf \u0392\u03c1\u03ac\u03c7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1.<\/p><p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1. \u039f Lambert Schmithausen (\u00abBuddhism and Nature\u00bb, \u03a4\u03cc\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf 1991) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u00ab\u03b9\u03bd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b6\u03b9\u03b2\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u00bb, \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p><p>\u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1, \u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2-\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u039c\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03bf\u03bd, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf-\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03af\u03b3\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a752db3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a752db3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-342dca2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"342dca2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u039f \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c68b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c68b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u039c\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1 \u03a3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03b9\u03b4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc \u039a\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u00absukara-maddava\u00bb.<\/p><p>\u0397 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7: \u00ab\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u00bb (Rhys Davids), \u00ab\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c7\u03bf\u03af\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u00bb (Walpola Rahula), \u00ab\u03bd\u03b5\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03af \u03b2\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u00bb. \u0397 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03ae \u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.<\/p><p>\u039f \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a6\u03ce\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03c1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p><p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2. \u039f Hellmuth Hecker \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9283984 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9283984\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-220b27b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"220b27b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u03a3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a83b72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a83b72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u03a0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03b6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2;<\/strong>\u0397 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf 563 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 483 \u03c0.\u03a7.<\/p><p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Heinz Bechert \u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u00ab\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u00bb \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 480 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 400 \u03c0.\u03a7. \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd. \u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd 410 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 380 \u03c0.\u03a7.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u03a0\u03bf\u03cd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bf \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2;<\/strong>\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf \u039d\u03b5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bb. \u039f \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03c3\u03cc\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 3\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0.\u03a7.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039c\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1; \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0392\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf \u03a3\u03b1\u03ba\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u039c\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bd\u03bf\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1. \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2;<\/strong>\u039c\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03b1\u03c1\u03c5\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03bb\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u039c\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9. \u03a4\u03bf \u03a0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.\" 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