{"id":17788,"date":"2026-05-07T08:57:53","date_gmt":"2026-05-07T08:57:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/spiritismus-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-21T13:27:59","modified_gmt":"2026-06-21T13:27:59","slug":"pnevmatismos","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/el\/pnevmatismos\/","title":{"rendered":"\u03a3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"17788\" class=\"elementor elementor-17788 elementor-2443 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hero397c1ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"hero397c1ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg82e0177 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg82e0177\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_spiritismus-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3408\" alt=\"Spiritismus - Illustration einer Spiritismus-Praktik im historisch-museal-dokumentarischen Stil\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_spiritismus-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_spiritismus-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_spiritismus-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_spiritismus.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-5fb1ee2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-5fb1ee2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" id=\"sec-5fb1ee2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-5fb1ee2\" data-id=\"col-5fb1ee2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" id=\"col-5fb1ee2\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wh-5fb1ee2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wh-5fb1ee2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"h1-5fb1ee2\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u03a3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-we-5fb1ee2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"we-5fb1ee2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"ed-5fb1ee2-b\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"iwg-lead\">\u039f \u03a3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 <strong>\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/strong> \u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd, \u03ba\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0391\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd <strong>\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd<\/strong> \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc.<\/p>\n<p class=\"iwg-lead\"><span data-nosnippet><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u0398\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf-\u03bc\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1850 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u0397\u03a0\u0391 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0391\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba.\">\u03a3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2<\/span><\/strong> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc. \u0395\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf 1848 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u0397\u03a0\u0391, \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u039b\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 19\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 20\u03cc \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"ursprung\">Hydesville 1848 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 Fox<\/h2>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1848, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 Margaret \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Kate Fox \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf Hydesville \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039d\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2 \u03a5\u03cc\u03c1\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/span><\/p><p>\u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae: \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u00b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1.\">\u03ad\u03ba\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/span> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u039c\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0392\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"kardec\">\u0391\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7<\/h2>\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03af\u03b1, \u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2 Hippolyte L\u00e9on Denizard Rivail, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf \u0391\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba, \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 1857.<\/p><p>\u03a4\u03bf <em>Le Livre des Esprits<\/em> (\u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, 1857) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf <em>Livre des M\u00e9diums<\/em> (1861) \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b1: \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c0\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0392\u03c1\u03b1\u03b6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03bf \u03c3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba \u03b2\u03c1\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1. \u03a3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03af\u03c9\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd Umbanda \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf Candombl\u00e9. \u039f \u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf-\u03bb\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03bf\u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039b\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"praxis\">\u03a0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2<\/h2>\n<p>\u0397 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2. \u039a\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03b6\u03b9, \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac \u03ae \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03ac \u03ad\u03ba\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7. \u0397 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc.<\/p><p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 19\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1: \u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"parapsychologie\">\u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1<\/h2>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>\u0397 Society for Psychical Research (SPR) \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf 1882 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039b\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 Frederic Myers, Henry Sidgwick, Edmund Gurney \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Eleanor Sidgwick, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd. \u039f\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 <em>Census of Hallucinations<\/em> (1894) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 <em>Proceedings<\/em>, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae.<\/span><\/p><p>\u0397 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 SPR \u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1. \u039f William James \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc Leonora Piper \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u00abwhite crow\u00bb, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>\u039f Charles Richet, \u0393\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf <em>\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1<\/em> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf <em>Trait\u00e9 de M\u00e9tapsychique<\/em> (1922) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u039f \u03bc\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 Eusapia Palladino \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"kritik\">\u03a3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/h2>\n<p>\u0389\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 19\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u039f\u03b9 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 Fox \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf 1888 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd (\u03b7 Margaret \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1, \u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5). \u039f \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2 Harry Houdini \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1920 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u00b7 \u03c4\u03bf <em>A Magician Among the Spirits<\/em> (1924) \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u0391\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd, \u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03ce\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"spiritismus-heute\">\u03a3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1<\/h2>\n<p>\u039f \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9, \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0392\u03c1\u03b1\u03b6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 (Federa\u00e7\u00e3o Esp\u00edrita Brasileira \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2), \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u039c\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u0392\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 (Spiritualists&#8217; National Union). \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc \u03b5\u03ba\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd <a href=\"\/el\/epikoinonia-uperan\/\">\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd<\/a> \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p><p>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03bf \u03c3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7: \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ce \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 170 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1<\/span> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"quellen\">\u03a0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Allan Kardec: <em>Das Buch der Geister<\/em>, \u03b3\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u0392\u03c1\u03c5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 1996.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Janet Oppenheim: <em>The Other World. Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England 1850, 1914<\/em>, Cambridge UP 1985.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Ann Braude: <em>Radical Spirits. Spiritualism and Women&#8217;s Rights in 19th Century America<\/em>, Beacon 1989.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Renaud Evrard: <em>Folie et paranormal<\/em>, PU Rennes 2014.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Leonardo Vincentini: <em>Spiritism in Brazil<\/em>, Lewiston 2009.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3408,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"\u03a3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u2013 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1","_yoast_wpseo_title":"\u03a3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u2013 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