{"id":138449,"date":"2026-09-03T07:10:31","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T07:10:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=138449"},"modified":"2026-09-03T08:01:23","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T08:01:23","slug":"laozi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/laozi\/","title":{"rendered":"Laozi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"138449\" class=\"elementor elementor-138449 elementor-3065 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-345170e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"345170e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff235dd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ff235dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fb6ac8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8fb6ac8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc68772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bc68772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi, grundl\u00e6gger af daoismen<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-359f20b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"359f20b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Laozi (\u8001\u5b50, ogs\u00e5 Lao-tzu, Lao-tse) betragtes i den kinesiske tradition som grundl\u00e6gger af <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kinesisk religi\u00f8s-filosofisk tradition, der retter sig efter Dao, vejen.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoismen<\/span> og som den legendariske forfatter til \u00abDaodejing\u00bb, en af de mest indflydelsesrige tekster i kinesisk religions- og filosofihistorie.<\/p><p>Hans historiske eksistens er omdiskuteret i moderne forskning; kilderne til hans liv er sparsomme, selvmodsigende og til dels mytisk overformede. Den religionsvidenskabelige forskning i Laozi handler i dag mindre om den historiske person end om virkningshistorien for de tekster, der tilskrives ham, og den senere guddommeligg\u00f8relse.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec1d295 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ec1d295\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d78c6a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d78c6a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gud \/ gudinde: Personificeret h\u00f8jeste magt i en kulturs pantheon, med klare ansvarsomr\u00e5der \u2014 naturkr\u00e6fter, sk\u00e6bne, krig, frugtbarhed. Tilbedt gennem kulter, offer og tempelinstitutioner.\">Gud<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3280e9a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3280e9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78f4bb5 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"78f4bb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Der blev ikke fundet nogen overskrifter p\\u00e5 denne side.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tIndholdsfortegnelse\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6d504f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a6d504f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf9f9ad iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cf9f9ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-140064\" alt=\"Laozi - guder fra den daoistiske tradition, historisk-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5250054 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5250054\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b7d392 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b7d392\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0015f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b0015f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kildesituationen om den historiske person<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c2b50b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c2b50b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den mest udf\u00f8rlige <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoke i den gr\u00e6ske og romerske kultur, cirka 800 f.Kr. til 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antikke<\/span> biografi om Laozi findes i \u00abShiji\u00bb (\u00abHistorikerens optegnelser\u00bb) af Sima Qian, afsluttet omkring 90 f.Kr. Sima Qian beretter om tre forskellige versioner af Laozi og indr\u00f8mmer selv, at han ikke vidste, hvilken der var korrekt.<\/p><p>Den mest popul\u00e6re version g\u00f8r Laozi til en embedsmand ved hoffet under det \u00f8stlige Zhou-dynasti, som i det 6. \u00e5rhundrede f.Kr. skulle have v\u00e6ret bibliotekar eller arkivar.<\/p><p>Han skal have m\u00f8dt den unge Konfucius (551 til 479 f.Kr.) og have undervist den senere mester. Til sidst skal Laozi, skuffet over rigets forfald, have forladt landet mod vest og p\u00e5 anmodning af gr\u00e6nsevagten Yinxi ved Han-Gu-passet have nedskrevet Daodejing p\u00e5 5000 skrifttegn.<\/p>\n\n<p>Den anden version identificerer Laozi med Lao Laizi, en anden daoistisk l\u00e6rer fra Zhou-tiden. Den tredje version placerer ham omkring 100 \u00e5r senere. Disse flere versioner viser, at Sima Qian selv ikke havde nogen p\u00e5lidelige biografiske data og satte materialet sammen fra forskellige mundtlige og skriftlige traditioner.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller har i \u00abLaotse\u00bb (1995) og \u00abThe Philosophy of the Daodejing\u00bb (2006) vist, at Sima Qians sparsomme data har mere legendarisk end historisk substans.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6257dc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c6257dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad033e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ad033e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historicitet i den moderne forskning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28596d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28596d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Den moderne sinologiske forskning diskuterer intensivt sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let om Laozis historicitet. Russell Kirkland har i \u00abTaoism: The Enduring Tradition\u00bb (2004) fremf\u00f8rt en kritisk position, hvorefter Laozi som historisk person n\u00e6sten ikke kan gribes, og de tekster, der tilskrives ham, snarere er et produkt af flere generationer af daoistisk pr\u00e6gede l\u00e6rde.<\/span><\/p><p>Denne position underbygges af den tekstlige forskning: Daodejing betragtes i dag ikke som et enhedligt forfattet v\u00e6rk, men som en kompilation, hvis \u00e6ldste lag g\u00e5r tilbage til det 4. eller 3. \u00e5rhundrede f.Kr.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>De bambustekster, der blev fundet i 1993 i Guodian (provinsen Hubei), indeholdt fragmenter af en tidlig version af Daodejing, som dateres til det sene 4. \u00e5rhundrede f.Kr. Disse fund har genoplivet diskussionen om tekstens tilblivelseshistorie og viser, at Daodejing blev redigeret og udbygget over flere \u00e5rhundreder.<\/span><\/p><p>En enkelt historisk forfatterpersonlighed er dermed usandsynlig. Traditionen med at tilskrive v\u00e6rket Laozi h\u00f8rer til et typisk kinesisk m\u00f8nster med pseudepigrafisk tilskrivning til en legendarisk stifter.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fa1cda e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6fa1cda\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72671cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"72671cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Daodejing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed9666a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed9666a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Daodejing (\u00abKlassikeren om vejen og dyden\u00bb) er en tekst med 81 korte kapitler, der p\u00e5 poetisk, aforistisk form udfolder grundl\u00e6ggende daoistiske begreber.<\/p><p>De centrale begreber er \u00abDao\u00bb (vejen, den oprindelige kosmiske virkelighed), \u00abDe\u00bb (dyd, indre kraft), \u00abWuwei\u00bb (ikke-handlen, ubesv\u00e6ret virke), \u00abZiran\u00bb (naturlighed, det-af-sig-selv-v\u00e6rende) og \u00abPu\u00bb (det ubearbejdede tr\u00e6, oprindelig enkelhed). Disse begreber udg\u00f8r sammen et filosofisk og religi\u00f8st system, som blev videreudviklet i talrige senere kommentarer.<\/p>\n\n<p>De vigtigste klassiske kommentarer til Daodejing stammer fra Wang Bi (226 til 249) og Heshang Gong (1. \u00e5rhundrede f.Kr. eller 2. \u00e5rhundrede e.Kr.). Begge repr\u00e6senterer forskellige l\u00e6sninger: Wang Bi l\u00e6ser teksten filosofisk-ontologisk, Heshang Gong religi\u00f8st-praktisk med henvisning til meditation og \u00e5ndedr\u00e6tsteknikker.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Sp\u00e6ndingen mellem en filosofisk og en religi\u00f8s l\u00e6sning pr\u00e6ger receptionen af Daodejing frem til i dag. Livia Kohn har i \u00abDaoism and Chinese Culture\u00bb (2001) vist, hvordan tekstens dobbeltnatur g\u00f8r dens ekstraordin\u00e6re virkning mulig i de mest forskellige kulturelle kontekster.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ba74c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ba74c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c62d4e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c62d4e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Guddommeligg\u00f8relsen af Laozi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c669a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c669a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I det 2. \u00e5rhundrede e.Kr. begyndte den religi\u00f8se guddommeligg\u00f8relse af Laozi. I den tidlige daoistiske skole Tianshi (\u00abHimmelske Mestre\u00bb), grundlagt af Zhang Daoling omkring 142 e.Kr., blev Laozi tilbedt som en himmelsk l\u00e6rer og manifestation af Dao.<\/p><p>Han skal angiveligt v\u00e6re fremtr\u00e5dt for Zhang Daoling i et syn og have overgivet ham de hellige tekster. Dermed var Laozi ikke l\u00e6ngere kun en legendarisk filosof, men en kosmisk figur med en aktiv religi\u00f8s funktion.<\/p>\n\n<p>Denne guddommeligg\u00f8relse blev udbygget i l\u00f8bet af de f\u00f8lgende \u00e5rhundreder. I <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kinesisk religi\u00f8s-filosofisk tradition, der retter sig efter Dao, vejen.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoismen<\/span> under Tang-tiden (618 til 907) blev Laozi anset for at v\u00e6re Taishang Laojun (\u00abDen H\u00f8jeste Gamle Herre\u00bb), en af de tre hovedguder i det daoistiske pantheon sammen med Yuanshi Tianzun (\u00abHimmelsk V\u00e6rdighedsb\u00e6rer for Begyndelsen\u00bb) og Lingbao Tianzun (\u00abHimmelsk V\u00e6rdighedsb\u00e6rer for den Hellige Skat\u00bb).<\/p><p>I denne form er Laozi den dag i dag til stede i de daoistiske templer i Kina, Taiwan og Hongkong.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4e0da5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d4e0da5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b11b74c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b11b74c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi og den kejserlige politik<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94e71dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94e71dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Laozi spillede en s\u00e6rlig rolle i den kejserlige politik. Tang-kejserne, der bar familienavnet Li, h\u00e6vdede genealogisk afstamning fra Laozi, hvis familienavn angiveligt ogs\u00e5 var Li.<\/p><p>Denne genealogiske konstruktion blev det ideologiske grundlag for Tang-dynastiet og f\u00f8rte til en statslig fremme af <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kinesisk religi\u00f8s-filosofisk tradition, der retter sig efter Dao, vejen.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoismen<\/span>. Kejser Xuanzong (regerede 712 til 756) tildelte Laozi titlen \u00abH\u00f8jhellig Forfader, Evig Himmelherre af V\u00e6ldig Dyd\u00bb og bestemte, at Daodejing skulle v\u00e6re obligatorisk l\u00e6sning ved de statslige eksaminer.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Florian Reiter har i \u00abThe Aspirations and Standards of Taoist Priests in the Early Tang Period\u00bb (1998) vist, hvor t\u00e6t den religi\u00f8se tilbedelse af Laozi var forbundet med Tang-dynastiets politiske selviscenes\u00e6ttelse.<\/span><\/p><p>Den kejserlige fremme f\u00f8rte til en blomstring af <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kinesisk religi\u00f8s-filosofisk tradition, der retter sig efter Dao, vejen.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoismen<\/span>, til opf\u00f8relsen af talrige <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En bygning, der tjener tilbedelsen af en eller flere guddomme.\" tabindex=\"0\">templer<\/span> og til standardisering af den daoistiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den fastlagte ordning af en religi\u00f8s menigheds gudstjeneste.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgi<\/span>. Denne politiske instrumentalisering pr\u00e6gede varigt billedet af Laozi og adskiller receptionen af ham fra konfucianismens mindre institutionaliserede linje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f33cd7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f33cd7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-518d1c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"518d1c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religionsvidenskabelig indordning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-357732f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"357732f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Inden for religionsvidenskaben skelnes der mellem \u00abfilosofisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kinesisk religi\u00f8s-filosofisk tradition, der retter sig efter Dao, vejen.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoisme<\/span>\u00bb (Daojia) og \u00abreligi\u00f8s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kinesisk religi\u00f8s-filosofisk tradition, der retter sig efter Dao, vejen.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoisme<\/span>\u00bb (Daojiao), en sondring, der har v\u00e6ret brugt siden Han-tiden (206 f\u00f8r Kristus til 220 efter Kristus). Denne sondring er dog problematisk, fordi de to str\u00f8mninger i den historiske virkelighed g\u00e5r i \u00e9t med hinanden.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Isabelle Robinet har i \u00abTaoism: Growth of a Religion\u00bb (1997) og Harold Roth i \u00abOriginal Tao\u00bb (1999) vist, at en skarp opdeling ikke afspejler det historiske materiale tilstr\u00e6kkeligt. Ogs\u00e5 Daodejing indeholder passager, der kan l\u00e6ses meditationspraktisk, mens de religi\u00f8se str\u00f8mninger anvender de filosofiske begreber centralt.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>Volker Olles har i sine arbejder om <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kinesisk religi\u00f8s-filosofisk tradition, der retter sig efter Dao, vejen.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoismen<\/span> i Sichuan dokumenteret den regionale mangfoldighed i tilbedelsen af Laozi. I nogle regioner tilbedes Laozi som et kosmisk princip, i andre som en personlig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et v\u00e6sen, der tilbedes som guddommeligt inden for en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">guddom<\/span> med konkrete virkefelter (helbredelse, beskyttelse, rigdom).<\/p><p>Denne mangfoldighed viser, at <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kinesisk religi\u00f8s-filosofisk tradition, der retter sig efter Dao, vejen.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoismen<\/span> ikke er en afgr\u00e6nset religion, men en bred religi\u00f8s tradition med talrige str\u00f8mninger og lokale udtryksformer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e31b6ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e31b6ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4de1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f4de1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi i sammenligning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6ed944 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d6ed944\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sammenligningen af Laozi med andre religi\u00f8se traditioners store stiftere (Konfucius, Buddha, Sokrates) foretages nu og da i forskningen, men er metodisk vanskelig. Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller har p\u00e5peget, at forestillingen om en enkelt stifter, som er fremtr\u00e6dende i vestlige religioner, ikke g\u00e6lder p\u00e5 samme m\u00e5de i den kinesiske tradition.<\/p><p>Laozi er mindre en grundl\u00e6gger i Jesu eller Muhammeds forstand, men snarere en legendarisk symbolfigur, der repr\u00e6senterer en bestemt tradition uden aktivt at have skabt den.<\/p>\n\n<p>Inden for den kinesiske tradition st\u00e5r Laozi side om side med Zhuangzi (4. \u00e5rhundrede f\u00f8r Kristus), den anden store daoistiske forfatter, hvis v\u00e6rk af samme navn, \u00abZhuangzi\u00bb, ligeledes har grundl\u00e6ggende betydning.<\/p><p>De to betegnes ofte sammen som grundl\u00e6ggerne af den klassiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kinesisk religi\u00f8s-filosofisk tradition, der retter sig efter Dao, vejen.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoisme<\/span>. Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller og Harold Roth har vist, at de to tekster s\u00e6tter forskellige filosofiske accenter, men bruger f\u00e6lles grundbegreber og kommenterer hinanden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ae790a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6ae790a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4f2ade elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f4f2ade\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mawangdui- og Guodian-manuskripter<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcdec89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcdec89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Den tekstoriske udforskning af \u00abDaodejing\u00bb blev grundl\u00e6ggende forandret af to ark\u00e6ologiske fund fra det 20. \u00e5rhundrede. I 1973 fandt kinesiske ark\u00e6ologer i grav 3 i Mawangdui n\u00e6r Changsha (provinsen Hunan) to silkemanuskripter af teksten, dateret til 168 f\u00f8r vor tidsregning.<\/span><\/p><p>Versionerne \u00abMawangdui A\u00bb og \u00abMawangdui B\u00bb har i forhold til den senere standardtekst en omvendt r\u00e6kkef\u00f8lge af hoveddelene: \u00abDe-delen\u00bb (kapitel 38 til 81 i standardteksten) st\u00e5r f\u00f8r \u00abDao-delen\u00bb (kapitel 1 til 37).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Dette fund tolkes i sinologien som en indikation p\u00e5 en \u00e6ldre redaktion, der g\u00e5r forud for standardteksten. Robert G. Henricks har i \u00abLao-Tzu. Te-Tao Ching\u00bb (New York 1989) fremlagt en fuldst\u00e6ndig engelsk overs\u00e6ttelse af Mawangdui-versionerne med kritisk apparat og p\u00e5peget 130 substantielle l\u00e6sningsforskelle i forhold til Wang-Bi-vulgataen.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Det andet centrale fund er bambusstrimlerne, der i 1993 blev udgravet i Guodian (ogs\u00e5 Hunan) fra en grav dateret til omkring 300 f\u00f8r vor tidsregning.<\/p><p>De indeholder i tre bundter omkring to femtedele af Daodejing-teksten i en form, der endnu ikke er opdelt i to dele. Denne version betragtes i dag som det \u00e6ldste materielle tekstvidne for Daodejing-komplekset. Robert Henricks har i \u00abLao Tzu&#8217;s Tao Te Ching.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A Translation of the Startling New Documents Found at Guodian\u00bb (New York 2000) fremlagt en filologisk f\u00f8rsteudgave; Sarah Allan og Crispin Williams har i antologien \u00abThe Guodian Laozi\u00bb (Berkeley 2000) diskuteret de metodiske konsekvenser for dateringssp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Harold D. Roth har i \u00abOriginal Tao\u00bb (New York 1999) vist, at Guodian-bambusstrimlerne placerer Daodejing-teksten som en del af en bredere str\u00f8mning af tidlig meditativ-kosmologisk reflektion, hvis spor ogs\u00e5 kan findes i \u00abNeiye\u00bb og \u00abHeguanzi\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f70d31 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f70d31\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-477e1e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"477e1e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kommentartradition og religi\u00f8s tilegnelse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d530ab5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d530ab5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Daodejings produktive virkningshistorie b\u00e6res f\u00f8rst og fremmest af dets kommentartradition.<\/p><p>Tre kommentarer betragtes i sinologien som <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Til den bindende og anerkendte skriftm\u00e6ngde af en religion h\u00f8rende.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanoniske<\/span>. \u00abHeshanggong-kommentaren\u00bb (\u00abLao-tse-kommentaren af mesteren ved flodbredden\u00bb), traditionelt dateret til Han-tiden (faktisk nok 1. til 2. \u00e5rhundrede af vores tidsregning), l\u00e6ser teksten som et program for kropslig selvkultivering og pr\u00e6ger derved den senere daoistiske tradition for indre alkymi (neidan).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Eduard Erkes udgav i 1950 i \u00abArtibus Asiae\u00bb den f\u00f8rste systematiske behandling af Heshanggong-kommentaren p\u00e5 et vestligt sprog; Alan K. L. Chan sammenlignede i \u00abTwo Visions of the Way\u00bb (Albany 1991) Heshanggong-kommentaren med den anden kanoniske kommentar.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Denne anden kommentar stammer fra Wang Bi (226 til 249), en repr\u00e6sentant for \u00abxuanxue\u00bb (\u00abL\u00e6ren om det mystiske\u00bb) fra Wei-Jin-tiden, og omformer teksten til en ontologisk-metafysisk linje, hvor \u00abdet intet\u00bb (\u00abwu\u00bb) l\u00e6ses som v\u00e6rens ontologiske grund.<\/p><p>Wang Bis kommentar pr\u00e6gede varigt den senere kinesiske l\u00e6sning af teksten og udg\u00f8r forl\u00e6gget for langt de fleste af nutidens standardudgaver.<\/p><p>Den tredje centrale kommentar er \u00abXiang&#8217;er-kommentaren\u00bb (\u00abForklaring i tanken om dig\u00bb), affattet i det 2. eller 3. \u00e5rhundrede i kredse omkring de tidlige \u00abTianshi\u00bb- (Himmelmestrenes) daoister.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Stephen R. Bokenkamp oversatte i \u00abEarly Daoist Scriptures\u00bb (Berkeley 1997) for f\u00f8rste gang Xiang&#8217;er-kommentaren fuldst\u00e6ndigt til engelsk og viste, at den religi\u00f8se tilegnelse af Laozi som personlig guddom \u00abTaishang Laojun\u00bb allerede var fuldt udviklet i dette lag og ikke f\u00f8rst opstod i de senere Lingbao- og Shangqing-skoler.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-450e76c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"450e76c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11340e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11340e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">International reception<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eae2959 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eae2959\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Daodejing er, sammen med Bibelen, den bog i verden, der oftest er oversat til andre sprog. De f\u00f8rste europ\u00e6iske overs\u00e6ttelser stammer fra 1700-tallet; i det 19. og 20. \u00e5rhundrede blev v\u00e6rket gjort tilg\u00e6ngeligt for en bred vestlig l\u00e6serskare af overs\u00e6ttere som Richard Wilhelm, James Legge og Arthur Waley.<\/p><p>I det 20. \u00e5rhundrede har Laozi ogs\u00e5 haft betydelig indflydelse p\u00e5 vestlig filosofi, p\u00e5 den psykoterapeutiske tradition og p\u00e5 den esoteriske bev\u00e6gelse, ofte i en st\u00e6rkt forenklet og vestligt omtolket form.<\/p>\n\n<p>I dag er Laozi-forskningen et internationalt felt, hvor kinesiske, taiwanske, japanske, europ\u00e6iske og amerikanske sinologer deltager. Diskussionerne om datering, teksthistorie, filosofisk l\u00e6sning og religi\u00f8s funktion er levende.<\/p><p>En konklusion fra den hidtidige forskning kan fastholdes: Sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let om den historiske Laozi er m\u00e5ske mindre vigtigt end sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let om virkningshistorien for de tekster, der tilskrives ham, og som h\u00f8rer til blandt de mest betydningsfulde v\u00e6rker i verdenslitteraturens og verdensreligionernes historie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3217,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Laozi","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Laozi \u2013 grundl\u00e6gger af daoismen | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Laozi er den mytiske grundl\u00e6gger af daoismen og forfatter til Daodejing. 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