{"id":138437,"date":"2026-09-03T07:10:20","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T07:10:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=138437"},"modified":"2026-09-03T08:00:59","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T08:00:59","slug":"tsongkhapa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/tsongkhapa\/","title":{"rendered":"Tsongkhapa"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"138437\" class=\"elementor elementor-138437 elementor-3052 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff07ec5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ff07ec5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2587cd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d2587cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2283551 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2283551\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c119749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c119749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsongkhapa, grundl\u00e6gger af Gelug-skolen<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f77872 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f77872\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa Lobsang Dragpa (1357 til 1419) var en tibetansk l\u00e6rd, klosterreformator og grundl\u00e6gger af Gelug-traditionen (\u00abDe dydiges skole\u00bb), som siden 1600-tallet har v\u00e6ret den religi\u00f8st og politisk dominerende retning inden for tibetansk buddhisme.<\/p><p>Fra denne skole udgik linjen af dalai lamaer og panchen lamaer. Tsongkhapa betragtes som en af de vigtigste systematikere i den tibetanske buddhismes historie og satte sit pr\u00e6g p\u00e5 den skolastiske tradition gennem sit omfattende v\u00e6rk og gennem grundl\u00e6ggelsen af Ganden-klosteret.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab9f544 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ab9f544\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c85aa6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"c85aa6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gud \/ Gudinde: Personificeret h\u00f8jeste magt i en kulturs pantheon, med klare ansvarsomr\u00e5der \u2014 naturkr\u00e6fter, sk\u00e6bne, krig, frugtbarhed. Tilbedt gennem kulter, offergaver og tempelinstitutioner.\">Gud<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/tibet\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tibetansk-buddhistisk og b\u00f6n-tradition \u2014 yidam, dharmap\u0101la, naga-verden.\">Tibet<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9c56ca e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c9c56ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16d86f7 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"16d86f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Der blev ikke fundet nogen overskrifter p\\u00e5 denne side.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tIndholdsfortegnelse\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-473c36f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"473c36f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07c53db iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"07c53db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-140011\" alt=\"Tsongkhapa - guder fra den tibetanske tradition, historisk-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec5b4e8 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ec5b4e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c96e6c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c96e6c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-238d336 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"238d336\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Livsforl\u00f8b og biografi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54cceea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"54cceea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa blev f\u00f8dt i den \u00f8sttibetanske region Amdo, i det nuv\u00e6rende Qinghai. Hans f\u00f8dested identificeres med Tsongkha, hvilket gav ham tilnavnet \u00abmanden fra Tsongkha\u00bb. De f\u00f8rste religi\u00f8se studier gennemf\u00f8rte han i et n\u00e6rliggende kloster af nyingma- og kadampa-linjerne.<\/p><p>I en alder af 16 \u00e5r rejste han til Centraltibet for at studere ved de store klostre Sangphu og Nethang. I de f\u00f8lgende tre \u00e5rtier bev\u00e6gede han sig mellem flere klostre og l\u00e6rte af l\u00e6rere fra alle datidens betydningsfulde traditioner.<\/p>\n\n<p>Robert Thurman har i \u00abLife and Teachings of Tsong Khapa\u00bb (1982) detaljeret gengivet Tsongkhapas livsvej og vist, at hans uddannelsespolitik bevidst tilstr\u00e6bte en integration af alle datidens studietraditioner.<\/p><p>Hans vigtigste l\u00e6rer inden for <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En l\u00e6rertekst i kortfattet form inden for hinduismen og buddhismen.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>-studier var Drakpa Gyaltsen, mens det inden for tantriske studier f\u00f8rst og fremmest var Khedrup Je og Gyaltsab Je. En anden vigtig l\u00e6rer var sakya-mesteren Rendawa Shy\u00f6nnu Lodr\u00f6, som is\u00e6r uddannede ham i Madhyamaka-filosofi. Dette brede uddannelsesgrundlag pr\u00e6gede den senere profil for Gelug-skolen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f64bbb4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f64bbb4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f9ab83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0f9ab83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religi\u00f8st-filosofisk program<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bbbea1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9bbbea1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapas filosofiske program tilstr\u00e6bte en streng forening af den l\u00e6rde <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En l\u00e6rertekst i kortfattet form inden for hinduismen og buddhismen.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>-tradition og den tantriske praksis.<\/p><p>Han insisterede p\u00e5, at begge veje skulle gennemf\u00f8res i en fastlagt r\u00e6kkef\u00f8lge: f\u00f8rst grundlaget for klosterreglerne (vinaya), dern\u00e6st den systematiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En l\u00e6rertekst i kortfattet form inden for hinduismen og buddhismen.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>-filosofi efter Madhyamaka- og pramana-standarder, og til sidst de tantriske indvielser og praksisser. Denne trinvise opbygning blev grundlaget for Gelug-skolens studiereform og normen for den senere tibetanske klosteruddannelse.<\/p>\n\n<p>Hans vigtigste v\u00e6rk er \u00abLam Rim Chenmo\u00bb, \u00abDen store vejledning i den gradvise vej til oplysning\u00bb, afsluttet i 1402, som beskriver en bodhisattvas \u00e5ndelige vej i tre trin (lav, middel og h\u00f8j motivation).<\/p><p>Donald Lopez og Joshua Cutler har oversat v\u00e6rket til engelsk i flere bind og forklaret dets filosofiske foruds\u00e6tninger. Det betragtes som Gelug-traditionens centrale l\u00e6rebog og memoreres og kommenteres stadig i klostrene den dag i dag.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-157b82d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"157b82d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b04173 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b04173\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Madhyamaka-fortolkning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8154cdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8154cdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u00e5 det filosofiske omr\u00e5de er Tsongkhapa is\u00e6r kendt for sin fortolkning af Nagarjunas Madhyamaka-skole. Han indtog en s\u00e5kaldt \u00abprasangika-madhyamaka\u00bb-position, som afviste alle indholdsm\u00e6ssige udsagn om den endelige virkelighed og udfoldede l\u00e6ren om \u00abtomhed\u00bb (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) konsekvent dialektisk.<\/p><p>Hans hovedv\u00e6rk p\u00e5 dette felt er \u00abKlarhed i tankerne\u00bb (\u00abdgongs pa rab gsal\u00bb), hvor han optog kommentartraditionen fra den indiske madhyamika Candrakirti og forsvarede den mod afvigende fortolkninger.<\/p>\n\n<p>Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n har i \u00abA Dose of Emptiness\u00bb (1992) vist, at Tsongkhapas forst\u00e5else af Madhyamaka afveg fra tidligere tibetanske l\u00e6sninger p\u00e5 afg\u00f8rende punkter. Han afviste is\u00e6r forestillingen om, at tomhed kunne forst\u00e5s som et selvst\u00e6ndigt, positivt bestemmeligt absolut.<\/p><p>Denne position vakte modstand blandt Nyingma- og Sakya-skolerne, hvis repr\u00e6sentanter beskyldte ham for en for streng negativitet. Den deraf udl\u00f8ste \u00abtomhedsstrid\u00bb pr\u00e6gede den tibetanske filosofi i flere \u00e5rhundreder.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3deba7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3deba7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea81549 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ea81549\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tantriske v\u00e6rker<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0b27c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0b27c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ud over <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En l\u00e6rertekst i kortfattet form inden for hinduismen og buddhismen.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>-studierne var Tsongkhapa en betydelig l\u00e6rd og ud\u00f8ver af de h\u00f8jeste tantriske yogaer. Hans v\u00e6rk \u00absngags rim chen mo\u00bb (\u00abDen store vejledning i mantraerne\u00bb, 1405) er det tantriske modstykke til \u00abLam Rim Chenmo\u00bb.<\/p><p>Det ordner de tantriske praksisser i fire klasser (kriya-, carya-, yoga- og anuttarayoga-tantra) og angiver for hver af dem foruds\u00e6tninger, metoder og resultater. Denne systematiske ordning blev grundlaget for Gelug-skolens tantra-uddannelse.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tsongkhapa var desuden en vigtig kommentator til Guhyasamaja-tantraet, som han betragtede som det mest centrale anuttarayoga-tantra. Ogs\u00e5 Chakrasamvara- og Yamantaka-tantraet var felter for hans intense kommentatorvirksomhed. Christian Wedemeyer har i sine studier af Aryadeva og Candrakirti vist, hvordan Tsongkhapa forbandt tantra-traditionen med Madhyamaka-filosofien til en samlet, ensartet helhedsopfattelse.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b335914 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b335914\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd96f2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cd96f2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Grundl\u00e6ggelsen af Ganden-klosteret og den store b\u00f8n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a857d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a857d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I 1409 initierede Tsongkhapa \u00abMonlam Chenmo\u00bb, \u00abden store <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Menneskets sproglige henvendelse til en guddom.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u00f8n<\/span> i Lhasa\u00bb, en 21 dage lang klosterfestival, som \u00e5rligt fandt sted ved det tibetanske nyt\u00e5r og samlede tusinder af munke og l\u00e6gfolk.<\/p><p>Denne festival etablerede Tsongkhapas reformbev\u00e6gelse som en synlig st\u00f8rrelse i Tibets religi\u00f8se liv. Samme \u00e5r grundlagde han Ganden-klosteret p\u00e5 et bjerg \u00f8st for Lhasa, som blev Gelug-traditionens moderkloster.<\/p>\n\n<p>F\u00e5 \u00e5r senere fulgte grundl\u00e6ggelsen af Drepung (1416 af Jamyang Choje, en elev af Tsongkhapa) og Sera (1419 af Sakya Yeshe, ligeledes en elev). Disse tre klostre, \u00abde tre l\u00e6rdomss\u00e6der\u00bb, voksede til de st\u00f8rste klosteranl\u00e6g i tibetansk buddhisme og husede p\u00e5 deres storhedstid hver flere tusind munke.<\/p><p>Per S\u00f8rensen har i sine arbejder om tibetansk klosterhistorie vist, at Gelug-skolens grundl\u00e6ggelsesb\u00f8lge i begyndelsen af 1400-tallet medf\u00f8rte en \u00f8konomisk og politisk omdannelse af Centraltibet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68a198a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"68a198a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31e0675 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31e0675\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reform af klosterordenen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83c8358 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83c8358\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa lagde s\u00e6rlig v\u00e6gt p\u00e5 streng overholdelse af vinaya, klosterreglerne. Han kritiserede den i hans tid udbredte sammenblanding af klosterregel og tantrisk praksis og insisterede p\u00e5, at munkene skulle leve i c\u00f8libat og f\u00f8lge de traditionelle spiseregler.<\/p><p>Denne strenghed gav ham tilnavnet \u00abden anden Buddha\u00bb (\u00absangs rgyas gnyis pa\u00bb), som stadig i dag bruges i Gelug-traditionen.<\/p>\n\n<p>Reformen omfattede ogs\u00e5 studieordningen. Tsongkhapa indf\u00f8rte en fast cyklus af hovedstudier: vinaya, abhidharma, pramana, madhyamaka og prajnaparamita. Hvert studium varede flere \u00e5r og blev afsluttet med disputationer og eksaminer.<\/p><p>Det system af \u00abgeshe-eksaminer\u00bb, han indf\u00f8rte, f\u00f8rte til sidst til \u00abGeshe Lharampa\u00bb, Gelug-skolens h\u00f8jeste akademiske grad. Donald Lopez har i \u00abThe Madman&#8217;s Middle Way\u00bb (2006) belyst den epistemiske og institutionelle betydning af denne reform.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29b3008 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29b3008\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-890b427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"890b427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u00f8d og efterm\u00e6le<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fb4c24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1fb4c24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa d\u00f8de i 1419 i Ganden-klostret. Hans balsamerede legeme blev opbevaret der i en stupa og var indtil klostrets \u00f8del\u00e6ggelse under kulturrevolutionen et af de vigtigste pilgrimssteder i tibetansk buddhisme.<\/p><p>Hans v\u00e6rker blev samlet i 18 bind og udgivet som et sammenh\u00e6ngende korpus i det 17. \u00e5rhundrede i den ber\u00f8mte Lhasa-udgave. I de f\u00f8lgende \u00e5rhundreder kommenterede talrige l\u00e6rde hans v\u00e6rker; alene \u00abLam Rim Chenmo\u00bb har frembragt over 100 tibetanske kommentarer.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tsongkhapas dag, den 25. dag i den 10. tibetanske m\u00e5ned, fejres stadig i dag som \u00abGanden Ngamch\u00f6\u00bb med store sm\u00f8rlampefester. I den moderne tibetanske buddhisme er hans person ikke begr\u00e6nset til Gelug-skolen; ogs\u00e5 i andre traditioner v\u00e6rds\u00e6ttes han som en betydningsfuld l\u00e6rd, selv hvor hans filosofiske positioner afvises.<\/p><p>Geoffrey Samuel har p\u00e5peget, at Tsongkhapa som institutionel n\u00f8glefigur i tibetansk buddhisme har en position, der er lige s\u00e5 grundl\u00e6ggende som Thomas Aquinas&#8217; i den katolske tradition eller Maimonides&#8217; i rabbinsk j\u00f8dedom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91d3352 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"91d3352\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-432921e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"432921e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">International reception<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d15be08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d15be08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I den vestlige tibetologi og <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Videnskaben, der unders\u00f8ger religioner sammenlignende og uden trosbinding.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionsvidenskab<\/span> er Tsongkhapa blevet intensivt udforsket siden Giuseppe Tuccis arbejder i f\u00f8rste halvdel af det 20. \u00e5rhundrede.<\/p><p>David Snellgrove, Robert Thurman, Donald Lopez, Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n og Jan-Ulrich Sobisch har behandlet hans v\u00e6rk i flere grundl\u00e6ggende studier. Tsongkhapas \u00abLam Rim Chenmo\u00bb er i dag fuldst\u00e6ndigt tilg\u00e6ngeligt i engelsk overs\u00e6ttelse, og udvalgte tantriske tekster findes i kritiske udgaver.<\/p>\n\n<p>I det moderne tibetanske eksil fungerer Tsongkhapa som identifikationsfigur for Gelug-traditionen og som garant for institutionel kontinuitet. Den 14. Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso har i talrige forel\u00e6sninger og b\u00f8ger, is\u00e6r i sine kommentarer til \u00abLam Rim Chenmo\u00bb, understreget Tsongkhapas aktualitet for nutidens buddhistiske praksis.<\/p><p>Uden for den specifikt buddhistiske reception er Tsongkhapa blevet modtaget i den europ\u00e6iske og amerikanske akademiske filosofi som en af de betydeligste ikke-vestlige systematikere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d55238 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8d55238\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9b9305 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f9b9305\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Skriftkorpus og udgivelseshistorie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80b5746 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"80b5746\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapas \u00abgsung &#8216;bum\u00bb (\u00abSamlede v\u00e6rker\u00bb) omfatter i den traditionelle Tashilhunpo-udgave atten bind, der indeholder omkring 210 selvst\u00e6ndige v\u00e6rker og breve.<\/p><p>Foruden \u00abLamrim Chenmo\u00bb (\u00abDen store trinvise vej til oplysning\u00bb, 1402) og \u00abNgakrim Chenmo\u00bb (\u00abDen store trinvise vej for <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En hellig stavelse eller formel, der gentages i hinduisme og buddhisme.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span>\u00bb, 1405) h\u00f8rer \u00abDrang-nges legs-bshad snying-po\u00bb (\u00abEssensen af sondringen mellem det provisoriske og det definitive\u00bb, 1408), \u00abRigs pa&#8217;i rgya mtsho\u00bb (\u00abArgumentationens ocean\u00bb, kommentar til N\u0101g\u0101rjunas M\u016blamadhyamakak\u0101rik\u0101) og \u00abLhag mthong chen mo\u00bb (formidlende skrift om indsigt fra Lamrim Chenmo) til de mest indflydelsesrige tekster.<\/p><p>Robert A. F. Thurman har i \u00abTsongkhapa&#8217;s Speech of Gold in the Essence of True Eloquence\u00bb (Princeton 1984) fremlagt en fuldst\u00e6ndig engelsk overs\u00e6ttelse af \u00abDrang-nges legs-bshad snying-po\u00bb med et omfattende religionshistorisk apparat; Jos\u00e9 Ignacio Cabez\u00f3n har i \u00abA Dose of Emptiness\u00bb (Albany 1992) udgivet en overs\u00e6ttelse af mKhas-grub-rjes kommentar til Tsongkhapas madhyamaka-l\u00e6re.<\/p>\n<p>Den textkritiske bearbejdning af Tsongkhapas v\u00e6rker er i de seneste \u00e5rtier gjort v\u00e6sentlige fremskridt gennem \u00abSera Jey Library\u00bb og \u00abTibetan Buddhist Resource Center\u00bb (TBRC, digitaliseringsprojekt siden 1999 af E. Gene Smith).<\/p><p>Donald S. Lopez Jr. har i \u00abThe Madman&#8217;s Middle Way\u00bb (Chicago 2006) og i sine artikler om Gelug-hermeneutik vist, at Tsongkhapas kommentarteknik var metodisk innovativ: han kombinerede den indiske prasa\u1e45gika-stil hos Candrak\u012brti med en detaljeret epistemologisk analyse efter Dharmak\u012brti og skabte derved en hybrid, som pr\u00e6gede den senere Gelug-skolastik indtil det tyvende \u00e5rhundrede.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e02b96 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e02b96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5134f5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5134f5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontroversen om \u00absvatantra\u00bb-striden<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ce88a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ce88a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En af de centrale l\u00e6rdomskontroverser, som Tsongkhapa bragte ind i den tibetanske id\u00e9historie, drejer sig om, hvorvidt selvst\u00e6ndige logiske begrundelser (svatantra-anum\u0101na, tib. \u00abrang rgyud\u00bb) er tilladt i madhyamaka, eller om kun konsekvensslutninger (prasa\u1e45ga) m\u00e5 anvendes. Tsongkhapa positionerede sig strikt som prasa\u1e45gika i Buddhap\u0101litas og Candrak\u012brtis linje mod den position, der l\u00e6ses som svatantrika hos Bh\u0101vaviveka.<\/p><p>Denne position er udarbejdet i \u00abLhag mthong chen mo\u00bb og i \u00abRigs pa&#8217;i rgya mtsho\u00bb. De efterf\u00f8lgende skoler reagerede forskelligt: Sakya-l\u00e6rerne Gorampa Sonam Senge (1429 til 1489) og Shakya Chogden (1428 til 1507) modsagde Tsongkhapa skarpt, hvilket f\u00f8rte til den vigtigste indre tibetanske filosofiske debat i det 15. og 16. \u00e5rhundrede.<\/p>\n<p>Cabez\u00f3n og Geshe Lobsang Dargyay har i flere artikler, samlet i \u00abScholasticism\u00bb (Albany 1998), rekonstrueret argumentationslinjerne i denne debat. Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n har i \u00abFreedom from Extremes\u00bb (Somerville 2007) oversat Gorampas hovedv\u00e6rk \u00ablTa ba&#8217;i shan &#8216;byed\u00bb (\u00abSondring af synspunkter\u00bb) og sammenlignet det med Tsongkhapas position.<\/p><p>Janet Gyatso har i \u00abJournal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies\u00bb (bd. 27, 2004) vist, at debatten ikke forblev rent akademisk, men var forbundet med politiske konsekvenser for de enkelte klostercentres position helt frem til det 17. \u00e5rhundrede.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b68be83 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b68be83\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fd2180 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4fd2180\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forholdet til B\u00f6n-traditionen og til \u00e6ldre skoler<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55c1090 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55c1090\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapas reformprogram var ikke et fuldst\u00e6ndigt brud med den best\u00e5ende tibetanske religi\u00f8sitet, men snarere en nyordning inden for de eksisterende traditioner.<\/p><p>Han overtog v\u00e6sentlige elementer fra kadampa-skolen, som gik tilbage til den indiske l\u00e6rer Atisha i det 11. \u00e5rhundrede, og integrerede dem i en udvidet filosofisk og tantrisk opfattelse. Til B\u00f6n-religionen, den f\u00f8rbuddhistiske tibetanske tradition, holdt han udtrykkeligt distance, uden dog at forf\u00f8lge dens tilh\u00e6ngere.<\/p>\n\n<p>Heller ikke over for nyingma-pa og kagy\u00fc-pa, som bevarede mange tantriske overleveringslinjer fra \u00e6ldre indiske og tibetanske mestre, ud\u00f8vede han politisk fjendtlighed. Den senere polarisering mellem gelug- og nyingma-pa- respektive.<\/p><p>kagy\u00fc-pa-traditionerne er snarere en f\u00f8lge af de politiske konflikter i det 17. \u00e5rhundrede og ikke Tsongkhapas eget efterlod arv. Klaus-Dieter Mathes har i sine studier af den tibetanske buddhismes historie flere gange fremh\u00e6vet denne sondring.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3272,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tsongkhapa","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tsongkhapa \u2013 grundl\u00e6gger af Gelug-skolen | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tsongkhapa (1357-1419) er grundl\u00e6ggeren af den tibetanske Gelug-skole og den \u00e5ndelige fader til dalai lamaerne. 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