{"id":138422,"date":"2026-09-03T07:10:07","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T07:10:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=138422"},"modified":"2026-09-03T08:00:31","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T08:00:31","slug":"buddha-gautama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/buddha-gautama\/","title":{"rendered":"Buddha (Gautama)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"138422\" class=\"elementor elementor-138422 elementor-3035 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f92b4fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f92b4fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d5d5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3d5d5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3046ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3046ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf4012a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf4012a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha Gautama, buddhismens grundl\u00e6gger<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb2232c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb2232c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Siddhartha Gautama er som historisk person buddhismens grundl\u00e6gger. Religionsvidenskabeligt skelnes der mellem den biografisk dokumenterbare l\u00e6rergestalt og den senere mytisk-religi\u00f8se overformning.<\/p><p>Mens hovedpunkterne i hans virke kan lokaliseres til det nord\u00f8stlige Indien i det 5. \u00e5rhundrede f\u00f8r vor tidsregning, er hans levnedsbeskrivelse i de kanoniske tekster allerede st\u00e6rkt hagiografisk formet. Den moderne forskning f\u00f8lger derfor en dobbelt l\u00e6sning, der behandler historisk plausibilitet og religi\u00f8s betydningstilskrivning separat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5797f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f5797f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f2e7e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8f2e7e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gud \/ Gudinde: Personificeret h\u00f8jeste magt i en kulturs pantheon, med klare ansvarsomr\u00e5der \u2014 naturkr\u00e6fter, sk\u00e6bne, krig, frugtbarhed. Tilbedt gennem kulter, offer og tempelinstitutioner.\">Gud<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/buddhisme\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Buddhistisk tradition med bodhisattvaer, beskyttelsesguder, hungergeister og helvedesvogtere.\">Buddhisme<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e27734 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e27734\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-000570b elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"000570b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Der blev ikke fundet nogen overskrifter p\\u00e5 denne side.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tIndholdsfortegnelse\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7de5d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7de5d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b33f15 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7b33f15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-140010\" alt=\"Buddha Gautama - guder fra den buddhistiske tradition, historisk-illustrativt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fa2568 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2fa2568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46c540b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46c540b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29a8204 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"29a8204\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historisk person og datering<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36e800d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36e800d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L\u00e6nge gjaldt den s\u00e5kaldte \u00ablange kronologi\u00bb med hoveddata 563 til 483 f\u00f8r vor tidsregning som standard.<\/p><p>Heinz Bechert har fra 1980&#8217;erne i flere bind (\u00abDie Datierung des historischen Buddha\u00bb, G\u00f6ttingen 1991 bis 1997) kritisk revurderet kilderne og styrket henvisningerne til en \u00abkort kronologi\u00bb med levetid omkring 480 til 400 f\u00f8r vor tidsregning.<\/p><p>Den internationale forskning har siden hen tendens til at fasts\u00e6tte d\u00f8dsdatoen mellem 410 og 380 f\u00f8r vor tidsregning. Hans Wolfgang Schumann (\u00abDer historische Buddha\u00bb, K\u00f6ln 1982) havde tidligere forsvaret de l\u00e6ngere data.<\/p><p>Denne diskussion er ikke afsluttet, men den har metodisk vist, at dateringen afh\u00e6nger af kronologien for Maurya-kongerne, is\u00e6r Ashoka, og dermed er relativ og ikke absolut sikret.<\/p>\n<p>Som biografisk kerne g\u00e6lder: Siddhartha blev f\u00f8dt i Shakya-stammens omr\u00e5de i Lumbini ved den sydlige rand af Himalaya. Hans far Suddhodana var en aristokrat eller valgt stammefyrste, ikke en arvelig kongev\u00e6rdighed i senere forstand. Lumbini ligger i det nuv\u00e6rende Nepal n\u00e6r den indiske gr\u00e6nse.<\/p><p>Identifikationen af stedet g\u00e5r tilbage til Ashoka-s\u00f8jlen i Lumbini, som blev opf\u00f8rt i det 3. \u00e5rhundrede f\u00f8r vor tidsregning og navngiver f\u00f8destedet. Klaus-Josef Notz (\u00abBuddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 2002) betegner denne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En tekst, der er indridset eller udhugget i et fast materiale.\" tabindex=\"0\">indskrift<\/span> som det tidligste ark\u00e6ologiske vidnesbyrd, der forbinder Buddha med et konkret sted.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15053dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"15053dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7ece3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f7ece3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Levnedsbeskrivelsen i Pali-kanonen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25552a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c25552a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den mest udf\u00f8rlige kanoniske kilde til livets afslutning er Mahaparinibbana-Sutta (Digha Nikaya 16). Den skildrer de sidste m\u00e5neder, rejsen fra Rajagriha til Kushinagara og d\u00f8den mellem to sala-tr\u00e6er. Teksten anses for kompositorisk kompleks, da den forbinder en rejsekr\u00f8nike med l\u00e6rertaler og en beskrivelse af begravelsesritualerne.<\/p><p>Andre tekster som Ariyapariyesana-Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26) fort\u00e6ller i jeg-form om s\u00f8gen efter erkendelse, udvandringen fra for\u00e6ldrehjemmet og bruddet med de asketiske l\u00e6rere Alara Kalama og Uddaka Ramaputta.<\/p><p>Lalitavistara, en sanskrittekst fra det 3. til 4. \u00e5rhundrede af vor tidsregning, udbygger disse skildringer til en udsmykket hagiografi med kosmiske mirakler.<\/p>\n<p>De ber\u00f8mte \u00abfire udfarter\u00bb, hvor den unge Siddhartha ser en gammel mand, en syg, en d\u00f8d og en vandrende asket, er ikke belagt i denne samlede form i kanonens \u00e6ldste lagmateriale.<\/p><p>De koncentrerer et teologisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tilbagevendende indholdselement i kunst eller fort\u00e6lling.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span>, der tolker konfrontationen med det forg\u00e6ngelige som anledning til udvandringen. Edward Conze (\u00abDer Buddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 1953) har p\u00e5peget, at det er tale om en narrativ komposition, der optager \u00e6ldre fort\u00e6llem\u00f8nstre fra den f\u00f8rbuddhistiske asketlitteratur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e46ce5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e46ce5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-604c3f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"604c3f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L\u00e6re og de fire \u00e6dle sandheder<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d6a375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d6a375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pr\u00e6dikenen i Sarnath, Dhammacakkappavattana-Sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11), formulerer de fire \u00ab\u00e6dle sandheder\u00bb: tilv\u00e6relsen er kendetegnet ved lidelse (dukkha), lidelsen har sin \u00e5rsag i beg\u00e6r (tanha), det er muligt at oph\u00e6ve lidelsen (nirodha), og der findes en vej dertil, den ottefoldige vej (atthangika-magga).<\/p><p>De otte led er ret anskuelse, ret beslutning, ret tale, ret handling, ret levevej, ret anstrengelse, ret opm\u00e6rksomhed og ret koncentration. Denne opdeling er belagt flere gange i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samling af hellige skrifter i en religion, der anerkendes som bindende.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonen<\/span> og betragtes som den \u00e6ldste systematiske l\u00e6rekerne, der med plausibilitet kan tilskrives den historiske Buddha.<\/p>\n<p>Volker Zotz (\u00abGeschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie\u00bb, Reinbek 1996) placerer de fire sandheder inden for den oldindiske l\u00e6gekunsts diagnostik: symptom, \u00e5rsag, helbredelighed, terapi. Denne medicinske baggrund g\u00f8res flere gange explicit i Pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samling af hellige skrifter i en religion, der anerkendes som bindende.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonen<\/span>, for eksempel n\u00e5r Buddha selv betegner sig som \u00abl\u00e6ge\u00bb. L\u00e6ren er dermed ikke anlagt spekulativt, men rettet mod praktisk befrielse.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ace9927 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ace9927\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b024d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b024d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sangha og l\u00e6rervirksomhed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-960cc77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"960cc77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Efter oplysningen i Bodh Gaya begyndte en l\u00e6rervirksomhed p\u00e5 45 \u00e5r, som koncentrerede sig om omr\u00e5derne Magadha, Kosala og Videha. De \u00e6ldste munkesamfund opstod i Sarnath, Rajagriha (Veluvana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En hellig tr\u00e6bevoksning, der tjente som kultsted.\" tabindex=\"0\">lund<\/span>) og Shravasti (Jetavana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En hellig tr\u00e6bevoksning, der tjente som kultsted.\" tabindex=\"0\">lund<\/span>). Sidstn\u00e6vnte skal k\u00f8bmanden Anathapindika have sk\u00e6nket ordenen.<\/p><p>Sangha var opdelt i fire grupper: munke (bhikkhu), nonner (bhikkhuni), samt mandlige og kvindelige l\u00e6gf\u00f8lgere. Optagelsen af kvinder, formidlet af Ananda og plejemoderen Mahapajapati, er overleveret i Cullavagga (Vinaya-Pitaka). Forskningen ser heri et for den oldindiske religionshistorie us\u00e6dvanligt skridt, hvis historiske p\u00e5lidelighed dog er omdiskuteret.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8264d71 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8264d71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f189522 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f189522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symboler, ikonografi og relikvier<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c452567 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c452567\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den tidligste buddhistiske kunst, som reliefferne fra Sanchi og Bharhut (2. til 1. \u00e5rhundrede f\u00f8r vor tidsregning), kender ingen antropomorf Buddha-fremstilling.<\/p><p>L\u00e6reren symboliseres i stedet ved tomme troner, fodaftryk, l\u00e6res\u00e6tningens hjul (dharmacakra), Bodhi-tr\u00e6et og stupaen. F\u00f8rst Gandhara-skolen i 1. til 3. \u00e5rhundrede efter vor tidsregning, p\u00e5virket af hellenistisk skulptur, udvikler den menneskeskabte ikonografi.<\/p><p>De 32 \u00abhovedkendetegn\u00bb (mahapurusalaksana) i de senere tekster, blandt andet ushnishaen (kraniehv\u00e6lvingen), urnaen (h\u00e5rlokken p\u00e5 panden), forl\u00e6ngede \u00f8reflipper og lotusaftryk p\u00e5 fods\u00e5lerne, formaliserer fremstillingen. H\u00e5ndbev\u00e6gelserne (mudra) kodifikerer bestemte l\u00e6rersituationer: jordber\u00f8ringen (bhumisparsha), frygtl\u00f8shedens gestus (abhaya), l\u00e6rens gestus (dharmacakra) og fordybelsens gestus (dhyana).<\/p>\n<p>Efter parinirvanaen blev asken og knoglerester delt mellem otte kongeriger og bisat i stupaer. Ashoka skal i 3. \u00e5rhundrede f\u00f8r vor tidsregning have \u00e5bnet disse stupaer igen og fordelt relikvierne p\u00e5 84.000 nye bygningsv\u00e6rker.<\/p><p>Dette tal er symbolsk, men det ark\u00e6ologiske fund tyder p\u00e5 en betydelig udvidelse af stupa-kulten under Maurya-dynastiet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c038d14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c038d14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b57e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4b57e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Virkning og religi\u00f8s overformning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c398bad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c398bad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I Mahayana-buddhismen, der opst\u00e5r fra 1. \u00e5rhundrede f\u00f8r vor tidsregning, tr\u00e6der der ved siden af den historiske Buddha en \u00abtrelegemsl\u00e6re\u00bb (trikaya): forvandlingslegemet (nirmanakaya), hvori Siddhartha viste sig som historisk person, nydelseslegemet (sambhogakaya) og <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I de indiske religioner l\u00e6ren og den rette ordning for handling.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>-legemet (dharmakaya) som tidl\u00f8s sandhed.<\/p><p>I Saddharmapundarika-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I hinduismen og buddhismen en l\u00e6retekst i kort form.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> (Lotus-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I hinduismen og buddhismen en l\u00e6retekst i kort form.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, ca. 1. \u00e5rhundrede efter vor tidsregning) er Shakyamuni blot en fremtoningsform af et v\u00e6sen, der blev oplyst um\u00e5delige tidsaldre forinden. Donald Lopez (\u00abThe Story of Buddhism\u00bb, San Francisco 2001) beskriver denne forskydning som en religionshistorisk generalisering, hvor den enkelte person bliver til en kosmisk funktion.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Buswell og Donald Lopez (\u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014) viser, at den historisk-kritiske Buddha-forskning og den religi\u00f8se Buddha-dyrkelse i den moderne asiatiske buddhisme i vidt omfang forl\u00f8ber parallelt.<\/p><p>Vestlige akademiske dateringsdiskussioner som Becherts har hidtil fundet kun ringe genklang i de traditionelle klostre i Sri Lanka, Thailand eller Tibet. Videnskabeligt er denne sp\u00e6nding selv genstand for forskning, og den f\u00f8rer til sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let om, hvordan biografisk realitet og religi\u00f8s betydning forholder sig til hinanden i overleveringen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fea99b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7fea99b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e63532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e63532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reception i Europa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3bde59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3bde59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Det europ\u00e6iske kendskab til Buddha begynder med overs\u00e6ttelser fra pali og sanskrit i 1800-tallet. Eug\u00e8ne Burnouf lagde med \u00abIntroduction \u00e0 l&#8217;histoire du buddhisme indien\u00bb (Paris 1844) grundstenen. Hermann Oldenberg forbandt med \u00abBuddha. Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde\u00bb (Berlin 1881) filologi og religionshistorie.<\/p><p>Schopenhauer optog buddhistiske motiver fra anden h\u00e5nd og fik derved indflydelse langt ud over den akademiske indologi. I 1900-tallet pr\u00e6ger den theravada-buddhistiske munk Nyanatiloka (Anton Gueth) den tysksprogede Buddha-l\u00e6re gennem systematiske pali-overs\u00e6ttelser. Denne linje virker videre ind i den nutidige akademiske og meditationspraktiske besk\u00e6ftigelse med stoffet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc6968 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ffc6968\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c461c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"73c461c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kilder og videre l\u00e6sning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8545b4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8545b4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Prim\u00e6rkilder: Mahaparinibbana-Sutta (Digha Nikaya 16); Ariyapariyesana-Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26); Dhammacakkappavattana-Sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11); Vinaya-Pitaka, Cullavagga; Lalitavistara; Saddharmapundarika-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I hinduismen og buddhismen en l\u00e6retekst i kort form.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> (Lotus-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I hinduismen og buddhismen en l\u00e6retekst i kort form.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>).<\/p>\n<p>Sekund\u00e6rlitteratur:<\/p><ul><li>Heinz Bechert (red.), \u00abDie Datierung des historischen Buddha\u00bb, 3 bind, G\u00f6ttingen 1991 til 1997.<\/li><li>Hans Wolfgang Schumann, \u00abDer historische Buddha\u00bb, K\u00f6ln 1982.<\/li><li>Klaus-Josef Notz, \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 2002.<\/li><li>Volker Zotz, \u00abGeschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie\u00bb, Reinbek 1996.<\/li><li>Edward Conze, \u00abDer Buddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 1953.<\/li><li>Donald Lopez, \u00abThe Story of Buddhism\u00bb, San Francisco 2001.<\/li><li>Robert Buswell og Donald Lopez, \u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014.<\/li><li>Hermann Oldenberg, \u00abBuddha.<\/li><\/ul><p>Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde\u00bb, Berlin 1881.<\/p><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4c2b84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e4c2b84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff18585 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff18585\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tidlig munkef\u00e6llesskab og skoledannelse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f3a5d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f3a5d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddhas l\u00e6rervirksomhed f\u00f8rte allerede i hans levetid til dannelsen af et forholdsvis heterogent f\u00e6llesskab. Allerede inden for den f\u00f8rste generation efter parinirvanaen tegnede der sig forskellige tolkningspraksisser, som ved det s\u00e5kaldte andet koncil i Vaishali (omkring 100 \u00e5r efter parinirvanaen) f\u00f8rte til en f\u00f8rste spaltning.<\/p><p>Theravadinerne (\u00abde \u00e6ldres l\u00e6rere\u00bb) og Mahasanghikaerne (\u00abdet store f\u00e6llesskab\u00bb) skilte sig, og stridspunkterne omfattede ti disciplin\u00e6re sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l, blandt andet omgangen med penge og tolkningen af Vinaya-reglerne.<\/p><p>Fra Mahasanghikaerne udviklede der sig over flere \u00e5rhundreder de tidlige former for Mahayana, mens Theravada-traditionen is\u00e6r konsoliderede sig i Sri Lanka. Heinz Bechert har i flere afhandlinger vist, at denne tidlige skoledannelse metodisk ber\u00f8rer det vigtigste dateringsproblem i den tidlige buddhistiske historie, da den giver et relativt referencepunkt for Buddhas levetid.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acb2de5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"acb2de5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bc2480 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8bc2480\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ashoka-s\u00f8jlerne som historiske mark\u00f8rer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4773f11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4773f11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Inskriptionerne fra Maurya-kejseren Ashoka (regerede omkring 268 til 232 f\u00f8r vores tidsregning) er de \u00e6ldste ubestridte historiske vidnesbyrd om den buddhistiske historie.<\/p><p>De n\u00e6vner Buddha ved navn, beskriver pilgrimsrejser til hans f\u00f8desteder og l\u00e6resteder, og de dokumenterer den kejserlige st\u00f8tte til Sangha. S\u00f8jlen i Lumbini (Rummindei-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En tekst, der er indridset eller indhugget i en fast b\u00e6rer.\" tabindex=\"0\">inskription<\/span>, 250 f\u00f8r vores tidsregning) markerer f\u00f8destedet.<\/p><p>En anden <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En tekst, der er indridset eller indhugget i en fast b\u00e6rer.\" tabindex=\"0\">inskription<\/span> i Nigali Sagar henviser til en tidligere Buddha ved navn Konagamana, hvilket viser, at Ashoka allerede var interesseret i en Buddha-r\u00e6kke, som Shakyamuni er indlejret i.<\/p><p>Disse inskriptioner er metodisk centrale, fordi de sikkert dokumenterer eksistensen af et organiseret buddhistisk samfund og en Buddha-geografi i det 3. \u00e5rhundrede f\u00f8r vores tidsregning. Dermed er ogs\u00e5 eksistensen af personen Buddha inden denne dato sikret, dog uden at det n\u00f8jagtige levetidsspand derved er fastlagt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c00e2b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c00e2b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66ed5a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66ed5a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddhas l\u00e6re om guderne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55b6ffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55b6ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Et sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l, der ofte er underrepr\u00e6senteret i den moderne forskning, g\u00e6lder Buddhas forhold til gudene (deva) i den vediske tradition. Pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den anerkendte, bindende samling af en religions hellige skrifter.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanon<\/span> fremstiller ikke gudene som ikke-eksisterende, de indordnes snarere i et hierarkisk opbygget kosmos, hvor ogs\u00e5 de er underlagt genf\u00f8dsel og dermed lidelse.<\/p><p>Indra (p\u00e5 pali Sakka), Brahma, de lavere guddomme og v\u00e6senerne i de h\u00f8jere verdener optr\u00e6der flere gange i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den anerkendte, bindende samling af en religions hellige skrifter.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanon<\/span> som samtalepartnere for Buddha.<\/p><p>De er ikke overlegne ham, men anerkender ham som deres l\u00e6rer. Dette forhold er religionsf\u00e6nomenologisk ejendommeligt, buddhismen er hverken ateistisk eller teistisk i den s\u00e6dvanlige betydning. Klaus-Josef Notz har beskrevet denne konstellation i \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb som en \u00abateistisk religion med en gudeverden\u00bb. Guderne har funktioner, men de er ikke de yderste referencepunkter.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3b1717 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a3b1717\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e64bc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1e64bc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vinaya og munkeordenen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dbfa07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5dbfa07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Disciplinreglerne (Vinaya), der ordner munkes og nonners daglige liv, tilskrives Buddha selv. I virkeligheden er Vinaya-Pitaka en samling, der er vokset lagvis, og hvis \u00e6ldste kerne g\u00e5r tilbage til Buddhas l\u00e6revirksomhed. De 227 Patimokkha-regler for munke (311 for nonner) regulerer bekl\u00e6dning, kostindtagelse, boligsituation, seksuel afholdenhed og forholdet til l\u00e6gfolket.<\/p><p>De opl\u00e6ses to gange om m\u00e5neden ved Uposatha-forsamlingen, hvilket sikrer en kontinuerlig bevidsthed om disciplinen. Denne praksis er kontinuerligt dokumenteret siden det 3. \u00e5rhundrede f\u00f8r vores tidsregning og udg\u00f8r dermed en af verdens \u00e6ldste religi\u00f8se disciplinformer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99198a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99198a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3c9f48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3c9f48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De f\u00f8rste koncilier og kodificeringen af l\u00e6ren<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f2749d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f2749d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Umiddelbart efter Parinirvana fandt, if\u00f8lge <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Overleveringen af viden og fort\u00e6llinger gennem generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">overleveringen<\/span>, det f\u00f8rste buddhistiske koncil sted i Rajagriha, indkaldt af Mahakassapa. Ananda reciterede l\u00e6rereglerne (Sutta-Pitaka), Upali disciplinreglerne (Vinaya-Pitaka).<\/p><p>Denne tradition er overleveret i Cullavagga. \u00c9tienne Lamotte (\u00abHistoire du bouddhisme indien\u00bb, Louvain 1958) vurderer koncil-traditionen som en efterf\u00f8lgende legitimeringsfort\u00e6lling, der dog indeholder en historisk plausibel kerne: sikringen af den mundtligt overleverede l\u00e6re gennem standardiserede reciteringer.<\/p><p>Det andet koncil i Vaishali (omkring 380 f\u00f8r vores tidsregning) behandlede ti omstridte disciplinpunkter. Det tredje koncil i Pataliputra under Ashoka (omkring 250 f\u00f8r vores tidsregning) betragtes i Theravada-traditionen som afslutningen p\u00e5 kanoniseringen af Tipitaka.<\/p><p>Mahasanghika-linjen kender ikke denne tredje forsamling i denne form, hvilket allerede i den tidlige fase dokumenterer den skoletypiske historieskrivning.<\/p>\n<p>Den endelige skriftlige fastl\u00e6ggelse af Pali-kanon skete f\u00f8rst p\u00e5 Sri Lanka under kong Vattagamani Abhaya i det 1. \u00e5rhundrede f\u00f8r vores tidsregning. P\u00e5 det fjerde koncil i Aluvihara blev teksterne for f\u00f8rste gang nedskrevet p\u00e5 palmeblade.<\/p><p>Dette skel er religionshistorisk betydningsfuldt, det markerer overgangen fra en ren erindringskultur til en skriftkultur. Indtil da havde specialiserede munkegrupper (bhanaka) overleveret enkelte tekstgrupper udenad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adc2a29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"adc2a29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c6626 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48c6626\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha i sammenligning med samtidige l\u00e6rere<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26118f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26118f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddha levede og virkede i en religi\u00f8st pluralistisk fase, som i Pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den anerkendte, bindende samling af en religions hellige skrifter.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanon<\/span> beskrives som tiden med de \u00abseks andre l\u00e6rere\u00bb. Blandt dem var Mahavira, grundl\u00e6ggeren af jainismen, Makkhali Gosala (Ajivika), Purana Kassapa, Pakudha Kaccayana, Ajita Kesakambali og Sanjaya Belatthiputta. Samannaphala-Sutta (Digha Nikaya 2) giver en sammenlignende fremstilling af deres l\u00e6rdomme.<\/p><p>Forskningen har udnyttet disse kilder for at rekonstruere det \u00e5ndshistoriske profil for Indiens akse-tid. Karl Jaspers henf\u00f8rte denne konstellation i sit v\u00e6rk \u00abVom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte\u00bb (1949) til den globale akse-tid, hvor der samtidig opstod nye filosofiske bev\u00e6gelser i Kina, Indien, Iran og Gr\u00e6kenland.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e6rheden til Mahavira er s\u00e6rligt p\u00e5faldende. Begge l\u00e6rte i samme region, begge rekrutterede tilh\u00e6ngere fra Kshatriya-aristokratiet, begge kritiserede den vediske offerkult. Padmanabh Jaini (\u00abThe Jaina Path of Purification\u00bb, Berkeley 1979) har systematisk udarbejdet ligheder og forskelle.<\/p><p>Mens jainaerne repr\u00e6senterede en strikt askese og en kvasi-materiel karmal\u00e6re, formulerede Buddha en \u00abmellemvej\u00bb mellem sanselig nydelse og selvpinsel og erstattede den substantielle sj\u00e6lel\u00e6re med anatta-princippet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-331b0f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"331b0f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81e52c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"81e52c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De tolv hovedmotiver i Buddha-hagiografien<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-189913c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"189913c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den senere hagiografi kondenserede Buddhas liv til tolv normative hovedbegivenheder, som kaldes \u00abde tolv gerninger\u00bb (mdzad pa bcu gnyis) og is\u00e6r er kodificeret i den tibetanske tradition.<\/p><p>De omfatter nedstigningen fra Tushita-himlen, undfangelsen, f\u00f8dslen, ungdommens kunstf\u00e6rdigheder, gifterm\u00e5let og rigdommen, udrejsen, askesen, sejren over Mara, opn\u00e5elsen af oplysningen, l\u00e6regerningen og parinirvana.<\/p><p>Denne standardisering fandt f\u00f8rst sted i mahayana og vajrayana efter det 7. \u00e5rhundrede efter vores tidsregning. Lalitavistara giver det mest udf\u00f8rlige forl\u00e6g. Steven Collins (\u00abSelfless Persons\u00bb, Cambridge 1982) har vist, at denne kodificering opfylder en religionssociologisk funktion: den skaber et meditativt visualiseringsm\u00f8nster, som kan reproduceres i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den fastlagte ordning af gudsdyrkelsen i et religi\u00f8st samfund.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgien<\/span> og klosterundervisningen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62ba234 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62ba234\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c61e41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c61e41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha som l\u00e6rer for guder og mennesker<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-293d475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"293d475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den anerkendte samling af en religions hellige skrifter, betragtet som bindende.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonen<\/span> b\u00e6rer Buddha titlen \u00absatthadevamanussanam\u00bb, \u00abl\u00e6rer for guder og mennesker\u00bb. Denne titel afspejler den oplystes kosmologiske position inden for den indiske model med seks verdener (guder, halvguder, mennesker, dyr, hungrende \u00e5nder, helvedesv\u00e6sener). B\u00e5de Indra (Sakka), Brahma Sahampati og lavere guddomme betragtes som Buddhas elever.<\/p><p>Denne hierarkisering tjener ikke som polemik mod den vediske gudehimmel, men som en indlemmelse af den i det buddhistiske skema. Lambert Schmithausen (\u00abBuddhism and Nature\u00bb, Tokyo 1991) peger p\u00e5 den \u00abinklusivisme\u00bb-strategi, som var typisk for den tidlige indiske religi\u00f8se konkurrence.<\/p><p>Ogs\u00e5 Mara, den fristende antagonist under bodhi-tr\u00e6et, l\u00e6ses ikke som et ontologisk ondt v\u00e6sen, men som en psykisk-kosmisk personifikation af fastl\u00e5sthed i tilblivelsen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a752db3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a752db3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-342dca2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"342dca2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddhas d\u00f8d og sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let om Cunda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c68b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c68b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahaparinibbana-sutraen fort\u00e6ller, at Buddha kort f\u00f8r sin d\u00f8d indtog et m\u00e5ltid hos smeden Cunda, der kaldes \u00absukara-maddava\u00bb.<\/p><p>Overs\u00e6ttelsen er omdiskuteret: \u00abm\u00f8rt svinek\u00f8d\u00bb (Rhys Davids), \u00absvampe, som svin graver op\u00bb (Walpola Rahula), \u00abunge bambusskud\u00bb. Forskningen er enig om, at Buddha efter dette m\u00e5ltid fik en alvorlig mavekrise, sandsynligvis en bakteriel madforgiftning eller en episode med mesenterialinfarkt.<\/p><p>Buddha forsvarede offentligt Cunda ved at sige, at gavem\u00e5ltidet forud for en oplysning og m\u00e5ltidet forud for parinirvana var de to h\u00f8jeste fortjenester.<\/p><p>Denne gestus har vakt stor opm\u00e6rksomhed i forskningen, fordi den symbolsk forskyder ansvaret for l\u00e6rerens d\u00f8d og letter skyldssp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let. Hellmuth Hecker har i flere artikler om Cunda udarbejdet det medicinske og religionsf\u00e6nomenologiske aspekt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9283984 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9283984\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-220b27b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"220b27b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ofte stillede sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a83b72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a83b72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Hvorn\u00e5r levede den historiske Buddha?<\/strong> Den \u00e6ldre forskning daterede ham til 563 til 483 f\u00f8r vores tidsregning.<\/p><p>Heinz Becherts unders\u00f8gelser har vist, at den \u00abkorte kronologi\u00bb med levetidsdata omkring 480 til 400 f\u00f8r vores tidsregning passer bedre til kildematerialet. Den internationale forskning h\u00e6lder i dag mod et d\u00f8ds\u00e5r mellem 410 og 380 f\u00f8r vores tidsregning.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hvor er Buddha f\u00f8dt?<\/strong> I Lumbini i det nuv\u00e6rende sydlige Nepal. Stedet er navngivet ved hj\u00e6lp af en Ashoka-s\u00f8jle fra det 3. \u00e5rhundrede f\u00f8r vores tidsregning.<\/p>\n<p>Hvad er forskellen mellem den historiske Buddha og Buddha inden for mahayana? I theravada-buddhismen er Shakyamuni denne verdensalders historiske l\u00e6rer. I mahayana er han \u00e9n af mange manifestationer af et kosmisk opfattet Buddha-princip. Begge opfattelser eksisterer side om side og diskuteres separat i den videnskabelige forskning.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hvilket sprog talte Buddha?<\/strong> Med stor sandsynlighed et oldindoarisk folkesprog, sandsynligvis n\u00e6rt besl\u00e6gtet med nutidens magadhi. Pali, som den \u00e6ldste <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den anerkendte samling af en religions hellige skrifter, betragtet som bindende.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanon<\/span> er overleveret i, er en litter\u00e6rt udj\u00e6vnet form, der ikke er identisk med, men besl\u00e6gtet med magadhi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3273,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Buddha Gautama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Buddha Gautama \u2013 buddhismens grundl\u00e6gger | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Siddhartha Gautama, den historiske Buddha, buddhismens grundl\u00e6gger, de fire \u00e6dle sandheder og den ottefoldige vej. 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