{"id":138330,"date":"2026-09-03T07:08:47","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T07:08:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=138330"},"modified":"2026-09-03T07:57:39","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T07:57:39","slug":"tupilak-kunstig-haevngeist-groenlandske-inuitter","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/tupilak-kunstig-haevngeist-groenlandske-inuitter\/","title":{"rendered":"Tupilak &#8211; Kunstigt h\u00e6vngeist fra de gr\u00f8nlandske inuitter"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"138330\" class=\"elementor elementor-138330 elementor-2657 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tupilak - Kunstigt fremstillet h\u00e6vngeist fra den gr\u00f8nlandske tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilak er i den gr\u00f8nlandske inuit-tradition et kunstigt fremstillet v\u00e6sen, sammensat af dyre- og menneskerester og m\u00e5lrettet indsat af en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f8s specialist, som tilskrives evnen til at formidle mellem mennesker og \u00e5ndeverdenen.\" tabindex=\"0\">shaman<\/span> for at skade eller dr\u00e6be en fjende. I dag er begrebet is\u00e6r kendt internationalt som en udsk\u00e5ret figur af knogle eller sten. Religionsvidenskabeligt h\u00f8rer det til den sj\u00e6ldne klasse af fremstillede aggressionsgeister.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Geist fra traditionen Inuit.\">Geist<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138244\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologi fra traditionen Inuit.\">Inuit<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kunstig skadegeist.\">Kunstig skadegeist<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Der blev ikke fundet nogen overskrifter p\\u00e5 denne side.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tIndholdsfortegnelse\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-140103\" alt=\"Tupilak - \u00e5nder fra inuit-traditionen, historisk-illustrativt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Indordning og kort profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilak h\u00f8rer i den religionsvidenskabelige klassifikation til den sj\u00e6ldne gruppe af fremstillede \u00e5ndev\u00e6sener.<\/p><p>I mods\u00e6tning til <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138327\">Sedna<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138328\">Sila<\/a> eller <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138329\">Tornarssuk<\/a>, der betragtes som givne kosmiske eller hj\u00e6lpende magter, er tupilaken et bevidst fremstillet konstrukt, der tjener et konkret form\u00e5l: at skade en fjende. Denne konstruktive dimension adskiller den fundamentalt fra alle andre opslag i det inuitiske pantheon.<\/p><p>Kilderne til tupilaken koncentrerer sig om Gr\u00f8nland, is\u00e6r \u00f8stkysten og Diskobugten, og str\u00e6kker sig fra 1700-tallet hos Hans Egede over Henrik Rink i 1800-tallet til William Thalbitzer og Robert Petersen i 1900-tallet.<\/p><p>Ogs\u00e5 i den centrale canadiske arktis findes besl\u00e6gtede begreber som <em>tupilaq<\/em> eller <em>tuurngaq qungasiq<\/em>, dog med til dels afvigende betydning. Denne regionale specificitet er videnskabeligt oplysende.<\/p><p>I dag findes tupilaken i to lag parallelt: som et historisk begreb om et faktisk fremstillet og magisk levendegjort skadev\u00e6sen, og som betegnelse for de udsk\u00e5rne figurer af hvalrostand, rensdyrgevir og knogle, der siden 1880&#8217;erne er udviklet som en gr\u00f8nlandsk kunsth\u00e5ndv\u00e6rksform. Denne dobbelthed g\u00f8r enhver diskussion om tupilaken metodisk kr\u00e6vende og fordrer omhyggelig differentiering.<\/p><p>Hvad tupilaken ang\u00e5r, har nyere forskning udvidet sine metodiske redskaber og forbinder etnografisk n\u00f8jagtighed, sproglig kildekritik og komparativ perspektiv med hinanden. Denne forfinelse er her s\u00e6rligt n\u00f8dvendig, fordi \u00e6ldre vestlige fremstillinger ofte sensationaliserede det kunstigt fremstillede skadev\u00e6sen; det inuitiske videnssamfund, som i dag selv deltager i forskningen, korrigerer s\u00e5danne til dels kolonialt pr\u00e6gede tilskrivninger.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etymologi og ordhistorie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etymologisk stammer <em>tupilak<\/em> eller <em>tupilaq<\/em> fra stammen <em>tupi-<\/em>, som i flere inuitiske sprog betyder forfader eller sj\u00e6len af en d\u00f8d. Tupilak ville dermed ordret betyde noget som forfaderskikkelse eller \u00e5ndeskabning. Robert Petersen har i sine sproghistoriske studier udarbejdet sl\u00e6gtskabet med begreber for <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et ulegemligt v\u00e6sen, som tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nd<\/span> af en afd\u00f8d og dermed etableret en sproglig bro til inuitternes d\u00f8deverden.<\/p><p>I det gr\u00f8nlandske sprog findes ogs\u00e5 flertalsformen <em>tupilait<\/em>, som betegner m\u00e6ngden af disse v\u00e6sener. I moderne sprogbrug er betydningen udvidet og overs\u00e6ttes ofte med skr\u00e6mmeskikkelse eller ond <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et ulegemligt v\u00e6sen, som tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nd<\/span>, hvilket forkorter den oprindelige betydning og lader den specifikke konstruktionsdimension g\u00e5 tabt. Videnskabeligt m\u00e5 denne forkortning behandles kritisk.<\/p><p>Det er v\u00e6rd at bem\u00e6rke, at tupilaken etymologisk ikke er negativt konnoteret. Den negative vurdering udspringer af funktionen, ikke af selve ordet.<\/p><p>En tupilak er ikke ondskabsfuld af natur, men bliver indsat til aggression. Denne etiske neutralitet i selve ordet er videnskabeligt interessant, fordi den viser, at den moralske bed\u00f8mmelse f\u00f8rst opst\u00e5r gennem den intentionelle brug.<\/p><p>Desuden er det religionssociologiske blik p\u00e5 den rolle, tupilaken spillede i den sociale orden i det traditionelle inuit-samfund, v\u00e6rd at uddybe.<\/p><p>Da et s\u00e5dant v\u00e6sen blev rettet m\u00e5lrettet mod en fjende, kan man s\u00e6rligt tydeligt afl\u00e6se af det, at den religi\u00f8se struktur ikke var l\u00f8srevet fra den samfundsm\u00e6ssige praksis, men t\u00e6t sammenflettet med den. Denne sammenfletning udg\u00f8r et selvst\u00e6ndigt religionsantropologisk forskningsfelt, som is\u00e6r Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Laugrand og Jarich Oosten har bearbejdet systematisk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fremstilling i den traditionelle praksis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De etnografiske kilder, is\u00e6r hos Henrik Rink og William Thalbitzer, beskriver fremstillingen af en tupilak i detaljer. En <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f8s specialist, som formidlingen mellem mennesker og \u00e5ndeverdenen tilskrives.\" tabindex=\"0\">shaman<\/span>, der \u00f8nskede at skade en fjende, indsamlede i hemmelighed bestanddele: knogler fra forskellige dyr, h\u00e5r, sener, undertiden stykker af lig eller af fjendens egen bekl\u00e6dning.<\/p><p>Disse bestanddele blev samlet til en figur p\u00e5 et afsides sted, ofte ved en klippespalte eller hule.<\/p><p>Over figuren blev der udf\u00f8rt sange og besv\u00e6rgelser. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f8s specialist, som formidlingen mellem mennesker og \u00e5ndeverdenen tilskrives.\" tabindex=\"0\">Shamanen<\/span> diede v\u00e6senet fra sin armhule eller sit sk\u00f8d og overf\u00f8rte livskraft til det. Derefter blev figuren sluppet fri i vandet eller sneen for at ops\u00f8ge og dr\u00e6be fjenden.<\/p><p>Var fjenden selv en m\u00e6gtig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f8s specialist, som formidlingen mellem mennesker og \u00e5ndeverdenen tilskrives.\" tabindex=\"0\">shaman<\/span>, kunne han afv\u00e6bne tupilakken eller endda vende den mod dens skaber, hvilket gav praksissen en betydelig risiko.<\/p><p>Videnskabeligt er denne praksis interessant, fordi den hviler p\u00e5 en teori om besj\u00e6ling af uorganiske og organiske rester, som er sammenv\u00e6vet med den shamanistiske l\u00e6re om hj\u00e6lpe\u00e5nder. Tupilakken er en form for konstruktiv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praksisser, der gennem bestemte handlinger eller formler fors\u00f8ger at gribe ind i tingenes gang.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi<\/span>, som i den inuitiske kosmos b\u00e5de er tilladt og etisk belastet. Religionsf\u00e6nomenologisk set drejer det sig om en blandingsform af konstruktionsmagi og <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et legeml\u00f8st v\u00e6sen, som tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nde<\/span>besj\u00e6ling.<\/p><p>Selve fremstillingen var en farlig handling. Den, der blev afsl\u00f8ret, risikerede social udst\u00f8delse, h\u00e6vn fra fjendens familie eller d\u00f8d ved sin egen tupilak. Denne risikostruktur stabiliserede den sociale orden og gjorde brugen af tupilakker til en undtagelse snarere end reglen, selvom fort\u00e6llingerne giver indtryk af en hyppigere praksis.<\/p><p>Sammenlignet med andre shamanistiske praksisser hos inuitterne er fremstillingen af tupilakker beskrevet us\u00e6dvanligt detaljeret, fordi den blev betragtet som en farlig anomali, hvilket vakte etnografernes s\u00e6rlige interesse hos deres informanter. Denne forskydning i kildematerialet m\u00e5 reflekteres videnskabeligt, da den muligvis g\u00f8r tupilak-praksissen st\u00f8rre i vores opfattelse, end den reelt var.<\/p><p>I den sammenlignende <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Videnskaben, der udforsker religioner sammenlignende og uden trosbinding.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionsvidenskab<\/span> l\u00e6ses tupilakken som en del af den cirkumpolare religi\u00f8se topografi, der genfindes i en forbl\u00f8ffende stabil struktur over tusindvis af kilometer. Denne strukturelle stabilitet betragtes religionsf\u00e6nomenologisk som et af fagets mest bem\u00e6rkelsesv\u00e6rdige fund og diskuteres fortsat kontroversielt i dag.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apotrop\u00e6iske modpraksisser<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mod tupilakken fandtes et etableret repertoire af apotrop\u00e6iske praksisser. Den, der anede, at en tupilak var p\u00e5 vej mod ham, s\u00f8gte en shaman, som med hj\u00e6lp fra sine tornait, alts\u00e5 sine hj\u00e6lpe\u00e5nder, kunne opfange, identificere og sende tupilakken tilbage.<\/p><p>Var tupilakken vendt tilbage mod sin skaber, bragte den ham den tilt\u00e6nkte d\u00f8d. Denne reciprocitet udg\u00f8r religionsf\u00e6nomenologisk et eget m\u00f8nster.<\/p><p>Andre beskyttelsespraksisser bestod i at b\u00e6re apotrop\u00e6iske amuletter, i at lukke iglu-indgangene med bestemte ritualer og i at f\u00f8lge de almindelige tabu-regler, hvis overholdelse skulle sv\u00e6kke tupilakken. Effektiviteten af disse midler var et centralt tros- og erfaringstema, som behandles udf\u00f8rligt i den gr\u00f8nlandske fort\u00e6lletradition og udg\u00f8r en betydelig del af det orale korpus.<\/p><p>Videnskabeligt er det bem\u00e6rkelsesv\u00e6rdigt, at tupilak-praksissen har skabt b\u00e5de trusler- og beskyttelsesdiskurser. Muligheden for en aggressiv brug \u00f8gede shamanernes sociale betydning som beskyttelsesinstans og stabiliserede samtidig den sociale orden, fordi \u00e5benlyse konflikter tenderede mod at blive undg\u00e5et. Denne samfundspolitiske funktion af tupilak-truslen er religionssociologisk et selvst\u00e6ndigt forskningsomr\u00e5de.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologiske og legendariske tupilak-fort\u00e6llinger<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den \u00f8stgr\u00f8nlandske fort\u00e6lletradition kender talrige tupilak-fort\u00e6llinger, hvor en tupilak vender sig mod sin skaber, fordi den udvalgte fjende var for st\u00e6rk. En kendt fort\u00e6lling handler om en shaman, der sendte en tupilak mod en konkurrent, som imidlertid opdagede dens kraft, afv\u00e6rgede den og sendte den tilbage til afsenderen. Skaberen d\u00f8de derefter i sin egen iglo.<\/p><p>Andre fort\u00e6llinger handler om tupilaker, der ved en fejl rammer uskyldige, eller om tupilaker, der ikke l\u00e6ngere kan kontrolleres af deres skaber og vandrer som skadelige \u00e5nder gennem tundraen.<\/p><p>Disse fort\u00e6llinger er ikke blot underholdende, men fungerer som etiske advarsler: Den, der fremstiller tupilaker, s\u00e6tter sit eget liv p\u00e5 spil. Fort\u00e6llingernes didaktiske dimension er et selvst\u00e6ndigt tema inden for religionsp\u00e6dagogikken.<\/p><p>Tupilak-fort\u00e6llingerne er rigt dokumenteret i de store gr\u00f8nlandske samlinger, blandt andet hos Henrik Rink og Mathias Storch. De udg\u00f8r en selvst\u00e6ndig genre inden for den inuitiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den overleverede folkekultur med skikke, fort\u00e6llinger og sange.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span> og er et vigtigt kildekorpus for den videnskabelige rekonstruktion af den traditionelle shamanpraksis og dens etiske diskurs.<\/p><p>En specifik undergruppe af fort\u00e6llingerne handler om tupilaker, der beskrives som dyre-hybrider og bev\u00e6ger sig i gr\u00e6nselandet mellem dyr og <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et legeml\u00f8st v\u00e6sen, som tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nd<\/span>.<\/p><p>Denne hybridkarakter hos tupilakerne er et selvst\u00e6ndigt f\u00e6nomen religionsf\u00e6nomenologisk set og forbinder tupilak-forestillingen med inuitternes almene transformations<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den videnskabelige l\u00e6re om Gud og en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span>, hvor gr\u00e6nserne mellem menneske, dyr og <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et legeml\u00f8st v\u00e6sen, som tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nd<\/span> er flydende. Her ligger et selvst\u00e6ndigt forskningssp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l om konstruktionen af hybride v\u00e6sener.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fra skade\u00e5nd til udsk\u00e5ret figur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En betydningsfuld transformation af tupilak-begrebet begyndte i 1880&#8217;erne i \u00d8stgr\u00f8nland. Europ\u00e6iske bes\u00f8gende spurgte shamanerne, hvordan tupilakerne s\u00e5 ud. Da de egentlige tupilaker var usynlige eller amorfe og gik i opl\u00f8sning umiddelbart efter deres opgave var udf\u00f8rt, skar shamanerne modeller i hvalrostand, rensdyrhorn og senere sten. Disse modeller var demonstrationsobjekter, ikke magisk virksomme tupilaker.<\/p><p>Ud af disse modeller udviklede der sig en selvst\u00e6ndig kunsth\u00e5ndv\u00e6rkstradition. Nutidens gr\u00f8nlandske tupilak-udsk\u00e6ringer viser forvredne, hybride v\u00e6sener med menneskelige, dyriske og fantastiske tr\u00e6k. De er en betydelig \u00f8konomisk faktor for Gr\u00f8nland og findes i enhver turisthandel. Den \u00e6stetiske mangfoldighed er stor og afspejler den enkelte udsk\u00e6rers individuelle kreativitet.<\/p><p>Videnskabeligt set er denne transformation et l\u00e6rebogseksempel p\u00e5 profaniseringen af en religi\u00f8s kategori. Tupilaken som \u00e5ndev\u00e6sen er stort set forsvundet fra forestillingsverdenen, mens tupilaken som udsk\u00e5ret figur er verdenskendt. De to lag skal holdes klart adskilt, hvis man vil forst\u00e5 inuitternes religion. Denne forskel bliver ogs\u00e5 i dag udtrykkeligt formidlet i gr\u00f8nlandske skoler og museer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tupilak i sammenligning med andre skadev\u00e6sener<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I videnskabelig sammenligning h\u00f8rer tupilaken til kategorien af konstruerede aggressions\u00e5nder, som findes belagt i mange kulturer. Strukturelt besl\u00e6gtede er den hebraiske golem, den javanesiske <em>tuju<\/em>, det haitianske <em>zonbi<\/em>-kompleks og p\u00e5 sin vis ogs\u00e5 den <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Perioden for den gr\u00e6ske og romerske kultur, ca. 800 f.Kr. til 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antikke<\/span> <em>katadesmos<\/em>-forbandelsestavle. F\u00e6lles for dem alle er den m\u00e5lrettede materielle konstruktion af et virksomt v\u00e6sen.<\/p><p>Inden for det cirkumpolare omr\u00e5de findes der paralleller i den tsjuktsjiske og yupikiske tradition, som ogs\u00e5 kender fremstillede aggressions\u00e5nder, dog med andre materielle og rituelle s\u00e6rtr\u00e6k. Hos <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138246\">samerne<\/a> svarer tupilaken strukturelt til de udsk\u00e5rne \u00e5ndev\u00e6sener, som spillede en rolle i den samiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f8st system, hvor specialister har forbindelse med \u00e5ndeverdenen.\" tabindex=\"0\">shamanisme<\/span>, uden at man kan g\u00e5 ud fra et direkte historisk sl\u00e6gtskab.<\/p><p>Tupilak-praksissen skiller sig fra vestlige forestillinger om sort <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praksisser, der gennem s\u00e6rlige handlinger eller formularer fors\u00f8ger at gribe ind i tingenes gang.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi<\/span> ved, at den ikke prim\u00e6rt er etisk ford\u00f8mt. Den er risikabel, men inden for det inuitiske v\u00e6rdisystem en legitim, om end farlig, mulighed i en konfliktsituation. Denne etiske position g\u00f8r tupilak-praksissen religionsfilosofisk interessant og skiller den klart fra kristent-moralsk pr\u00e6gede forestillinger om skadelig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praksisser, der gennem s\u00e6rlige handlinger eller formularer fors\u00f8ger at gribe ind i tingenes gang.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi<\/span>.<\/p><p>Der kan desuden peges p\u00e5 en parallel til de mesopotamiske Lamashtu-besv\u00e6rgelser, hvor man ligeledes finder en kombination af skadekonstruktion og apotrop\u00e6isk praksis, uden at der beh\u00f8ver antages nogen historisk forbindelse.<\/p><p>Disse strukturelle analogier udg\u00f8r et eget forskningsfelt i den videnskabelige diskussion om de universelle m\u00f8nstre i skademagi og er et vidnesbyrd om den strukturelle konstans i s\u00e5danne praksisser tv\u00e6rs over kulturer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mission, forbud og erindring<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Med den mission, som Hans Egede p\u00e5begyndte i Vestgr\u00f8nland i 1721, og som de m\u00e4hriske og dansk-lutherske kirker fortsatte, kom Tupilak-praksissen under stort pres. Den blev betragtet som dj\u00e6velsk, var kirkeligt forbudt og blev socialt ford\u00f8mt. I \u00d8stgr\u00f8nland, der f\u00f8rst blev intensivt missioneret i slutningen af 1800-tallet, holdt praksissen sig l\u00e6ngst.<\/p><p>Videnskabeligt er det sv\u00e6rt at datere den n\u00f8jagtige forsvinden af den \u00e6gte Tupilak-fremstilling. William Thalbitzer beretter i 1923 stadig om personer, der i deres ungdom havde fremstillet tupilakker eller i hvert fald h\u00e6vdede at have gjort det. I anden halvdel af 1900-tallet overlever tupilakken kun i udsk\u00e6ringskunsten og i den fort\u00e6llende litteratur.<\/p><p>I skoleb\u00f8ger og museer i Gr\u00f8nland formidles Tupilak-traditionen i dag med didaktisk omhu. Forskellen mellem historisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktikker, der ved hj\u00e6lp af s\u00e6rlige handlinger eller formularer fors\u00f8ger at gribe ind i tingenes gang.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi<\/span> og nutidig kunst markeres udtrykkeligt for at forebygge misforst\u00e5elser. Denne p\u00e6dagogiske praksis er religionsdidaktisk et selvst\u00e6ndigt forskningsfelt og et eksempel p\u00e5 formidlingen af en kolonialt transformeret religionshistorie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nutidig forskning og reception<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aktuel forskning om tupilakken finder f\u00f8rst og fremmest sted i Gr\u00f8nland selv, blandt andet p\u00e5 Greenland National Museum and Archives i Nuuk og p\u00e5 de etnologiske institutter ved de danske universiteter. Robert Petersen, Birgitte Sonne og Jens Rosing har fremlagt grundl\u00e6ggende studier af Tupilak-praksissen og dens billedhistorie, som er anerkendt i den internationale forskningsdiskurs.<\/p><p>Den internationale reception er delt. Mens den videnskabelige faglitteratur behandler tupilakken som en historisk-ritual kategori, dominerer i popul\u00e6rkulturen brugen som et esoterisk eller dekorativt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tilbagevendende indholdselement i kunst eller fort\u00e6lling.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span>. Denne uoverensstemmelse er genstand for egen videnskabelig reflektion om kolonial tilegnelse af indf\u00f8dte religioner og den etiske problematik ved s\u00e5danne tilegnelser.<\/p><p>Inden for den inuitiske diaspora er tupilakken forblevet et identitetssymbol, uden at den revitaliseres som magisk praksis. Denne dobbelthed, at bevare <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tegn, der repr\u00e6senterer en forestilling eller betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolet<\/span>, men bevidst lade praksissen bag sig, er videnskabeligt oplysende og viser den selektive tilegnelse af traditionelle koncepter i den moderne indf\u00f8dte identitetsdannelse.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leksikonhenvisninger<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Besl\u00e6gtede er opslagene <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138329\">Tornarssuk<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138327\">Sedna<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138328\">Sila<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138331\">Anguta<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138333\">Nanook<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138332\">Pinga<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138334\">Igaluk<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138335\">Malina<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138336\">Qailertetang<\/a>. Kulturhubben <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138244\">Inuit-tradition<\/a> rammer religionshistorien ind. Strukturelt lignende konstruktions\u00e5nder findes i den <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138246\">samiske<\/a> opslagsserie og i talrige andre traditioner verden over.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp214d8673 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp214d8673\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27e4a4b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27e4a4b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fremstillingen af tupilakken i overleveringen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24166b60 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24166b60\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b59f5ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2b59f5ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilakken er i den gr\u00f8nlandske inuit-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Overleveringen af viden og fort\u00e6llinger gennem generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">overlevering<\/span> ikke et f\u00f8dt v\u00e6sen, men et fremstillet.<\/p><p>If\u00f8lge beskrivelserne, der blandt andet stammer fra optegnelserne fra Den Femte Thule-ekspedition under Knud Rasmussen og fra \u00e6ldre rejseberetninger, fremstillede en person, der ville skade en anden, skabningen i hemmelighed af forskellige materialer. Der blev brugt knogler, dyredele, stykker af skind, sener og til tider ogs\u00e5 noget fra kroppen af et barn eller en afd\u00f8d.<\/p><p>Disse bestanddele blev sat sammen til en lille, ofte forml\u00f8s figur. Gennem sange, besv\u00e6rgelser og efter nogle beretninger ved kontakt med skaberens egen krop blev der indbl\u00e6st liv i figuren. Tupilakken var dermed et redskab til skadelig magi: Den blev sendt ud i havet for at ops\u00f8ge og dr\u00e6be et bestemt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gave til en gud for at udtrykke tak, b\u00f8n eller tilbedelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">offer<\/span>.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Overleveringen af viden og fort\u00e6llinger gennem generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">Overleveringen<\/span> betoner dog, at tupilakken var farlig for sin egen skaber. Hvis det tilsigtede <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gave til en gud for at udtrykke tak, b\u00f8n eller tilbedelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">offer<\/span> havde st\u00e6rkere overnaturlige kr\u00e6fter eller selv var en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f8s specialist, der tilskrives formidlingen mellem mennesker og \u00e5ndeverdenen.\" tabindex=\"0\">shaman<\/span>, kunne det afv\u00e6rge tupilakken og sende den tilbage. Den tilbagevendende tupilak dr\u00e6bte da den, der havde fremstillet den.<\/p><p>Fremstillingen blev derfor betragtet som en yderst risikabel og socialt ford\u00f8mt handling. Kilderne til disse forestillinger er gennemg\u00e5ende optegnelser udefra, samlet af ekspeditionsdeltagere, pr\u00e6ster og rejsende, og de vedr\u00f8rer f\u00f8rst og fremmest \u00d8st- og Vestgr\u00f8nland. En enhedlig praksis for hele inuit-verdenen kan ikke udledes heraf.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp209c5ae5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp209c5ae5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a926e7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a926e7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De udsk\u00e5rne Tupilak-figurer og det koloniale kunstmarked<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e82f2d5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e82f2d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29b0254c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp29b0254c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De i dag mest kendte tupilak-objekter er sm\u00e5 udsk\u00e5rne figurer af tand, ben, gevir eller tr\u00e6, som fremstiller grotesk sammensatte sk\u00e6mt- og blandingsskikkelser. Disse figurer er dog ikke identiske med de skadevoldende v\u00e6sener, der beskrives i den <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Videregivelsen af viden og fort\u00e6llinger gennem generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">overleveringen<\/span>. De oprindelige tupilak var skjulte, hemmeligt fremstillede objekter, som ingen skulle se, og som ikke blev opbevaret efter brug.<\/p><p>De udsk\u00e5rne figurer opstod f\u00f8rst i m\u00f8det med europ\u00e6ere. Rejsende, mission\u00e6rer og senere turister ville vide, hvordan en tupilak s\u00e5 ud, og gr\u00f8nl\u00e6ndere skabte derfor synlige afbildninger af det, der indtil da kun havde eksisteret som en forestilling.<\/p><p>Ud af dette m\u00f8de udviklede der sig fra slutningen af det 19. og is\u00e6r i det 20. \u00e5rhundrede en selvst\u00e6ndig udsk\u00e6ringskunst, is\u00e6r i \u00d8stgr\u00f8nland omkring Ammassalik. Tupilak-figurerne blev en fast del af det gr\u00f8nlandske kunsth\u00e5ndv\u00e6rk og fremstilles stadig i dag.<\/p><p>For forskningen er denne udvikling et l\u00e6rerigt eksempel p\u00e5 kolonialt pr\u00e6get objekthistorie. Det, der i museer og samlinger findes som tupilak, er for det meste et produkt af kontakttiden, ikke et vidnesbyrd om f\u00f8rkolonial ritualpraksis. Etnologer som William Thalbitzer, der unders\u00f8gte \u00d8stgr\u00f8nland i begyndelsen af det 20. \u00e5rhundrede, har tidligt p\u00e5peget forskellen mellem det overleverede begreb og den synlige figur.<\/p><p>De udsk\u00e5rne tupilak er dog ikke blot forfalskninger, men en selvst\u00e6ndig kunstnerisk tradition, der har overf\u00f8rt det gamle begreb til en ny, materiel form. Ved enhver udsagn om tupilak-objekter er det derfor vigtigt at skelne mellem, om der er tale om den overleverede forestilling eller om udsk\u00e6ringskunsten.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur (udvalg)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Henrik Rink: <em>Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo<\/em> (Edinburgh 1875)<\/li><li>William Thalbitzer: <em>The Ammassalik Eskimo<\/em> (K\u00f8benhavn 1914-1923)<\/li><li>Robert Petersen: <em>Carved Greenlandic Figures<\/em> (Nuuk 1991)<\/li><li>Birgitte Sonne: <em>Heaven Negotiated. Hell Imagined<\/em> (K\u00f8benhavn 2017)<\/li><li>Jens Rosing: <em>Sagn og saga fra Angmagssalik<\/em> (K\u00f8benhavn 1963)<\/li><li>Hans Egede: <em>Det gamle Gr\u00f8nlands nye Perlustration<\/em> (K\u00f8benhavn 1741)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-tupilak e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-tupilak\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-tupilak-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-tupilak-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilakken betragtes i den gr\u00f8nlandske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Videregivelsen af viden og fort\u00e6llinger gennem generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">overleveringen<\/span> som en kunstigt fremstillet <strong>h\u00e6vngeist<\/strong>, som en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f8s specialist, som tilskrives formidlingen mellem mennesker og \u00e5ndeverdenen.\" tabindex=\"0\">shaman<\/span> eller angakkoq formede af knogler, dyrerester og skind for at ramme en bestemt fjende.<\/p><p>Som en m\u00e5lrettet frembragt h\u00e6vngeist adskiller tupilakken sig fra frit omvandrende \u00e5ndev\u00e6sener i inuit-traditionen, fordi den er rettet mod en konkret person og, if\u00f8lge kilderne, kan vende sig mod sin egen skaber, hvis det angrebne m\u00e5l er bedre beskyttet end forventet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Relaterede n\u00f8glebegreber: Tupilak Tupilaq Tupilait Skadegeist Udsk\u00e5ret figur \u00d8stgr\u00f8nland Hvaltand Thalbitzer.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tupilak\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard og beskyttelsestraditioner<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard knytter sig til den kulturhistoriske tradition for b\u00e6rbare beskyttelsesobjekter, i traditionen fra <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138244\">inuitterne<\/a> og mange andre kulturer verden over. 41 lag, \u00e6gte guld, platin, s\u00f8lv, fremstillet i Tyskland. 30 dages returret.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mere om iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mere om iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Personlige erfaringer kan variere. Ikke et medicinsk produkt. Intet helbredelsesl\u00f8fte.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard er <strong>ikke et medicinsk produkt<\/strong> og erstatter ikke l\u00e6ge- eller psykoterapeutisk behandling. De religionsvidenskabelige indhold er en kulturhistorisk indplacering, ikke en anbefaling af spirituel praksis.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2881,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tupilak Inuit h\u00e6vngeist","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tupilak - H\u00e6vngeist og udsk\u00e5ret figur hos inuitterne","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tupilak er den kunstigt fremstillede h\u00e6vngeist hos de gr\u00f8nlandske inuitter, senere en udsk\u00e5ret figur. 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