{"id":138299,"date":"2026-09-03T07:08:21","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T07:08:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=138299"},"modified":"2026-09-03T07:56:43","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T07:56:43","slug":"melqart-bygud-tyrus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/melqart-bygud-tyrus\/","title":{"rendered":"Melqart \u2013 bygud i Tyrus"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"138299\" class=\"elementor elementor-138299 elementor-2626 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Melqart, f\u00f8nikisk bygud i Tyrus og f\u00f8nikernes 'Herakles'<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melqart (f\u00f8nikisk <em>mlqrt<\/em>, ordret &#8216;byens konge&#8217;) er den \u00f8verste bygud i Tyrus og en af de vigtigste f\u00f8nikiske guder overhovedet. Han blev af gr\u00e6kerne identificeret med Herakles (&#8216;Herakles-Melqart&#8217;) og blev vidt tilbedt i den hellenistisk-romerske verden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gud i den f\u00f8nikiske tradition.\">Gud<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138242\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologi i den f\u00f8nikiske tradition.\">F\u00f8nikisk<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bygud.\">Bygud<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Der blev ikke fundet nogen overskrifter p\\u00e5 denne side.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tIndholdsfortegnelse\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-melqart-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-melqart-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-melqart-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-140134\" alt=\"Melqart \u2013 guder fra den f\u00f8nikiske tradition, historisk-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_melqart.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Indordning og kort profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melqart er hovedguden i den f\u00f8nikiske moderby Tyrus og indtager dermed en central position i den mediterrane religionshistorie.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet har i sin monografi <em>Melqart<\/em> (1988) fremlagt den mest omfattende unders\u00f8gelse af denne gud; hun viser, at Melqart samtidig var bygud, kongelig beskyttelsesgud, heros og en ktonisk, genopst\u00e5ende gud. Inden for <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138242\">den f\u00f8nikiske tradition<\/a> er han den centrale mandlige hovedgud i den tyriske tradition.<\/p><p>Hans <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede religi\u00f8se dyrkelse af en gudeskikkelse eller hellig figur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> blev udbredt sammen med de tyriske kolonier over hele Middelhavet. I Gades (nutidens C\u00e1diz, Spanien) l\u00e5 det vigtigste Melqart-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En bygning, der tjener til dyrkelse af en eller flere guddomme.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span> vest for Tyrus selv; han var ogs\u00e5 til stede i Karthago. Maria Eugenia Aubet har i <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001) dokumenteret den mediterrane udbredelse i detaljer.<\/p><p>Religionshistorisk repr\u00e6senterer Melqart typen af by- og kongegud, som \u00e5rligt fornys s\u00e6sonm\u00e6ssigt gennem en &#8216;opv\u00e6kkelse&#8217; (<em>egersis<\/em>) om for\u00e5ret. Denne opv\u00e6kkelsesfest er et af de karakteristiske religionshistoriske kendetegn ved Melqart og adskiller ham fra andre bygudeskikkelser. Forbindelsen til den gr\u00e6ske Herakles opstod p\u00e5 grund af funktionelle ligheder og intensive gr\u00e6sk-f\u00f8nikiske kontakter fra det 8. \u00e5rhundrede f.Kr.<\/p><p>Et markant kendetegn ved Melqart er den t\u00e6tte sammenkobling med det tyriske kongehus: Kongen af Tyrus var samtidig Melqarts \u00f8verste pr\u00e6st, og den \u00e5rlige opv\u00e6kkelsesfest blev udf\u00f8rt af kongen personligt. Denne sammensmeltning af politisk og rituel topposition kan religionshistorisk sammenlignes med den egyptiske farao eller den romerske <em>pontifex maximus<\/em>.<\/p><p>Ogs\u00e5 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138241\">den hittitiske tradition<\/a> kendte tilsvarende by- og kongelige beskyttelsesguder; den n\u00e6re sammenligning med <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138296\">Sarruma<\/a> giver vigtige strukturanalytiske indsigter i den senbronzealderlige kongeteologi i det \u00f8stlige Middelhavsomr\u00e5de.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Navn og etymologi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Navnet Melqart er en sammens\u00e6tning af <em>mlk<\/em> &#8216;konge&#8217; og <em>qrt<\/em> &#8216;stad&#8217;, alts\u00e5 ordret &#8216;byens konge&#8217;. Byen er Tyrus, og Melqart er &#8216;kongen af Tyrus&#8217; i guddommelig forstand.<\/p><p>Denne etymologi er ubestridt og klart dokumenteret i inskriptionerne. I kileskrifttekster optr\u00e6der han som <em>Milqartu<\/em>, i gr\u00e6ske kilder som Melqart eller Melkart, og i hellenistiske synkretismer som Herakles-Melqart.<\/p><p>En alternativ tolkning ser i <em>mlk<\/em> ikke kun &#8216;konge&#8217; i verdslig forstand, men ogs\u00e5 &#8216;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gave til en guddom for at udtrykke tak, b\u00f8n eller tilbedelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">offer<\/span>&#8216; (molk-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gave til en guddom for at udtrykke tak, b\u00f8n eller tilbedelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">offer<\/span>), en dobbeltbetydning af den samme rod p\u00e5 f\u00f8nikisk. Denne tolkning er dog mindre udbredt i forskningen.<\/p><p>P\u00e5 gr\u00e6sk side optr\u00e6der hans navn som &#8216;Herakles-Tyrios&#8217;, &#8216;Herakles&#8217; eller under det teofore navneled &#8216;Melikartos&#8217;. Identifikationen med Herakles er litter\u00e6rt belagt siden det 5. \u00e5rhundrede f.Kr. (Herodot 2.44). Den gr\u00e6ske mytefigur Herakles b\u00e6rer tr\u00e6k fra den f\u00f8nikiske Melqart, is\u00e6r i myterne om rejsen til &#8216;Vesten&#8217; og drabet p\u00e5 Geryon.<\/p><p>Det teofore personnavn Hamilkar var vidt udbredt i Karthago; flere betydningsfulde karthagiske h\u00e6rf\u00f8rere bar det, blandt andre Hamilkar Barkas, Hannibals far. Denne navnetradition vidner om Melqarts fortsatte betydning i det puniske statens politiske liv.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskrivelse og ikonografi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I f\u00f8nikisk ikonografi optr\u00e6der Melqart oftest som en sk\u00e6gget mand i kort sk\u00f8rt, med en h\u00e6vet strids\u00f8kse eller k\u00f8lle, nogle gange med bue, og ofte kl\u00e6dt i en l\u00f8veham. Denne l\u00f8veham-ikonografi er historisk betydningsfuld, fordi den gik direkte over i den gr\u00e6ske Herakles-tradition med l\u00f8veham og k\u00f8lle.<\/p><p>P\u00e5 de hellenistiske Tyros-m\u00f8nter fremst\u00e5r Melqart-Herakles ofte med k\u00f8lle og l\u00f8veham; p\u00e5 de karthagiske stele fra tofeten st\u00e5r han sommetider ved siden af <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138301\">Baal-Hammon<\/a>. En vigtig ikonografisk tradition er &#8216;Melqart p\u00e5 s\u00f8hesten&#8217;, som dokumenterer hans forbindelse til s\u00f8fart og hav.<\/p><p>Hans hellige dyr er l\u00f8ven; p\u00e5 nogle relieffer afbildes han skridende p\u00e5 en l\u00f8ve eller kv\u00e6lende en l\u00f8ve. \u00d8rnen optr\u00e6der ligeledes som hans ledsagedyr i nogle senere fremstillinger. Aphakide Bonnet har dokumenteret den ikonografiske mangfoldighed i detaljer; hun viser, at Melqart udviklede let forskellige billedtraditioner i hver mediterran kontekst.<\/p><p>P\u00e5 den ber\u00f8mte &#8216;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En oprejst, indskrevet eller udsmykket sten- eller tr\u00e6plade.\" tabindex=\"0\">stele<\/span> af Ye\u1e25awmilk&#8217;, konge af Byblos (5. \u00e5rhundrede f.Kr.), optr\u00e6der ganske vist ikke Melqart selv, men billedformlen for det kongelig-guddommelige m\u00f8de, som er kendetegnende for den f\u00f8nikiske kongegudtradition. Denne ikonografiske konvention str\u00e6kker sig fra Tyrus over Byblos til Karthago.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologiske fort\u00e6llinger<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>F\u00f8nikiske Melqart-myter er kun overleveret fragmentarisk. Eusebius fra Caesarea citerer en fort\u00e6lling fra Philon af Byblos (Praeparatio Evangelica 1.10), hvor Melqart fremstilles som heros og genoplivende figur. If\u00f8lge antikke kilder v\u00e5gner Melqart ogs\u00e5 \u00e5rligt op ved en opv\u00e6kkelsesfest (<em>egersis<\/em>) og st\u00e5r dermed i traditionen med de \u00e5rligt d\u00f8ende og genopst\u00e5ende vegetations- og bygudder.<\/p><p>En vigtig fort\u00e6lling forbinder Melqart med selve grundl\u00e6ggelsen af Tyrus: Han skal have fastgjort de flydende klipper, som Tyrus blev bygget p\u00e5, ved hj\u00e6lp af et fugleoffer. En anden fort\u00e6lling forbinder ham med opfindelsen af purpurfarvningen, en \u00f8konomisk n\u00f8gleaktivitet for f\u00f8nikerne: En hund tilh\u00f8rende Melqart skulle ved et tilf\u00e6lde have bidt en purpursnegl i stykker og dermed opdaget det purpurfarvede farvestof.<\/p><p>I den gr\u00e6ske optagelse som Herakles-Melqart overtager han fort\u00e6llingerne fra Herakles-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede m\u00e6ngde af overleverede gudefort\u00e6llinger i en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologien<\/span>, is\u00e6r Geryon-episoden, hvor Herakles i det vestlige Middelhav (p\u00e5 stedet for det senere Gades) r\u00f8ver kv\u00e6g fra den trehovedede j\u00e6tte Geryon. Denne forbindelse er religionshistorisk oplysende, fordi Gades faktisk var en f\u00f8nikisk koloni og Melqarts vigtigste vestlige <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et helligt sted indviet til dyrkelsen af en gudedom.\" tabindex=\"0\">helligdom<\/span>.<\/p><p>En vigtig pseudepigrafi er &#8216;Sanchunjaton&#8217; (Sankuniathon), en angivelig f\u00f8nikisk pr\u00e6st, hvis v\u00e6rk angiveligt er overleveret gennem Philon af Byblos. Albert Baumgartens kritiske udgave viser, at materialet ganske vist for en stor del er sen hellenistisk opfindelse, men dog indeholder \u00e6gte rester af f\u00f8nikisk mytetradition, is\u00e6r med hensyn til Melqart og gudesl\u00e6gtens genealogi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult og tilbedelse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melqarts hovedkult l\u00e5 i Tyrus, i byens \u00e6ldste og pr\u00e6gtigste <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En bygning, der bruges til dyrkelse af en eller flere guddomme.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span>. Herodot beskriver dette <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En bygning, der bruges til dyrkelse af en eller flere guddomme.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span> udf\u00f8rligt (2.44) og n\u00e6vner to s\u00f8jler, en af guld og en af smaragd, som lyste om natten, sandsynligvis den ber\u00f8mte &#8216;s\u00eew\u00e2n&#8217;-effekt fra fosforescerende mineraler.<\/p><p>Hiram I af Tyrus (10. \u00e5rhundrede f.Kr.) er t\u00e6t forbundet med Melqart-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En bygning, der bruges til dyrkelse af en eller flere guddomme.\" tabindex=\"0\">templet<\/span>; if\u00f8lge Josefus opf\u00f8rte han det i guld og bronze.<\/p><p>Den \u00e5rlige opv\u00e6kkelsesfest var kultens h\u00f8jdepunkt; en &#8216;opv\u00e6kker&#8217; (<em>mqm-\u02belm<\/em>, &#8216;den som opretter guden&#8217;) udf\u00f8rte <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En fastlagt r\u00e6kkef\u00f8lge af symbolske handlinger med religi\u00f8s eller kulturel betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualet<\/span>. Kongen af Tyrus var den centrale ritualfigur. Lignende opv\u00e6kkelsesfester er dokumenteret i Karthago og Gades; de forbinder Melqart historisk med Tammuz\/Dumuzi og med Adonis.<\/p><p>I Karthago var Melqart ogs\u00e5 til stede; den \u00e5rlige tribut til Melqart-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En bygning, der bruges til dyrkelse af en eller flere guddomme.\" tabindex=\"0\">templet<\/span> i Tyrus blev opretholdt af Karthago helt frem til den sene republik, et tegn p\u00e5 den t\u00e6tte forbindelse til moderbyen.<\/p><p>I Gades l\u00e5 Melqarts <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En bygning, der bruges til dyrkelse af en eller flere guddomme.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span> p\u00e5 en lille \u00f8; Polybios, Strabo og Silius Italicus har beskrevet den. Selv efter den romerske erobring forblev Gades-Melqart aktiv som Herkules-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et helligt sted indviet til dyrkelsen af en guddom.\" tabindex=\"0\">helligdom<\/span> og blev bes\u00f8gt af Hannibal, C\u00e6sar og Hadrian.<\/p><p>Den ark\u00e6ologiske udforskning af Melqart-templet i Tyrus er vanskeliggjort af den moderne bebyggelse; p\u00e5 Gades er resterne af helligdommen derimod bedre tilg\u00e6ngelige p\u00e5 den nuv\u00e6rende Sancti-Petri-\u00f8. De igangv\u00e6rende undervandsudgravninger under Antonio S\u00e1ez Romero har i de seneste \u00e5r givet vigtige nye fund.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskyttelsespraksis og apotrop\u00e6iske elementer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melqart var beskyttelsesgud for kongehuset, byen og s\u00f8farten. P\u00e5 kongesegl fra Tyrus fremst\u00e5r han som beskytterherre; i f\u00f8nikiske personnavne er hans teonym ofte til stede (Hamilkar = &#8216;Melqarts tjener&#8217;, Bomilkar = &#8216;ved Melqarts h\u00e5nd&#8217;). Den store forekomst af teofore navne med Melqart-bestanddel er et tegn p\u00e5 intens privat fromhed.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ondtafvisende: om tegn og genstande, der skal holde skadelige indflydelser v\u00e6k.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotrop\u00e6iske<\/span> Melqart-skarab\u00e6er og sm\u00e5 bronzefigurer blev b\u00e5ret eller opstillet i hjemmet. Den ber\u00f8mte &#8216;Melqart-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En oprejst, indskrevet eller udsmykket sten- eller tr\u00e6plade.\" tabindex=\"0\">stele<\/span>&#8216; fra Bredsch (Bredja) i Nordsyrien, en indskriftlig indvielse fra den aram\u00e6iske konge Bar-Hadad til Melqart, er et af de vigtigste epigrafiske vidnesbyrd om Melqart-kulten uden for Tyrus.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">I s\u00f8fartsfromheden var Melqart den \u00f8verste beskyttende instans; f\u00f8nikiske kaptajner og kolonister ofrede votivgaver til ham ved afrejse og ankomst. Denne rejsefromhed er et vigtigt religionshistorisk kendetegn ved den f\u00f8nikiske mobilitet. iWell Guard registrerer Melqart som en historisk figur uden nutidige helbredelsesl\u00f8fter.<\/p><p>I de karthaginske templer fra det 5. og 4. \u00e5rhundrede f.Kr. fremst\u00e5r Melqart som anden eller tredje gud efter <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138301\">Baal-Hammon<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138300\">Tanit<\/a>. Triaden af den f\u00f8nikiske moderbys guder (Baal-\u0160amem, Astarte, Melqart) blev omformet til en ny konfiguration i Karthago, uden at Melqart helt blev fortr\u00e6ngt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralleller i andre kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den religionshistorisk vigtigste parallel er den gr\u00e6ske Herakles-identifikation. Walter Burkert har i <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> (1984) og i flere senere studier vist, at den gr\u00e6ske Herakles-figur er st\u00e6rkt p\u00e5virket af den f\u00f8nikiske Melqart, is\u00e6r i Geryon-episoden og i &#8216;Herakles&#8217; s\u00f8jler&#8217; (Str\u00e6det af Gibraltar), som oprindeligt var &#8216;Melqarts s\u00f8jler&#8217;.<\/p><p>Med den mesopotamiske Gilgame\u0161 deler Melqart <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein wiederkehrendes inhaltliches Element in Kunst oder Erz\u00e4hlung.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span> om den d\u00f8delig-ud\u00f8delige helt med kongelig funktion. I Karthago udvikler der sig ingen selvst\u00e6ndig hovedgud ud af hans tradition, fordi den karthagiske religion udformede sin egen gudetop med <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138301\">Baal-Hammon<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138300\">Tanit<\/a>; Melqart var dog altid til stede.<\/p><p>Historisk er Melqart den prototypiske f\u00f8nikiske by- og kongegud. Med <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138296\">Sarruma<\/a> fra <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138241\">den hittitiske tradition<\/a> deler han funktionen som den personlige kongebeskytterens gud; med den mesopotamiske Marduk funktionen som den genopvakte bygud efter s\u00e6sonbetinget nedgang. I den hellenistiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Verschmelzung von Vorstellungen oder Gottheiten aus verschiedenen religi\u00f6sen Traditionen.\" tabindex=\"0\">synkretisme<\/span> bliver han den prototypiske &#8216;overs\u00e6ttelses-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein als g\u00f6ttlich verehrtes Wesen innerhalb einer Religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gud<\/span>&#8216; mellem f\u00f8nikisk og gr\u00e6sk religion.<\/p><p>I det vestlige Middelhav er Melqart under det gr\u00e6ske navn Herakles til stede i talrige inskriptioner og m\u00f8nter; overgangene mellem &#8216;Melqart&#8217; og &#8216;Herakles&#8217; er ofte flydende i hellenistisk sprogbrug. I Karthago blev denne dobbeltben\u00e6vnelse brugt politisk for at \u00e5bne den f\u00f8nikiske religion op for gr\u00e6ske alliancepartnere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nutidig reception og forskning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melqart-forskningen er i dag p\u00e5 et h\u00f8jt niveau. Corinne Bonnets monografi <em>Melqart<\/em> (1988) og hendes senere studier er standardreference; Maria Eugenia Aubet, Sabatino Moscati og H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader har fremlagt vigtige bidrag til den ark\u00e6ologiske side. Inskriptionerne er tilg\u00e6ngelige i udgaverne af Charles Krahmalkov og Wolfgang R\u00f6llig.<\/p><p>I den popul\u00e6re reception er Melqart is\u00e6r kendt gennem sin Herakles-identifikation og gennem Tartessos-sagnene (forbundet med Karambolo-skatten, &#8216;Hesperidernes gyldne \u00e6ble&#8217;). I det moderne Libanon har Tyrus siden 1990&#8217;erne med genopbygningen af sine ark\u00e6ologiske steder rehabiliteret Melqart som et kulturelt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein Zeichen, das stellvertretend f\u00fcr eine Vorstellung oder Bedeutung steht.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>.<\/p><p>Videnskabeligt g\u00e6lder Melqart i dag som et centralt studieobjekt for den f\u00f8nikiske religion, for bygudens <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Die wissenschaftliche Lehre von Gott und vom Glauben einer Religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span> og for den mediterrane religionsdynamik. Aktuelle forskningsfokusser ligger p\u00e5 differentieringen af lokale Melqart-hypostaser, p\u00e5 den ikonografiske overf\u00f8rsel til den gr\u00e6ske Herakles-tradition og p\u00e5 den ark\u00e6ologiske udforskning af Gades-helligdommen. iWell Guard registrerer Melqart som et historisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Die Gesamtheit der G\u00f6tter einer Religion oder Kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>-medlem.<\/p><p>Ogs\u00e5 de hellenistiske m\u00f8nter fra Tyrus og Karthago viser Melqart-billeder, ofte med k\u00f8lle, bue eller skibsstavn. Denne m\u00f8ntbilledkunst er en vigtig kilde til Melqarts ikonografiske historie.<\/p><p>Aktuelle studier af Josephine Quinn og Brian Doak har unders\u00f8gt Melqarts rolle i den puniske identitetskonstruktion og i den romersk-f\u00f8nikiske kontaktzone p\u00e5 ny.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur og kilder<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>F\u00f8lgende udvalg omfatter de vigtigste standardv\u00e6rker om Melqart-forskningen. Det samler monografier, inskriptionsudgaver og religionshistoriske synteser. Corinne Bonnets <em>Melqart<\/em> er den f\u00f8rste indgang; Burkert behandler den gr\u00e6ske linje; Aubet den mediterrane udbredelse; Krahmalkov det sproghistoriske materiale. H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Saders nyeste monografi giver den ark\u00e6ologiske syntese.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ff50c6c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2ff50c6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp202ddb76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp202ddb76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Egersis, Melqarts opv\u00e6kkelsesfest<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2683cd7c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2683cd7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27bc6d8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp27bc6d8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En s\u00e6regenhed ved Melqart-kulten i Tyros var en \u00e5rlig fest, som de gr\u00e6ske kilder betegner som <em>egersis<\/em>, opv\u00e6kkelsen eller genopstandelsen af guden. Begrebet antyder, at festen byggede p\u00e5 forestillingen om, at Melqart d\u00f8de og vendte tilbage til livet.<\/p><p>Dermed h\u00f8rer Melqart til r\u00e6kken af guder fra det gamle Orienten, hvis <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Die Gesamtheit der religi\u00f6sen Verehrungshandlungen f\u00fcr eine Gottheit oder heilige Gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> var forbundet med en cyklus af d\u00f8d og genkomst, sammenlignelig med Adonis eller den mesopotamiske Dumuzi.<\/p><p>De n\u00f8jagtige riter ved egersis er kun brudstykkevis kendt. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoche der griechischen und r\u00f6mischen Kultur, etwa 800 v. Chr. bis 600 n. Chr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antikke<\/span> forfattere n\u00e6vner afbr\u00e6nding af et billede eller en figur af guden og taler om en person, der bar titlen som gudens opv\u00e6kker.<\/p><p>Formentlig var festen forbundet med et for\u00e5rstidspunkt og dermed med naturens genopv\u00e5gning, men kilderne tillader ingen sikker rekonstruktion. En vigtig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ein in einen festen Tr\u00e4ger eingeritzter oder gemei\u00dfelter Text.\" tabindex=\"0\">inskription<\/span> fra det cypriotiske Kition n\u00e6vner en <em>mqm \u02belm<\/em>, en gudens opv\u00e6kker, som et kultisk embede, og bekr\u00e6fter dermed indirekte eksistensen af en s\u00e5dan fest.<\/p><p>Historisk er egersis betydningsfuld, fordi den skiller Melqart fra en ren by- og kongegud og giver ham en frelseshistorisk, cyklisk karakter. Corinne Bonnet har i sin monografi om Melqart kritisk gennemg\u00e5et det tilg\u00e6ngelige materiale om egersis og advaret mod en for hurtig indplacering i det \u00e6ldre skema om de d\u00f8ende og genopst\u00e5ende guder.<\/p><p>Forskningen er enig om, at festen fandtes, men uenig om dens n\u00f8jagtige udformning. Den forbliver et af de mest intensivt diskuterede elementer i den f\u00f8nikiske festkalender.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp25186adb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp25186adb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e3a4f25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2e3a4f25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Melqart og Herakles, en dobbelt identitet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp226fa5a4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp226fa5a4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp243726bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp243726bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gr\u00e6kerne satte konsekvent Melqart lig med deres helt Herakles. Denne ligestilling var s\u00e5 fast forankret, at det ber\u00f8mte <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et helligt sted, der er indviet til dyrkelsen af en gudeskikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">helligdom<\/span> for Melqart i Gadir, det nuv\u00e6rende C\u00e1diz p\u00e5 den spanske atlantkyst, i de antikke kilder fremst\u00e5r som et Herakles-tempel.<\/p><p>Herakles&#8217; s\u00f8jler, str\u00e6det ved Gibraltar, er navngivet efter denne forbindelse; oprindeligt var det nok Melqarts s\u00f8jler.<\/p><p>Grunden til ligestillingen ligger i de f\u00e6lles tr\u00e6k hos begge figurer. Begge betragtes som helte, der begiver sig p\u00e5 lange rejser, n\u00e5r frem til kanten af den kendte verden og udbreder kultur og orden.<\/p><p>Melqart blev betragtet som skytshelgen for den tyriske kolonisation; hvor end Tyros grundlagde en datterby, fra Karthago til Gadir, opf\u00f8rte man ham en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et helligt sted, der er indviet til dyrkelsen af en gudeskikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">helligdom<\/span>. Herakles vandrer til geng\u00e6ld i den gr\u00e6ske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En overleveret fort\u00e6lling med ofte en historisk kerne og vidunderlige tr\u00e6k.\" tabindex=\"0\">sagn<\/span> gennem hele Middelhavsomr\u00e5det. Begge forbinder d\u00f8d og overvindelse af d\u00f8den, Melqart gennem egersis, Herakles gennem sin optagelse blandt guderne efter ligb\u00e5let.<\/p><p>Forskningen taler om en identifikation, der virkede i begge retninger. Nogle tr\u00e6k hos den gr\u00e6ske Herakles, is\u00e6r ligb\u00e5lsepisoden, kan v\u00e6re formet af den f\u00f8nikiske Melqart. Omvendt fremst\u00e5r Melqart i tosprogede indskrifter, blandt andet p\u00e5 en ber\u00f8mt f\u00f8nikisk-gr\u00e6sk bilingve fra Malta, direkte sat lig med Herakles.<\/p><p>Denne maltesiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En tekst, der er indridset eller udhugget i et fast materiale.\" tabindex=\"0\">indskrift<\/span> var i \u00f8vrigt i 1700-tallet en af n\u00f8glerne til at tyde den f\u00f8nikiske skrift. Dobbeltidentiteten Melqart-Herakles er dermed et musterbillede p\u00e5, hvordan to kulturer genkendte en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et v\u00e6sen, der dyrkes som guddommeligt inden for en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudeskikkelse<\/span> som en og samme og flettede deres overleveringer sammen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22fd1a8d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp22fd1a8d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fd95ae4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2fd95ae4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Melqart i historien fra Karthago til Tyros<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp274edf27 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp274edf27\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27b9f300 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp27b9f300\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Melqart var bygud for Tyros, og hans betydning str\u00e6kker sig langt ud over religionen og ind i den politiske historie for det f\u00f8nikiske Vesten. Da Tyros i det niende \u00e5rhundrede f\u00f8r vor tidsregning grundlagde Karthago, forblev den nye by forpligtet til mod\u00e9rbyens gud.<\/p><p>De karthagiske kilder og <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoke i den gr\u00e6ske og romerske kultur, ca. 800 f.Kr. til 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antikke<\/span> beretninger fort\u00e6ller, at Karthago \u00e5rligt sendte en tiendedel af sine indt\u00e6gter til Melqart-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et helligt sted, der er indviet til dyrkelsen af en gudeskikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">helligdommen<\/span> i Tyros, en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En overleveret handling, der regelm\u00e6ssigt gentages i et samfund.\" tabindex=\"0\">skik<\/span>, der gennem \u00e5rhundreder synliggjorde det religi\u00f8se og politiske b\u00e5nd mellem kolonien og mod\u00e9rbyen.<\/p><p>Alexander den Stores belejring af Tyros i \u00e5r 332 f\u00f8r vor tidsregning er n\u00e6rt forbundet med Melqart. Alexander ville ofre i gudens <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et helligt sted, der er indviet til dyrkelsen af en gudeskikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">helligdom<\/span>, som han forstod som Herakles, hvem han udledte sin afstamning fra.<\/p><p>Tyrerne n\u00e6gtede ham adgang, hvilket blev udl\u00f8seren til den m\u00e5nedlange, i sidste ende succesfulde belejring. Episoden viser, hvilken politisk spr\u00e6ngkraft adgangen til en byhelligdom kunne have.<\/p><p>Ogs\u00e5 i romertiden forblev Melqart-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summen af de religi\u00f8se dyrkelseshandlinger for en gudeskikkelse eller helligt v\u00e6sen.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span> levende. Septimius Severus stammede fra det nordafrikanske Lepcis Magna, en oprindeligt f\u00f8nikisk grundlagt by med sin egen Melqart-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summen af de religi\u00f8se dyrkelseshandlinger for en gudeskikkelse eller helligt v\u00e6sen.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span>, og hans dynasti fremmede f\u00f8nikiske traditioner.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet har tegnet denne lange historie fra den tidlige <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Forhistorisk epoke efter bronzealderen, kendetegnet ved jernbearbejdning.\" tabindex=\"0\">jernalder<\/span> til kejsertiden og vist, at Melqart konsekvent forblev en gud for byen, herred\u00f8mmet og kolonisationen. Hans historie er dermed samtidig et stykke historie om den f\u00f8nikiske ekspansion over hele Middelhavet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur (udvalg)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Corinne Bonnet: <em>Melqart<\/em> (Leuven\/Namur 1988)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>Walter Burkert: <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> (Heidelberg 1984)<\/li><li>H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader: <em>The History and Archaeology of Phoenicia<\/em> (Atlanta 2019)<\/li><li>Charles Krahmalkov: <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (Leiden 2001)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-melqart e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-melqart\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-melqart-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-melqart-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En overleveret fort\u00e6lling om guder, oprindelser og verdens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytos<\/span><\/em> om Melqart forbinder hans \u00e5rlige d\u00f8d i flammer og hans opv\u00e6kkelse med <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summen af de religi\u00f8se dyrkelseshandlinger for en gudeskikkelse eller helligt v\u00e6sen.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span> i Tyros og pr\u00e6gede f\u00f8nikiske helligdomme fra Gades til Karthago.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Relaterede n\u00f8glebegreber: Melqart Tyros F\u00f8nikere Herakles Gades bygud egersis opv\u00e6kkelse.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-melqart\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard og beskyttelsestraditioner<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard knytter sig til den kulturhistoriske tradition for b\u00e6rbare beskyttelsesobjekter, i traditionen fra <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138242\">F\u00f8nikisk<\/a> og mange andre kulturer verden over. 41 lag, \u00e6gte guld, platin, s\u00f8lv, fremstillet i Tyskland. 30 dages returret.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mere om iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mere om iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-ccb 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data-nosnippet=\"true\">Personlige erfaringer kan variere. Ikke et medicinsk produkt. Intet helbredelsesl\u00f8fte.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-melqart-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-melqart-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard er <strong>ikke et medicinsk produkt<\/strong> og erstatter ikke l\u00e6ge- eller psykoterapeutisk behandling. De religionsvidenskabelige indhold er en kulturhistorisk indplacering, ikke en anbefaling af spirituel praksis.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2850,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Melqart Tyrus f\u00f8nikere","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Melqart \u2013 bygud i Tyrus, myte, kult, Herakles","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Melqart, 'byens konge', er den f\u00f8nikiske bygud i Tyrus, som gr\u00e6kerne identificerede med Herakles. Myte, kult og kulturhistorisk placering.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"phoenizisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-138299","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Melqart \u2013 bygud i Tyrus, myte, kult, Herakles<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Melqart, &#039;byens konge&#039;, er den f\u00f8nikiske bygud i Tyrus, som gr\u00e6kerne identificerede med Herakles. 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