{"id":138298,"date":"2026-09-03T07:08:19","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T07:08:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=138298"},"modified":"2026-09-03T07:56:38","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T07:56:38","slug":"astarte-fonikisk-gudinde","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/astarte-fonikisk-gudinde\/","title":{"rendered":"Astarte \u2013 F\u00f8nikisk gudinde"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"138298\" class=\"elementor elementor-138298 elementor-2625 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte, f\u00f8nikisk gudinde for k\u00e6rlighed, krig og kongemagt<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte (f\u00f8nikisk <em>\u02bf\u0161trt<\/em>) er den vigtigste kvindelige <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et v\u00e6sen, der tilbedes som gudommeligt inden for en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudom<\/span> i det f\u00f8nikiske pantheon og optr\u00e6der i bystaterne Sidon, Tyrus, Byblos, Kition og i hele det f\u00f8nikiske Middelhavsomr\u00e5de. Hun er gudinde for k\u00e6rlighed, krig, kongemagt og frugtbarhed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gudinde af traditionen f\u00f8nikisk.\">Gudinde<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138242\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologi fra traditionen f\u00f8nikisk.\">F\u00f8nikisk<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Hovedgudom.\">Hovedgudom<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Der blev ikke fundet nogen overskrifter p\\u00e5 denne side.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tIndholdsfortegnelse\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-140137\" alt=\"Astarte F\u00f8nikien \u2013 guder fra den f\u00f8nikiske tradition, historisk-illustrativt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Indordning og kort profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte (akkadisk I\u0161tar, ugaritisk \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu) er den f\u00f8nikiske form af en af de \u00e6ldste kvindelige gudinder i Mellem\u00f8sten. Sabatino Moscati har i <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (1966) vist, at Astarte havde en central position i n\u00e6sten hver f\u00f8nikisk bystat, ofte som hustru til den lokale hovedgud.<\/p><p>I Sidon er hun hustru til Eshmun; i Tyrus optr\u00e6der hun sammen med <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138299\">Melqart<\/a>; i Byblos sammen med Baalat. Inden for den <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138242\">f\u00f8nikiske tradition<\/a> er hun langt den vigtigste gudinde.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet har i <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (1996) fremlagt den mest omfattende monografi om denne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et v\u00e6sen, der tilbedes som gudommeligt inden for en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudom<\/span>. Hun viser, at Astarte havde en meget bred funktionsprofil: k\u00e6rligheds- og seksualgudinde, krigsgudinde, beskytter af kongemagten, beskytter af s\u00f8farere, healinggudinde og i visse sammenh\u00e6nge en kthonisk-underverdensfunktion. Denne multifunktionalitet er typisk for oldorientalske gudinder af \u02bfA\u1e6ftart\/I\u0161tar-familien.<\/p><p>Religionshistorisk h\u00f8rer Astarte til den vestsemitiske gudinde-type, som udviklede sig ud af den oldsyrisk-amoritiske A\u1e6ftart-tradition. I det 1. \u00e5rtusinde f.Kr. blev hun identificeret med den gr\u00e6ske Afrodite; den cypriotiske Afrodite-tradition g\u00e5r direkte tilbage til den f\u00f8nikiske Astarte, som allerede Herodot bem\u00e6rkede.<\/p><p>En vigtig lokal specifikation er &#8216;Astarte fra Libanon&#8217;, som omtales i flere inskriptioner; hun var sandsynligvis identisk med Astarte fra Beirut. Ogs\u00e5 en &#8216;Astarte fra havet&#8217; er dokumenteret i Tyrus. Denne mangfoldighed af hypostaser er typisk for den f\u00f8nikiske religion og g\u00f8r Astarte til den mest differentierede gudinde i panteonet.<\/p><p>Astartes position i det f\u00f8nikiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Samlingen af guder i en religion eller kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> kan sammenlignes med den hittitiske <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138288\">solgudinde af Arinna<\/a> eller med <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138292\">Hebat<\/a> som den \u00f8verste kvindelige rigsgudinde.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Navn og etymologi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Navnet \u02bf\u0161trt (Astarte) er vestsemitisk og h\u00f8rer til roden <em>\u02bf\u0161tr<\/em>, som ogs\u00e5 ligger til grund for \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu (Ugarit) og I\u0161tar (Mesopotamien). Etymologien er ikke endeligt klarlagt; en plausibel tolkning forbinder roden med ordet &#8216;stjerne&#8217; og opfatter Astarte som &#8216;stjernegudinden&#8217;, sandsynligvis med reference til morgenstjernen (Venus).<\/p><p>I f\u00f8nikiske inskriptioner optr\u00e6der hun som <em>\u02bf\u0161trt<\/em>, ligeledes i puniske tekster. En vigtig hellenistisk form er <em>A\u0161tart<\/em> med den aram\u00e6iske vokal\u00e6ndring.<\/p><p>P\u00e5 akkadisk identificeres hun med I\u0161tar; i den hellenistiske verden med Afrodite eller Hera (afh\u00e6ngigt af funktionsv\u00e6gt); i Egypten optr\u00e6der hun fra det Nye Rige som en selvst\u00e6ndig, importeret <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et v\u00e6sen, der tilbedes som gudommeligt inden for en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudom<\/span> under navnet Astarte. Ogs\u00e5 der bevarer hun sin vestsemitiske karakter.<\/p><p>Den gr\u00e6ske Afrodite Urania svarer direkte til den f\u00f8nikiske Astarte; Herodot udleder hendes tilbedelse fra F\u00f8nikien over Cypern til Gr\u00e6kenland. Denne arvelinje g\u00f8r Astarte til en af de religionshistorisk mest indflydelsesrige gudinder i Middelhavsverdenen.<\/p><p>I nogle tekster kaldes hun ogs\u00e5 &#8216;Himlens Frue&#8217; eller &#8216;Himmeldronningen&#8217;, en titel, som ogs\u00e5 findes i den bibelske Jeremias (Jer 7,18; 44,17, 19) og der kommenteres kritisk. Denne &#8216;Himmeldronning&#8217;-tradition er blevet unders\u00f8gt religionshistorisk af Saby Caves og udg\u00f8r en vigtig forbindelse mellem kanaan\u00e6isk og bibelsk religionshistorie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskrivelse og ikonografi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte optr\u00e6der i den f\u00f8nikiske ikonografi i flere billedtyper: som n\u00f8gen, st\u00e5ende gudinde (positurer fra den &#8216;Astarte-plaket&#8217;), som tronende dronning med polos-krone, som krigsgudinde med spyd og skjold, som rytter p\u00e5 en l\u00f8ve eller som himmelsk dronning omgivet af stjerner. Denne billedmangfoldighed afspejler hendes multifunktionalitet.<\/p><p>Hendes hellige dyr er l\u00f8ven eller l\u00f8vinden; i Sidon og Karthago optr\u00e6der hun ofte tronende eller ridende p\u00e5 en l\u00f8ve. Ogs\u00e5 duen forbindes med hende, is\u00e6r i cypriotiske og mediterrane sammenh\u00e6nge; Afrodites duer er en direkte arv fra den f\u00f8nikiske Astarte. En anden dyreforbindelse er slangen, som repr\u00e6senterer hendes kthoniske side.<\/p><p>I de vestmediterrane kolonier, is\u00e6r i Tartessos (Spanien), blev Astarte dyrket s\u00e6rligt intensivt; den ber\u00f8mte bronzefigur &#8216;Astarte fra Carambolo&#8217; fra det 7. \u00e5rhundrede f.Kr. viser hende som en tronende gudinde med en f\u00f8nikisk indvielsesinskription. Ogs\u00e5 i Sevilla, C\u00e1diz og andre steder er der fundet Astarte-figurer, som dokumenterer den intensive udbredelse af hendes kult.<\/p><p>I Kition (Cypern) er der udgravet et enormt Astarte-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En bygning, der bruges til tilbedelse af en eller flere gudommer.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span>, som h\u00f8rer til de st\u00f8rste helligdomme i den jernalderlige Middelhavsverden. Udgravningerne under Vassos Karageorghis og i nyere tid under Maria Iacovou har i v\u00e6sentlig grad udvidet billedet af den f\u00f8nikiske kult p\u00e5 Cypern.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologiske fort\u00e6llinger<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I de ugaritiske tekster (KTU 1.92 og andre) fremst\u00e5r Astarte som jagtgudinde og ledsager af <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138297\">Baal<\/a>; i Baal-cyklussen spiller hun dog en mindre rolle end sin s\u00f8ster <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138305\">Anat<\/a>. I f\u00f8nikiske mytefragmenter, is\u00e6r hos Filon af Byblos (citeret hos Eusebius), fremst\u00e5r hun som dronning, der rejser til Tyrus med tyren og d\u00e9r bes\u00e6tter kongetronen.<\/p><p>Filon fort\u00e6ller, at Astarte &#8216;fandt et tyrehoved&#8217; og satte det p\u00e5 sit eget hoved, hvorved hun bekr\u00e6ftede sin gudommelighed. Denne fort\u00e6lling minder om den egyptiske Hathor-tradition og om den mesopotamiske Inanna-Anu-historie. Albert Baumgarten har i <em>The Phoenician History of Philo of Byblos<\/em> (1981) kritisk udgivet materialet.<\/p><p>I hellenistiske tekster forbindes Astarte med Europa-fort\u00e6llingen: Europa, datter af kong Agenor af Tyrus, blev bortf\u00f8rt til Kreta af Zeus i tyreskikkelse. Denne forbindelse er historisk bem\u00e6rkelsesv\u00e6rdig: Astarte er b\u00e5de Europas mor og hendes gudommelige baggrund. Europa-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede m\u00e6ngde af overleverede gudefort\u00e6llinger i en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologi<\/span> er dermed en helleno-f\u00f8nikisk syntese.<\/p><p>Fra den karthagiske tid er der overleveret en forbindelse mellem Astarte og heltefiguren Dido; dronning Dido, grundl\u00e6ggeren af Karthago, tolkes i visse romerske kilder som en &#8216;pr\u00e6stelig inkarnation&#8217; af Astarte. Denne identifikation er religionshistorisk oplysende.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult og tilbedelse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astartes vigtigste kultcentre var Sidon (Astartes <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En bygning, der tjener til tilbedelse af en eller flere guddomme.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span>, opf\u00f8rt af Eshmunazar II), Tyrus, Byblos (med Baalat), Kition (Cypern, hvor et enormt Astarte-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En bygning, der tjener til tilbedelse af en eller flere guddomme.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span> dominerede \u00f8en), Karthago og de mediterrane kolonier. Maria Eugenia Aubet har i <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001) dokumenteret den mediterrane udbredelse.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede m\u00e6ngde af religi\u00f8se tilbedelseshandlinger for en guddom eller helgenfigur.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kulten<\/span> omfattede br\u00e6ndofre, drikofre og den s\u00e5kaldte &#8216;hellige dansefest&#8217;, som omtales i visse f\u00f8nikiske kilder.<\/p><p>En s\u00e6rlig rolle spillede <em>qedeshim<\/em> og <em>qedeshot<\/em>, indviede m\u00e6nd og kvinder, hvis n\u00f8jagtige funktion diskuteres i forskningen; Annie Caubet, Corinne Bonnet og Stephanie Budin har argumenteret mod den \u00e6ldre tolkning som &#8216;tempelprostitution&#8217;, uden at sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let er afklaret endeligt.<\/p><p>I hellenistisk tid blev Astarte identificeret med Afrodite; det ber\u00f8mte Afrodite-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et helligt sted, der er indviet til tilbedelse af en guddom.\" tabindex=\"0\">helligdom<\/span> i Paphos p\u00e5 Cypern er historisk den direkte forts\u00e6ttelse af den f\u00f8nikiske Astarte-tilbedelse. Ogs\u00e5 i Korinth, i Eryx (Sicilien) og p\u00e5 talrige andre mediterrane steder blev den f\u00f8nikiske Astarte-tradition f\u00f8rt videre under gr\u00e6sk betegnelse.<\/p><p>I Karthago blev Astarte senere i stigende grad fortr\u00e6ngt af <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138300\">Tanit<\/a>, uden helt at forsvinde; i tofet-indskrifterne fremst\u00e5r begge gudinder undertiden side om side. Denne konkurrence mellem to kvindelige hovedgudinder er et af de mest karakteristiske tr\u00e6k ved den puniske religion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskyttelsespraksis og apotrop\u00e6iske elementer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte var beskyttelsesgudinde for kongefamilierne, de gravide, s\u00f8farerne og de krigerske m\u00e6nd. I Sidon fremst\u00e5r hun p\u00e5 kongesegl som kongehusets beskyttende herskerinde; den ber\u00f8mte <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En tekst, der er indridset eller udhugget i et fast materiale.\" tabindex=\"0\">indskrift<\/span> fra kong Eshmunazar II (5. \u00e5rhundrede f.Kr.) n\u00e6vner hende sammen med Eshmun som \u00f8verste beskyttelsesgudinde.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ulykkeafv\u00e6rgende: om tegn og genstande, der skal holde skadelige indflydelser p\u00e5 afstand.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotrop\u00e6isk<\/span> blev Astarte-figuriner opstillet i husene; de s\u00e5kaldte &#8216;Astarte-plaketter&#8217;, sm\u00e5 terrakotta-relieffer af en n\u00f8gen kvinde, kendes i tusinder af eksemplarer fra f\u00f8nikiske steder. De tjente sandsynligvis beskyttelse, fertilitetsanr\u00e5belse og husbeskyttelse. Funktionen af disse plaketter diskuteres kontroversielt i forskningen; deres udbredelse er i hvert fald tegn p\u00e5 den intensive huslige Astarte-tilbedelse.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">I f\u00f8nikiske rejseritualer blev Astarte tilkaldt som s\u00f8fartens beskytterinde; kaptajner og handelsm\u00e6nd bragte hende offergaver f\u00f8r og efter s\u00f8farter. Denne &#8216;rejsefromhed&#8217; er religionshistorisk interessant, fordi den direkte religi\u00f8st indrammer den f\u00f8nikiske verdens internationale mobilitet. iWell Guard registrerer Astarte som en rent historisk figur uden aktuelle helbredelsesl\u00f8fte-relationer.<\/p><p>De f\u00f8nikiske skarab\u00e6-segl fra det 7. og 6. \u00e5rhundrede f.Kr. viser ofte Astarte-motiver: n\u00f8gen st\u00e5ende gudinde, Astarte p\u00e5 en l\u00f8ve, Astarte med lotusblomst. Disse sm\u00e5formede segl blev b\u00e5ret som personlige beskyttelsesamuletter og var meget udbredte i den f\u00f8nikiske verden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralleller i andre kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte h\u00f8rer til den store vestsemitisk-mesopotamiske gudinde-familie \u02bfA\u1e6ftart\/I\u0161tar. Hun er n\u00e6rt besl\u00e6gtet med den ugaritiske \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu, den mesopotamiske I\u0161tar, den mellemaramaiske Atargatis (med sin egen udvikling), den hurritiske \u0160au\u0161ga og den hittitiske I\u0161tar af \u0160amu\u1e2ba. P\u00e5 akkadisk er multifunktionaliteten hos I\u0161tar af Uruk s\u00e6rligt godt dokumenteret.<\/p><p>Med den gr\u00e6ske Afrodite er Astarte religionshistorisk identisk; den cypriske Afrodite er en direkte efterf\u00f8lger af den f\u00f8nikiske Astarte. Ogs\u00e5 den gr\u00e6ske Hera, Athene og i nogle henseender Artemis b\u00e6rer Astarte-arv. I Karthago smelter hun i stigende grad sammen med <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138300\">Tanit<\/a>, der udvikler sin egen selvst\u00e6ndige funktion.<\/p><p>I det hebraiske materiale optr\u00e6der Astarte som Ashtoreth, polemisk negativt besat (1 Kongebog 11,5; 2 Kongebog 23,13). Denne polemik er rettet mod den kana&#8217;an\u00e6iske religion i dens f\u00f8nikiske form.<\/p><p>Videnskabeligt set er Astarte for det gamle Israel en konkurrerende gud fra samme kana&#8217;an\u00e6iske tradition; den bibelske anti-A\u0161tartisme er den teologiske reaktion p\u00e5 et reelt religi\u00f8st naboskab. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138241\">Hittitiske<\/a> paralleller findes i \u0160au\u0161ga af \u0160amu\u1e2ba.<\/p><p>Identifikationen Astarte = Afrodite er historisk ikke arbitr\u00e6r; Pausanias og andre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoken for den gr\u00e6ske og romerske kultur, cirka 800 f.Kr. til 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antikke<\/span> forfattere bevidner udledningen af den gr\u00e6ske Afrodite fra f\u00f8nikiske forbilleder. Studierne af Walter Burkert i <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> og af Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge er standardreferencer i dette sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nutidig reception og forskning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte-forskningen st\u00e5r i dag p\u00e5 et h\u00f8jt niveau. Corinne Bonnets monografi <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (1996) er standardreference; Stephanie Budins <em>The Origin of Aphrodite<\/em> (2003) behandler kritisk forbindelsen til Afrodite. Sabatino Moscati og Maria Eugenia Aubet er autoriteter inden for den mediterrane udbredelse. Udgivelsen af de f\u00f8nikiske inskriptioner af Charles Krahmalkov og Wolfgang R\u00f6llig leverer prim\u00e6rteksterne.<\/p><p>I den popul\u00e6re reception er Astarte prim\u00e6rt kendt gennem sin identifikation med Afrodite og gennem den bibelske polemik. En spirituel genoplivning i nyhedensk forstand, is\u00e6r i feministiske og neopaganske kredse siden 1980&#8217;erne, har opfattet Astarte som &#8216;modergudinde&#8217;; denne moderne reception er religionshistorisk problematisk, fordi den forsimpler hendes historiske profil.<\/p><p>Videnskabeligt anses Astarte i dag for et af de vigtigste studieobjekter inden for den vestsemitiske religion. Aktuelle forskningsfokusser ligger p\u00e5 differentieringen af lokale Astarte-hypostaser (Astarte af Sidon, Tyrus, Byblos, Kition), p\u00e5 forbindelsen til Afrodite-traditionen og p\u00e5 sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let om <em>qedeshot<\/em> i Astarte-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede m\u00e6ngde af religi\u00f8se dyrkelseshandlinger for en guddom eller hellig figur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span>. iWell Guard registrerer Astarte som et centralt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede m\u00e6ngde af guder i en religion eller kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span>-medlem og ikke som en aktuel beskyttelsesadressat.<\/p><p>Aktuelle ark\u00e6ologiske fund fra f\u00f8nikiske pladser i Spanien (Sevilla, C\u00e1diz) og Marokko (Lixus) udvider billedet af hendes vestlige dyrkelse betydeligt. Forskningen fra Mar\u00eda Bel\u00e9n Deamos og Manuela Mar\u00edn har i de seneste \u00e5r publiceret vigtigt nyt bel\u00e6g.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur og kilder<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>F\u00f8lgende udvalg samler de vigtigste standardv\u00e6rker inden for Astarte-forskningen. Det omfatter monografier, inskriptionsudgivelser og historiske syntheser. Corinne Bonnets <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> er den f\u00f8rste indgangsvinkel; Budins Afrodite-studie behandler den gr\u00e6ske linje; Aubet den mediterrane udbredelse. Krahmalkovs grammatik over f\u00f8nikisk-punisk leverer det sproghistoriske materiale; Moscatis klassiske syntese den kulturhistoriske ramme.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b13b4ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2b13b4ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp277df97f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp277df97f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte p\u00e5 Eschmunazar-sarkofagen og kongeindskrifterne fra Sidon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp293101c9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp293101c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26973d69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26973d69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En af de vigtigste epigrafiske kilder til Astarte er <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En tekst indridset eller udhugget i et fast materiale.\" tabindex=\"0\">indskriften<\/span> p\u00e5 sarkofagen af kong Eschmunazar II af Sidon, dateret til begyndelsen af det 5. \u00e5rhundrede f.Kr. Sarkofagen selv er af egyptisk oprindelse og blev fundet i 1855; den befinder sig i dag i Louvre. Den f\u00f8nikiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En tekst indridset eller udhugget i et fast materiale.\" tabindex=\"0\">indskrift<\/span> er en af de l\u00e6ngste bevarede tekster p\u00e5 dette sprog.<\/p><p>I den beretter kongehuset, at det har bygget et <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En bygning, der bruges til at dyrke en eller flere guddomme.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span> til Astarte. Der n\u00e6vnes <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et helligt sted dedikeret til dyrkelsen af en guddom.\" tabindex=\"0\">helligdommen<\/span> for <em>Astarte Schem Baal<\/em>, Astarte, Baals navn, en vending, der ligger t\u00e6t p\u00e5 Tanit pene Baal fra de puniske indskrifter og udtrykker en teologisk forbindelse mellem gudinde og gud.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En tekst indridset eller udhugget i et fast materiale.\" tabindex=\"0\">Indskriften<\/span> n\u00e6vner desuden guden Eschmun og afd\u00e6kker dermed den sidoniske kongedynastis religi\u00f8se program.<\/p><p>En anden central kilde er <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En tekst indridset eller udhugget i et fast materiale.\" tabindex=\"0\">indskriften<\/span> af kong Bodaschtart, ligeledes fra Sidon, som ogs\u00e5 taler om byggeaktivitet for Astarte og Eschmun. Af disse tekster fremg\u00e5r det, at Astarte var Sidons hovedgudinde, og at bykulten var n\u00e6rt forbundet med kongehusets legitimering.<\/p><p>De f\u00f8nikiske kongeindskrifter er s\u00e5 v\u00e6rdifulde, fordi de, i mods\u00e6tning til de mytologiske tekster fra Ugarit, stammer direkte fra det f\u00f8nikiske kerneland og fra den virkelige kultud\u00f8velse.<\/p><p>De viser Astarte ikke som en fort\u00e6llefigur, men som modtager af templer, stiftelser og kongelig dyrkelse. Udgivelser af disse tekster findes i standardsamlingerne af f\u00f8nikiske indskrifter, for eksempel hos Herbert Donner og Wolfgang R\u00f6llig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2acdcf65 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2acdcf65\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28ce0b2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28ce0b2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte, Afrodite og den gr\u00e6ske overs\u00e6ttelse af gudinden<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp241006cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp241006cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21761654 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp21761654\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gr\u00e6kerne, som stod i kontakt med f\u00f8nikerne i hele Middelhavsomr\u00e5det, sidestillede Astarte med deres egen k\u00e6rligheds- og sk\u00f8nhedsgudinde Afrodite. Denne sidestilling er mere end blot en overs\u00e6ttelse.<\/p><p>Herodot beretter om et <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et helligt sted indviet til dyrkelsen af en gudom.\" tabindex=\"0\">helligdom<\/span> for den himmelske Afrodite i Askalon og kalder det den \u00e6ldste af alle denne gudindes helligdomme, som ogs\u00e5 den p\u00e5 Cypern skal stamme fra. Dermed placerer han Afrodites oprindelse udtrykkeligt i det syrisk-f\u00f8nikiske omr\u00e5de.<\/p><p>Cypern spiller en n\u00f8glerolle i denne historie. \u00d8en blev tidligt befolket af f\u00f8nikerne, is\u00e6r byen Kition, og <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede m\u00e6ngde af religi\u00f8se dyrkelseshandlinger for en gudom eller helgenskikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span> omkring den cypriotiske gudinde, som gr\u00e6kerne tilbad som Afrodite, b\u00e6rer tydelige spor af Astarte.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et helligt sted indviet til dyrkelsen af en gudom.\" tabindex=\"0\">Helligdommen<\/span> i Paphos p\u00e5 Cypern tilbad sit gudebillede i form af en konisk sten, en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En overleveret handling, der regelm\u00e6ssigt gentages i et samfund.\" tabindex=\"0\">skik<\/span>, der svarer mere til den forasiatiske end den gr\u00e6ske kultforst\u00e5else.<\/p><p>Forskningen diskuterer, i hvilken grad Afrodite overhovedet er en oprindeligt gr\u00e6sk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et v\u00e6sen, der tilbedes som gudom inden for en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudom<\/span>, eller om hun v\u00e6sentligt udsprang af overtagelsen af den f\u00f8nikiske Astarte. Walter Burkert har i sine arbejder om den orientalske indflydelse p\u00e5 den gr\u00e6ske religion st\u00e6rkt betonet denne forbindelse. Andre forskere ser en blanding af en indoeurop\u00e6isk morgenr\u00f8de-gudinde og forasiatiske elementer.<\/p><p>Sikkert er det, at Astarte og Afrodite gennem \u00e5rhundreder blev behandlet som to navne for en gudinde, man opfattede som besl\u00e6gtede. For Astarte betyder det, at hendes virkningshistorie n\u00e5r langt ud over de f\u00f8nikiske byer og forts\u00e6tter i den gr\u00e6ske og senere romerske religion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cd57195 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2cd57195\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b9874d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2b9874d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte og Ashtoret i den hebraiske bibel<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23d0ede1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp23d0ede1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e38e53c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e38e53c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte optr\u00e6der i den hebraiske bibel under formen <em>Ashtoret<\/em>, i pluralis <em>Ashtarot<\/em>. Vokaliseringen af dette navn anses af forskningen for en bevidst forvanskning: De masoretiske l\u00e6rde skal have erstattet de oprindelige vokaler med vokalerne fra det hebraiske ord for skam, en fremgangsm\u00e5de man ogs\u00e5 formoder anvendt ved andre fremmede gudomme.<\/p><p>De bibelske tekster n\u00e6vner Ashtoret flere steder. I F\u00f8rste Kongebog omtales hun som sidoniernes gudinde, hvis <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede m\u00e6ngde af religi\u00f8se dyrkelseshandlinger for en gudom eller helgenskikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> kong Salomo skal have tilladt.<\/p><p>Hun optr\u00e6der ofte i pluralis sammen med baalerne, baalsskikkelserne, som sindbillede p\u00e5 de fremmede kulter, som de bibelske forfattere polemiserer mod. Dommerbogen og Samuelsb\u00f8gerne anvender vendingen, at folket tjente baalerne og astarterne.<\/p><p>Disse bel\u00e6g er religionshistorisk vigtige af to grunde. F\u00f8rst bekr\u00e6fter de udefra, at Astarte faktisk var Sidons hovedgudinde, hvad de f\u00f8nikiske kongeindskrifter bevidner fra eget perspektiv. Dern\u00e6st viser de, at Astarte-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede m\u00e6ngde af religi\u00f8se dyrkelseshandlinger for en gudom eller helgenskikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span> ogs\u00e5 var udbredt i befolkningen i det israelitiske og jud\u00e6iske omr\u00e5de, ellers ville den profetiske polemik ikke have haft noget m\u00e5l.<\/p><p>Bibelen er her en fjendtlig, men netop derfor oplysende kilde. Den overleverer ikke <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den videnskabelige l\u00e6re om Gud og troen i en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologien<\/span> hos Astarte-dyrkerne, men dog det indirekte bevis, at deres <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede m\u00e6ngde af religi\u00f8se dyrkelseshandlinger for en gudom eller helgenskikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> var levende nok til at blive opfattet som religi\u00f8s konkurrence gennem \u00e5rhundreder.<\/p><p>Sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let om, hvordan Ashtoret forholder sig til den ligeledes i Bibelen omtalte Ashera, diskuteres fortsat i forskningen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur (udvalg)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Corinne Bonnet: <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (Rom 1996)<\/li><li>Stephanie Budin: <em>The Origin of Aphrodite<\/em> (Bethesda 2003)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>Stephanie Budin: <em>The Myth of Sacred Prostitution in Antiquity<\/em> (Cambridge 2008)<\/li><li>Charles Krahmalkov: <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (Leiden 2001)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I den f\u00f8nikiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En overleveret fort\u00e6lling om guder, oprindelser og verdens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">myte<\/span> forbinder Astarte k\u00e6rlighed, krig og kongemagt; hendes <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede m\u00e6ngde af religi\u00f8se dyrkelseshandlinger for en gudom eller helgenskikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> str\u00e6kker sig fra Sidon og Tyrus til Karthago og pr\u00e6ger senere hellenistiske Afrodite- og Hera-identifikationer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Relaterede n\u00f8glebegreber: Astarte f\u00f8nikere gudinde k\u00e6rlighed krig Ishtar Afrodite Sidon Tyrus.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-astarte-phoenix\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard og beskyttelsestraditioner<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard knytter sig til den kulturhistoriske tradition for b\u00e6rbare beskyttelsesobjekter, i traditionen fra <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138242\">F\u00f8nikisk<\/a> og mange andre kulturer verden over. 41 lag, \u00e6gte guld, platin, s\u00f8lv, fremstillet i Tyskland. 30 dages returret.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mere om iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mere om iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb 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Ikke et medicinsk produkt. Intet helbredelsesl\u00f8fte.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard er <strong>ikke et medicinsk produkt<\/strong> og erstatter ikke l\u00e6ge- eller psykoterapeutisk behandling. 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