{"id":138275,"date":"2026-09-03T07:08:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T07:08:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=138275"},"modified":"2026-09-03T07:55:55","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T07:55:55","slug":"lono-gud-fred-frugtbarhed","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/lono-gud-fred-frugtbarhed\/","title":{"rendered":"Lono &#8211; Hawaiiansk gud for fred og frugtbarhed"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"138275\" class=\"elementor elementor-138275 elementor-2602 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lono - Hawaiiansk h\u00f8jgud for fred, landbrug og Makahiki<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lono er i den hawaiianske religion en af de fire h\u00f8jguder, atua for fred, frugtbarhed, regn, landbrug og den store \u00e5rlige Makahiki-fest. Han er en n\u00e6r parallelfigur til maori-atuaen <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138270\">Rongo<\/a>. Denne fremstilling beskriver hans stilling i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede m\u00e6ngde af guder i en religion eller kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonet<\/span>, Makahiki-systemet og den historisk ber\u00f8mte forbindelse til James Cook.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gud af traditionen Polynesien \/ Maori.\">Gud<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138239\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologi fra traditionen Polynesien \/ Maori.\">Polynesien \/ Maori<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"H\u00f8jguddom for fred.\">H\u00f8jguddom for fred<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Der blev ikke fundet nogen overskrifter p\\u00e5 denne side.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tIndholdsfortegnelse\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-lono-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-lono-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-lono-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-140167\" alt=\"Lono - guder fra den polynesisk-maoriske tradition, historisk-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Indplacering i det hawaiiske pantheon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lono er en af Hawai&#8217;is fire h\u00f8jguder, sammen med Ku, Kane og <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138274\">Kanaloa<\/a>. Han er atua for fred og st\u00e5r dermed i funktionel mods\u00e6tning til Ku, krigsguden. I den \u00e5rlige ritualkalender skiftedes dyrkelsen af Ku og Lono: I krigstiden dominerede Ku, mens Lono dominerede i de fire Makahiki-m\u00e5neder.<\/p><p>Valeri viser i <em>Kingship and Sacrifice<\/em>, hvordan det hawaiianske religionssystem institutionaliserede denne to-s\u00e6son-struktur. Skiftet mellem krigs- og fredstid er ikke kun kalendarisk, men teologisk og politisk grundl\u00e6ggende.<\/p><p>Selv om Lono h\u00f8rer til Hawai&#8217;is fire h\u00f8jguder, og hans <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede m\u00e6ngde af religi\u00f8se \u00e6resbevisninger for en gud eller hellig skikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> var fast forankret i ritualkalenderen, kender den underliggende <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den videnskabelige l\u00e6re om gud og tro i en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span> &#8211; ligesom den besl\u00e6gtede maori-tradition &#8211; ingen systematisk doktrin og ingen afsluttet l\u00e6resystem.<\/p><p>Det, atua&#8217;erne har af virkelighed, opn\u00e5r de i udf\u00f8relsen: i karakia, ved forsamlinger p\u00e5 marae, i whakapapa-recitationerne. Religionsvidenskabeligt betragtes denne praksisbaserede <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den videnskabelige l\u00e6re om gud og tro i en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span> som et selvst\u00e6ndigt bidrag til faget; Mary Ann Boord og Edward Tregear har udarbejdet den systematisk i deres religionsetnografiske unders\u00f8gelser af Polynesien.<\/p><p>Den, der udforsker Lono, m\u00f8der en grundl\u00e6ggende vanskelighed i den polynesiske religionsforskning: Mange kilder stammer fra det koloniale 19. \u00e5rhundrede og er farvet af mission\u00e6rers og etnologers opfattelse.<\/p><p>Netop ved Lono-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede m\u00e6ngde af religi\u00f8se \u00e6resbevisninger for en gud eller hellig skikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span>, som blev t\u00e6t knyttet til Cook-episoden, g\u00f8r dette sig g\u00e6ldende. Den nyere forskning arbejder derfor til stadighed p\u00e5 en dekolonisering af dette materiale, ved at s\u00e6tte polynesiske stemmer i centrum og kritisk udfordre vestlige kategorier.<\/p><p>Stiller man den polynesiske religion op mod andre oprindelige religioner i Oceanien, Australien og Syd\u00f8stasien, viser der sig en dobbelt egenskab: I sine grundmotiver forbliver den p\u00e5faldende konstant, men tilpasser sig samtidig lokalt. At Lono svarer til maori-guden Rongo og alligevel har f\u00e5et sit eget hawaiianske udtryk, er et eksempel p\u00e5 dette.<\/p><p>Dette sp\u00e6ndingsforhold mellem universalitet og lokalitet udg\u00f8r et vigtigt unders\u00f8gelsesfelt i Stillehavets religionsetnologi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Navn og etymologi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Navnet Lono svarer etymologisk til maori-<a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138270\">Rongo<\/a>. Den protopolynesiske rod *Rongo betyder &#8216;klang&#8217;, &#8216;besked&#8217;, &#8216;rygter&#8217;. P\u00e5 Hawai&#8217;i gennemf\u00f8res det lydlige skifte fra r til l. Den semantiske forbindelse mellem &#8216;besked&#8217; og &#8216;fred&#8217; er tydelig p\u00e5 Hawai&#8217;i, ligesom hos maorierne.<\/p><p>Lonos tilnavne er Lono-i-ka-makahiki (&#8216;Lono af Makahiki&#8217;), Lono-nui-akea (&#8216;den store, vide Lono&#8217;) og Lono-makua (&#8216;Fader Lono&#8217;). Denne mangfoldighed viser de forskellige funktionsv\u00e6gte.<\/p><p>At Lono tilkaldes under flere tilnavne, har en sproghistorisk baggrund: En s\u00e5dan navnerigdom vidner om en mundtlig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Overleveringen af viden og fort\u00e6llinger gennem generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">overlevering<\/span>, som har udviklet sig rigt og forskelligt fra region til region.<\/p><p>Den sproglige dybde i de maoriske og hawaiianske teonymer er dokumenteret i leksikonarbejderne af Bruce Biggs og Hugh Clarke. Den, der vil forst\u00e5 sl\u00e6gtskabet mellem de polynesiske sprog, kan ikke komme uden om denne forskning.<\/p><p>Lonos tilnavne er i mange tilf\u00e6lde mere end blot udsmykning. De kodificerer bestemte rituelle funktioner og er fastlagt i karakia-formlerne. Tohungaerne, de rituelle specialister, vidste pr\u00e6cis, hvilket tilnavn der skulle tilkaldes i hvilken situation. Denne n\u00f8je regulerede liturgiske praksis unders\u00f8ges af Charles Royal og Pou Temara.<\/p><p>Hvilken oprindelig betydning der ligger til grund for tilnavnene, er ofte omstridt. Ofte findes konkurrerende etymologiske forslag side om side, uden at sikre kilder tillader en afg\u00f8relse. Den moderne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Videnskaben, der unders\u00f8ger religioner sammenlignende og uden trosbinding.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionsvidenskab<\/span> betragter denne mangfoldighed som en rigdom og ikke som en mangel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskrivelse og ikonografi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lonos centrale ikonografiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tegn, der repr\u00e6senterer en forestilling eller betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> er Lono-banneret: en lang tr\u00e6stang med et tv\u00e6rstykke og et hvidt stykke stof (tapa), ofte prydet med fjerbundter. Dette banner blev b\u00e5ret fra \u00f8 til \u00f8 under Makahiki-festen. Formen ligner tv\u00e6rsnittet af et kors, hvilket i 1779 f\u00f8rte til en ber\u00f8mt forveksling.<\/p><p>Ogs\u00e5 svin, kalabasser og bestemte planter forbindes med Lono. Beckwith og Valeri dokumenterer <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u00e6ren om billedindhold og deres betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografien<\/span> udf\u00f8rligt. I dag er Lono-banneret et <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tegn, der repr\u00e6senterer en forestilling eller betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> p\u00e5 hawaiiansk kulturel selvh\u00e6vdelse.<\/p><p>I de sidste fem \u00e5rtier har maorisk og hawaiiansk tr\u00e6sk\u00e6rerkunst oplevet en imponerende genopblomstring. Cliff Whiting, Robyn Kahukiwa, Wright Bowman og Sam Ka&#8217;ai er blandt de kunstnere, der har videreudviklet b\u00e5de overleverede former og moderne bearbejdninger.<\/p><p>Atua&#8217;erne, herunder Lono, tr\u00e6der frem p\u00e5 mangfoldig vis i deres v\u00e6rker; deres ikonografiske tilstedev\u00e6relse str\u00e6kker sig dermed frem til nutidens kunst.<\/p><p>Polynesisk kunst kan ikke skilles fra sin kosmologiske betydning. Hver spiral (koru), hver ornamentik og hver linje b\u00e6rer religionsf\u00e6nomenologisk mening &#8211; ogs\u00e5 Lono-banneret med sit tv\u00e6rstykke og sine fjerbundter. Roger Neich, Damian Skinner og andre kunsthistorikere har systematisk kortlagt disse betydningslag.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Makahiki-festen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Makahiki var den vigtigste \u00e5rlige fest i hawaiiansk religion. Den varede omkring fire m\u00e5neder, fra november til februar (efter den hawaiianske m\u00e5nekalender). I denne periode var krig forbudt, Ku-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summen af de religi\u00f8se handlinger, hvormed en gud eller hellig skikkelse \u00e6res.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span> l\u00e5 stille, og Lono dominerede. P\u00e5 \u00f8erne blev Lono-banneret b\u00e5ret rundt, hvert Ahupua&#8217;a (landdistrikt) bragte gaver, og der blev afholdt sportskampe og danseopvisninger.<\/p><p>Religionsvidenskabeligt er Makahiki en klassisk h\u00f8stfest, som kan sammenlignes med den romerske Saturnalia eller den mesopotamiske Akitu. Valerie Valeri analyserer strukturen som en &#8216;rituel inversion&#8217;: Under festen bliver de normale sociale hierarkier delvist vendt om, freden dominerer, og folket f\u00e5r gaver at leve af.<\/p><p>Ogs\u00e5 fort\u00e6llestoffet om Makahiki-festen skal videnskabeligt l\u00e6ses som et net af fort\u00e6llinger, der forklarer hinanden og v\u00e6gtes forskelligt i de enkelte stammetraditioner. Der findes netop ikke \u00e9n samlet, afsluttet fort\u00e6lling.<\/p><p>Denne rhizomatiske, netlignende struktur stiller forskningen over for metodiske udfordringer, men giver den samtidig en hermeneutisk dybde. Afvigende versioner af en fort\u00e6lling betragtes som ligev\u00e6rdige regionale udformninger, aldrig som &#8216;forkerte&#8217; eller &#8216;forvanskede&#8217;.<\/p><p>Overleveringerne omkring Makahiki bliver aktivt videref\u00f8rt frem for blot mindet &#8211; i karakia, i talerne p\u00e5 marae og i undervisningen. De er dermed levet praksis og ikke et stillest\u00e5ende arkiv. Sprogprogrammerne for Te Reo M\u0101ori og \u014clelo Hawai&#8217;i har i de seneste tre \u00e5rtier styrket denne livskraft betydeligt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lono og James Cook<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I januar 1779 ankrede James Cook med sine skibe i Kealakekua-bugten p\u00e5 Hawai&#8217;i. Ved et tilf\u00e6lde faldt dette sammen med h\u00f8jdepunktet af Makahiki. De rektangul\u00e6re mast-tv\u00e6rtr\u00e6-tekstil-strukturer p\u00e5 hans skib mindede om Lono-banneret. En r\u00e6kke hawaiianske kilder og vestlige iagttagere fort\u00e6ller, at Cook faktisk blev <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"H\u00f8rende til et fastlagt religi\u00f8st handlingsforl\u00f8b.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritielt<\/span> modtaget som en Lono-inkarnation eller i det mindste med Lono-reference.<\/p><p>Denne historie er genstand for en ber\u00f8mt kontrovers mellem Marshall Sahlins (<em>Islands of History<\/em>, 1985) og Gananath Obeyesekere (<em>The Apotheosis of Captain Cook<\/em>, 1992). Sahlins forsvarer tesen om den rituelle identifikation; Obeyesekere h\u00e6vder, at den er en kolonial konstruktion.<\/p><p>Religionshistorisk er det centrale: Cook blev dr\u00e6bt den 14. februar 1779 i et sammenst\u00f8d &#8211; sandsynligvis efter at Makahiki var slut, og hans us\u00e6dvanlige tilbagekomst teologisk ikke l\u00e6ngere kunne indplaceres.<\/p><p>Episoden med James Cook, der ved sin ankomst blev forbundet med Lono, kan kun forst\u00e5s, hvis man kender et grundtr\u00e6k i maorisk og hawaiiansk religion: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En fastlagt, tilbagevendende religi\u00f8s handling.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritus<\/span> og daglig virksomhed griber ind i hinanden.<\/p><p>Mens andre religi\u00f8se systemer skarpt skiller det hellige fra det profane, gennemtr\u00e6nger forholdet til atua&#8217;erne her hele livet. Denne religi\u00f8sitet, som er forankret i selve livsverdenen, er genstand for religionsf\u00e6nomenologiske studier af Mason Durie, Charles Royal, Lilikala Kame&#8217;eleihiwa og andre polynesiske forskere fra den nuv\u00e6rende generation.<\/p><p>Hvor t\u00e6t rituel praksis og dagligliv er sammenflettet, kan ogs\u00e5 ses i sproget: Begreber som mana, tapu, aroha eller hauora er i dag en del af den almene engelsk i Aotearoa og bruges ogs\u00e5 uden for religi\u00f8se sammenh\u00e6nge. At maorisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den videnskabelige l\u00e6re om Gud og troen i en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span> p\u00e5 denne m\u00e5de har indskrevet sig i sprogbrugen, dokumenterer dens kulturelle dybdevirkning.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult og ritualer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lono blev tilbedt i sine egne heiau, blandt andet i Halulu-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En bygning, der bruges til tilbedelse af en eller flere gudeheder.\" tabindex=\"0\">templet<\/span> p\u00e5 Lana&#8217;i. Bestemte heiau var &#8216;fredsheiau&#8217; (Lono-heiau), andre &#8216;krigsheiau&#8217; (Ku-heiau). Denne differentiering er videnskabeligt oplysende: den viser en systematisk ritual adskillelse af livets omr\u00e5der.<\/p><p>I Makahiki-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En fastlagt f\u00f8lge af symbolske handlinger med religi\u00f8s eller kulturel betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualet<\/span> var en bestemt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den fastlagte ordning for gudstjenesten i et religi\u00f8st samfund.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgi<\/span> central, som Pukui og Beckwith dokumenterer. Den omfatter b\u00f8nner, dans, gaver og <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En festlig religi\u00f8s procession.\" tabindex=\"0\">processionen<\/span> med Lono-banneret. B\u00f8nder bragte gaver fra deres h\u00f8st til banneret, adelen delte gaver ud.<\/p><p>Den polynesiske religion lever is\u00e6r videre ved marae og heiau, disse steder, der p\u00e5 samme tid er forsamlings- og kultsted &#8211; og netop i Makahiki-m\u00e5nederne var Lono knyttet til heiau-riterne. Hver marae og hvert heiau har sin egen whakapapa, sine egne overleveringer og sine egne atua-forbindelser.<\/p><p>Et bes\u00f8g p\u00e5 en marae begynder med powhiri, det <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En fastlagt f\u00f8lge af symbolske handlinger med religi\u00f8s eller kulturel betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>, hvor tangata whenua h\u00f8jtideligt tager imod deres g\u00e6ster. Det er ikke ceremoniel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den overleverede folkekultur med skikke, fort\u00e6llinger og sange.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span>, men levet religi\u00f8s praksis, og videnskabeligt regnes det blandt de bedst dokumenterede polynesiske velkomstritualer.<\/p><p>I det 20. og 21. \u00e5rhundrede har kultpraksissen \u00e6ndret sig markant. Hvor tohunga tidligere spillede en central rolle, b\u00e6res <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En fastlagt, tilbagevendende religi\u00f8s handling.\" tabindex=\"0\">riten<\/span> i dag i h\u00f8j grad af kaumatua, de \u00e6ldste, samt marae-udvalgene. Religionssociologisk er denne forskydning oplysende; Manuka Henare og Mason Durie behandler den i deres forskning.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskyttelsestraditioner<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lono tilbedes i beskyttelsessammenh\u00e6nge prim\u00e6rt ved at man kalder p\u00e5 fred og frugtbarhed. B\u00f8nder, der beder for en god h\u00f8st, vender sig til Lono. Ogs\u00e5 i fredsforhandlinger var Lono referencepunktet. Denne praksis er i dag delvist genoplivet inden for kulturpolitiske initiativer.<\/p><p>Det \u00e5rlige Makahiki fejres i dag p\u00e5 ny p\u00e5 nogle hawaiianske skoler, kulturcentre og i suver\u00e6nitetsbev\u00e6gelser, ofte som en symbolsk erindring om den f\u00f8rkoloniale orden. Denne praksis skal forst\u00e5s kulturelt-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"H\u00f8rende til en fastlagt religi\u00f8s handlingsforl\u00f8b.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituelt<\/span>, den er ikke magisk.<\/p><p>N\u00e5r det g\u00e6lder beskyttelse, er en videnskabelig sondring p\u00e5 sin plads: Den vestlige forst\u00e5else udg\u00e5r fra det virksomme <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En b\u00e5ret genstand, som man tilskriver en beskyttende, ulykkeafvisende virkning.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulet<\/span>, den polynesiske fra den plejede relation. Beskyttelse er her relationel og ritualiseret; en magisk-kausal virkning ligger netop ikke til grund for den.<\/p><p>Den, der st\u00e5r i forbindelse med en atua som Lono og plejer denne forbindelse, betragtes som &#8216;beskyttet&#8217;. Beskyttelsen b\u00e6res da ikke af en genstands virkning, men af den kosmologiske forpligtelse i en best\u00e5ende relation. I religionsantropologien g\u00e5r denne tanke under begrebet &#8216;relational ontology&#8217;.<\/p><p>Beskyttelsespraksissen er desuden et felt, hvor tradition og modernitet m\u00f8des. Smartphone-applikationer med karakia, online-vejledninger til beskyttelsesritualer og virtuelle marae-bes\u00f8g viser, at den polynesiske religion tager nye medier i brug til sin praksis. Denne modernisering skal forst\u00e5s som en tilpasningsdygtig videreudvikling, der kan ikke v\u00e6re tale om forfladigelse.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralleller i andre kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Inden for Polynesien svarer Lono til maori-<a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138270\">Rongo<\/a>, til den tahitianske Ro&#8217;o, og kan sammenlignes med Demeter, Ceres eller Saturn (i dennes agrare funktion). Ligesom disse repr\u00e6senterer Lono den kultiverede plante og den samfundsm\u00e6ssige fred.<\/p><p>Vigtigt er det specifikke ved Makahiki: en institutionaliseret fire m\u00e5neders fredsperiode hvert \u00e5r er historisk set bem\u00e6rkelsesv\u00e6rdig og kun i f\u00e5 andre kulturer belagt s\u00e5 udpr\u00e6get. Valeri og Sahlins diskuterer denne specifikke egenskab.<\/p><p>S\u00e5danne universelle strukturer i religi\u00f8s erfaring er systematisk unders\u00f8gt af Joseph Campbell og Mircea Eliade. S\u00e5 grundl\u00e6ggende deres arbejder er, m\u00e5 de dog gent\u00e6nkes for de konkrete polynesiske sammenh\u00e6nge, uden at man forfalder til en pan-globaliserende forenkling. Den nyere polynesiske forskning l\u00e6gger stor v\u00e6gt p\u00e5 denne kontekstsensitive tolkning.<\/p><p>Inden for de internationale Indigenous Studies er der siden 1990&#8217;erne systematisk blevet udarbejdet paralleller mellem polynesiske trosverdener og andre urfolks traditioner. Dette forskningsfelt er i afg\u00f8rende grad formet af maori-forskeren Linda Tuhiwai Smith med hendes standardv\u00e6rk fra 1999, <em>Decolonizing Methodologies<\/em>, hvis metodiske linje er blevet taget op verden over.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nutidig rezeption<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lono er til stede i den hawaiianske ren\u00e6ssance. Bev\u00e6gelser til genoplivelse af Makahiki, til fremme af den hawaiianske m\u00e5nekalender og til pleje af Lono-heiau&#8217;er er aktive. Lilikala Kame&#8217;eleihiwa og andre hawaiianske forskere arbejder p\u00e5 at bringe Lono tilbage i den offentlige bevidsthed.<\/p><p>Cook-Lono-debatten er genstand for international religionsetnologisk undervisning. En dybere placering i den <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138239\">polynesiske religionsfamilie<\/a> viser Lonos n\u00e6re sl\u00e6gtskab med Rongo og den specifikt hawaiianske udformning.<\/p><p>En <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et v\u00e6sen, der dyrkes som gudommeligt inden for en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudom<\/span> som Lono, forbundet med fredstanken, landbruget og Makahiki-festen, h\u00f8rer til et religi\u00f8st system, som den internationale diskurs i stigende grad tilkender selvst\u00e6ndighed, og som ikke l\u00e6ngere nedg\u00f8res som &#8216;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede overleverede gudefort\u00e6lling i en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologi<\/span>&#8216; eller &#8216;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den overleverede folkekultur med skikke, fort\u00e6llinger og sange.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span>&#8216;.<\/p><p>Begreber som &#8216;mana&#8217;, &#8216;tapu&#8217;, &#8216;mauri&#8217; og &#8216;whakapapa&#8217; er nu del af det videnskabelige fagsprog, hvilket dokumenterer denne anerkendelse. Deres brug kr\u00e6ver dog en kontekstuel sensitivitet, som ikke er selvf\u00f8lgelig.<\/p><p>Hvordan polynesiske religioner modtages i popul\u00e6rkulturen &#8211; i Disney-produktioner, i turismen, i esoterisk litteratur &#8211; er genstand for kritiske debatter. Hvor sker der en rimelig formidling, hvor bliver den fladgjort eller fordrejet? Disse sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l diskuteres med eftertryk og offentligt i Aotearoa og Hawai&#8217;i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forskning og kilder<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vigtige bidrag til Lono findes hos Martha Beckwith, Mary Kawena Pukui, David Malo, Valerio Valeri, Marshall Sahlins, Gananath Obeyesekere og Lilikala Kame&#8217;eleihiwa. Sahlins&#8217; <em>Islands of History<\/em> og Obeyesekeres <em>The Apotheosis of Captain Cook<\/em> er de centrale tekster i Cook-Lono-debatten. Valeris <em>Kingship and Sacrifice<\/em> er standardv\u00e6rket om strukturen i det hawaiianske religionssystem.<\/p><p>Lono forbliver en central reference for forst\u00e5elsen af f\u00f8rkolonial hawaiiansk religion og dens m\u00f8de med Europa.<\/p><p>Dialogen mellem de polynesisk-interne videnstraditioner og den akademiske forskning b\u00e6res i dag af en r\u00e6kke institutioner: Royal Society of New Zealand &#8211; Te Aparangi, Maori Studies Department ved Auckland University, University of Hawai&#8217;i at Manoa og fonden Te Punga Tipu.<\/p><p>Dette institutionelle fundament sikrer, at polynesisk forskning ogs\u00e5 udg\u00e5r fra Polynesien selv og g\u00e5r videre end blot at tale om Polynesien.<\/p><p>En bro til den globale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Videnskaben, der unders\u00f8ger religioner sammenlignende og uden trosbinding.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionsvidenskab<\/span> skabes af studier, der bruger den polynesiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den videnskabelige l\u00e6re om Gud og om en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span> som eksempel p\u00e5 en ikke-vestlig religi\u00f8sitet. S\u00e5 udfordrende dette komparative arbejde er metodisk, \u00e5bner det dog nye perspektiver for at forst\u00e5 religion som et kulturelt f\u00e6nomen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d3003bc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2d3003bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29fa8a39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp29fa8a39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sahlins-Obeyesekere-kontroversen: Lono og gr\u00e6nserne for etnografisk tolkning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2643cac5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2643cac5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22515bb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp22515bb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ingen anden skikkelse i den hawaiianske religion er s\u00e5 n\u00e6rt forbundet med en videnskabelig kontrovers som <em>Lono<\/em>. I centrum st\u00e5r sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let om, hvilken rolle Lono spillede ved ankomsten af den britiske s\u00f8farer James Cook, der i begyndelsen af 1779 under <em>Makahiki<\/em>, den store h\u00f8stfredsfest, landede p\u00e5 Hawaii og blev dr\u00e6bt der f\u00e5 uger senere.<\/p><p>Den amerikanske antropolog Marshall Sahlins fremsatte i flere arbejder fra 1980&#8217;erne den tese, at Cook af hawaiianerne blev indordnet i det mytiske skema om Lono.<\/p><p>Hans ankomst under Lono-festen, hans rute og hans opf\u00f8rsel skulle have passet til kulturelt fastlagte forventninger, s\u00e5 hawaiianerne opfattede ham som en manifestation eller genkomst af atuaen. Sahlins brugte sagen til at underbygge sit st\u00f8rre argument, at historie og kulturel struktur gennemtr\u00e6nger hinanden.<\/p><p>Den srilankanske antropolog Gananath Obeyesekere modsagde dette skarpt i 1992. Han beskyldte Sahlins&#8217; tolkning for at gentage en kolonial <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En overleveret fort\u00e6lling om guder, oprindelser og verdens orden.\" tabindex=\"0\">myte<\/span>, nemlig den smigrende europ\u00e6iske forestilling om, at den hvide ankommer blev anset for en gud.<\/p><p>Obeyesekere argumenterede, at hawaiianerne behandlede Cook som en m\u00e6gtig h\u00f8vding og fremmed, ikke som en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et v\u00e6sen, der dyrkes som gudommeligt inden for en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudom<\/span>, og at gudsforvandlingen var en efterf\u00f8lgende europ\u00e6isk konstruktion. Sahlins svarede i 1995 med en omfattende genmelding, hvor han igen gennemgik de hawaiianske og de tidlige kilder.<\/p><p>Kontroversen er endnu ikke afgjort til fulde, og netop det g\u00f8r den l\u00e6rerig for fremstillingen af Lono. Den viser f\u00f8rst, hvor smalt og hvor europ\u00e6isk filtreret kildegrundlaget er.<\/p><p>N\u00e6sten alle tidlige rapporter stammer fra skibsbes\u00e6tningerne, de hawaiianske skriftlige vidnesbyrd begynder f\u00f8rst flere \u00e5rtier senere og er selv pr\u00e6get af mission og historieskrivning. Den viser dern\u00e6st, at sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let om, hvad de historiske akt\u00f8rer faktisk troede, er metodisk langt sv\u00e6rere at besvare, end popul\u00e6re fremstillinger antyder.<\/p><p>For en seri\u00f8s behandling af Lono betyder det, at Cook-episoden b\u00f8r pr\u00e6senteres som et omdiskuteret tilf\u00e6lde, der viser de metodiske gr\u00e6nser for etnografien, i stedet for at fremstille den som en sikker religionshistorisk kendsgerning. Den videnskabeligt holdbare kerne forbliver forbindelsen mellem Lono og regn, frugtbarhed og Makahiki-kalenderen, uafh\u00e6ngigt af sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let om Cook.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur (udvalg)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Martha Beckwith: <em>Hawaiian Mythology<\/em> (1940)<\/li><li>Valerio Valeri: <em>Kingship and Sacrifice<\/em> (1985)<\/li><li>Marshall Sahlins: <em>Islands of History<\/em> (1985)<\/li><li>Gananath Obeyesekere: <em>The Apotheosis of Captain Cook<\/em> (1992)<\/li><li>Lilikala Kame&#8217;eleihiwa: <em>Native Land and Foreign Desires<\/em> (1992)<\/li><li>David Malo: <em>Hawaiian Antiquities<\/em> (1898)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-lono e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-lono\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-lono-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-lono-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Som <strong>h\u00f8jgud<\/strong> for fred, landbrug og den \u00e5rlige Makahiki-festperiode indtager Lono en central position i det hawaiianske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede m\u00e6ngde af guder i en religion eller kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> og udg\u00f8r modpolen til den krigeriske Ku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Relaterede n\u00f8glebegreber: Lono Hawaii Makahiki James Cook Lono-banner Rongo-relateret fredsgud.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-lono\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard og beskyttelsestraditioner<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard knytter an til den kulturhistoriske tradition for b\u00e6rbare beskyttelsesobjekter, i traditionen fra <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138239\">Polynesien \/ Maori<\/a> og mange andre kulturer verden over. 41 lag, \u00e6gte guld, platin, s\u00f8lv, fremstillet i Tyskland. 30 dages returret.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mere om iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mere om iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Personlige erfaringer kan variere. Ikke et medicinsk produkt. Intet helbredelsesl\u00f8fte.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard er <strong>ikke et medicinsk produkt<\/strong> og erstatter ikke l\u00e6ge- eller psykoterapeutisk behandling. De religionsvidenskabelige indhold er en kulturhistorisk indplacering, ikke en anbefaling af spirituel praksis.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2712,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Lono Hawaii Makahiki","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Lono - Hawaiiansk fredsgud, myte","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Lono er hawaiiansk h\u00f8jgud for fred og protektor for Makahiki-festen. 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