{"id":138253,"date":"2026-09-03T07:07:41","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T07:07:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=138253"},"modified":"2026-09-03T07:55:17","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T07:55:17","slug":"supay-skadeander-underverdensherre","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/supay-skadeander-underverdensherre\/","title":{"rendered":"Supay \u2013 skade\u00e5nder og underverdenens herre i Andesbjergene"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"138253\" class=\"elementor elementor-138253 elementor-2580 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Supay, skade\u00e5nder, underverdensherre og mined\u00e6mon i det andinske h\u00f8jland<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay (quechua <em>supay<\/em>, aymara <em>supaya<\/em>) betegner i den andinske tradition b\u00e5de en klasse af skadelige \u00e5nder og en bestemt underverdensgestalt. I Bolivias minedistrikt blev han til <em>Tio<\/em>, mined\u00e6monen i silvergruberne i Potosi og Oruro.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Skade\u00e5nd i traditionen Anderne \/ Inka.\">Skade\u00e5nd<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138237\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologi i traditionen Anderne \/ Inka.\">Anderne \/ Inka<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Underverdensd\u00e6mon.\">Underverdensd\u00e6mon<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Der blev ikke fundet nogen overskrifter p\\u00e5 denne side.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tIndholdsfortegnelse\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-140194\" alt=\"Supay - \u00e5nder fra den andinsk-inkaiske tradition, historisk-illustrativt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Placering i det andiske pantheon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay er en gestalt i den andinske religion, der er vanskelig at kategorisere. I mods\u00e6tning til de statslig-imperiale h\u00f8jgudheder <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138247\">Inti<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138249\">Viracocha<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138251\">Mama Killa<\/a> er Supay hverken en personificeret skaber eller en klart defineret enkeltgud. I de tidligste quechua-kilder betegner han en klasse af skadelige, kropsl\u00f8se v\u00e6sener, d\u00f8ds\u00e5nder, sygdomsd\u00e6moner, nattelige urostiftere, og samtidig en personificeret herskergestalt i underverdenen.<\/p><p>De spanske mission\u00e6rer brugte fra det 16. \u00e5rhundrede <em>supay<\/em> som quechua-\u00e6kvivalent for den kristne dj\u00e6vel (<em>diablo<\/em>).<\/p><p>Denne identifikation har fordrejet den oprindelige betydning betydeligt: hvor den kristne dj\u00e6vel er t\u00e6nkt som en rent ond magt, var supay i den pr\u00e6spanske andinske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den videnskabelige l\u00e6re om Gud og troen i en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span> en moralsk ambivalent figur, farlig, men under visse omst\u00e6ndigheder ogs\u00e5 til hj\u00e6lp, i hvert fald ikke ren ondskab.<\/p><p>Den peruanske antropolog Manuel Marzal beskrev i <em>El mundo religioso de Urcos<\/em> (1971) systematisk forvridningen mellem supay og diablo.<\/p><p>I den religionsvidenskabelige klassifikation h\u00f8rer Supay til den brede kategori af <em>ktoniske numinositeter<\/em>, v\u00e6sener knyttet til jordens dyb, det indre af jorden, huler og skakte.<\/p><p>Strukturelt sammenlignelige er den gr\u00e6ske Hades, den germanske Hel, den mesoamerikanske Mictlantecuhtli og p\u00e5 sin vis ogs\u00e5 den voodoo-relaterede Baron Samedi. I alle tilf\u00e6lde er der tale om v\u00e6sener, der er forbundet med de d\u00f8des verden og med det underjordiske rige.<\/p><p>Bem\u00e6rkelsesv\u00e6rdig er den tidlige spanske observation, at de quechuatalende inkaer ikke havde et enhedligt begreb om et absolut ondt. Polo de Ondegardo noterede i 1559, at inkaerne kendte mange skadelige v\u00e6sener, men ingen enhedlig gestalt for det onde som den kristne Satan.<\/p><p>Denne observation blev af mission\u00e6rerne f\u00f8rst opfattet som et <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den videnskabelige l\u00e6re om Gud og troen i en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span>-underskud og afhjulpet gennem identifikationen af supay med diablo, en proces, der stadig i dag besk\u00e6ftiger religionshistorisk forskning.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Navn og etymologi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Det quechuiske begreb <em>supay<\/em> er belagt siden de tidligste koloniale ordb\u00f8ger. Diego Gonzalez Holguin angiver i 1608 betydningen som <em>demonio o sombra<\/em>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et \u00e5ndeligt v\u00e6sen, som tilskrives skadelig eller tvetydig virkning.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e6mon<\/span> eller skygge. Denne dobbeltbetydning er afsl\u00f8rende: <em>sombra<\/em> betyder ikke kun den optiske skygge, men en form for ustofligt v\u00e6sen, der kan h\u00e6nge sig p\u00e5 de levende. Pluralformen <em>supaykuna<\/em> betegner mangfoldigheden af s\u00e5danne skyggeagtige v\u00e6sener.<\/p><p>I det aymarasprogede omr\u00e5de lyder \u00e6kvivalenten <em>supaya<\/em> eller <em>saxra<\/em>. Sidstn\u00e6vnte er i dag det mere g\u00e6ngse begreb i de bolivianske aymara-landsbyer og betegner skade\u00e5nder, der bor i bestemte naturf\u00e6nomener (hvirvler, klippespr\u00e6kker, huler).<\/p><p>I de moderne quechuatalende landsbyer har <em>supay<\/em> gennemg\u00e5et en differentieret begrebshistorie.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen skelner i <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002) mellem tre semantiske felter: for det f\u00f8rste <em>supay<\/em> som en neds\u00e6ttende betegnelse for kristne d\u00e6moner (i missionsidentifikationens forstand), for det andet <em>supay<\/em> som en generisk betegnelse for en skyggeagtig skade\u00e5nd, for det tredje <em>supay<\/em> som et \u00e6refuldt tilnavn til bestemte bjergherrer (Apu) eller forf\u00e6dremumier (mallqui), som maner til \u00e6rb\u00f8dig forsigtighed.<\/p><p>Den etymologiske n\u00e6rhed mellem <em>supay<\/em> og det quechuiske verbum <em>supay-<\/em> (at blive bl\u00e6st v\u00e6k af vinden, at blive b\u00e5ret bort) har f\u00e5et nogle lingvister til at antage, at grundbetydningen er en <em>bortbl\u00e6st <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et kropsl\u00f8st v\u00e6sen, som tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nd<\/span><\/em>, et v\u00e6sen, der efter d\u00f8den b\u00e6res tilbage til de levendes verden af vinden.<\/p><p>Denne sproghistoriske hypotese er ikke endeligt bekr\u00e6ftet, men passer godt ind i den etnografisk observerede forestilling om supay som <em>vind<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et kropsl\u00f8st v\u00e6sen, som tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nd<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskrivelse og ikonografi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I de tidlige kr\u00f8niker beskrives Supay som forml\u00f8s, som et usynligt, flygtigt v\u00e6sen, der hjems\u00f8ger de levende i s\u00f8vnen, i sygdom eller om natten. Denne ikonografiske tomhed er karakteristisk for den gamle andinske forestilling om skadegeister; de blev ikke afbildet i fast form, men fygtes som en usynlig n\u00e6rv\u00e6relse.<\/p><p>Med den spanske mission og identifikationen med den kristne dj\u00e6vel har ikonografien \u00e6ndret sig radikalt. I den koloniale Cusquena- og Potosi-maleri optr\u00e6der Supay i stigende grad i europ\u00e6isk-dj\u00e6velsk form: med horn, lang stjert, bukkeben, og nogle gange omgivet af svovldampe.<\/p><p>Det ber\u00f8mte maleri <em>Triumph des Heiligen Michael<\/em> (Cusquena-skolen, 17. \u00e5rh.) viser flere s\u00e5danne Supay-figurer under \u00e6rkeenglens f\u00f8dder.<\/p><p>I den bolivianske mineregion har der siden det 17. \u00e5rhundrede udviklet sig en egen Tio-ikonografi: mandsfigurer modelleret i ler med gyldne \u00f8jne, hornprydet hoved, en tobakscigaret i munden og en fremtr\u00e6dende erigeret fallos, et udtryk for jordens frugtbarhed, der f\u00f8der s\u00f8lvet.<\/p><p>Disse Tio-figurer st\u00e5r stadig i n\u00e6sten hver eneste mineskakt i Potosi-Oruro-regionen. June Nash har dokumenteret dem udf\u00f8rligt i <em>We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us<\/em> (1979).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologiske fort\u00e6llinger<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den mytologiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Videregivelsen af viden og fort\u00e6llinger gennem generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">overlevering<\/span> om Supay er fragmenteret. I Huarochiri-manuskriptet (ca. 1608) fremst\u00e5r flere supay-v\u00e6sener som antagonister til heltefigurer; de bliver som regel overvundet ved list eller afv\u00e6rget gennem ritualpraktiske handlinger.<\/p><p>Cristobal de Albornoz beskriver i sit v\u00e6rk <em>Instruccion para descubrir todas las guacas<\/em> (ca. 1581) forskellige supay-klasser, blandt andre <em>aya supay<\/em> (d\u00f8de\u00e5ndernes geister), <em>chuqui supay<\/em> (spyd-geister, alts\u00e5 kriger-d\u00e6moner) og <em>llocsi supay<\/em> (de fremtr\u00e6dende, alts\u00e5 vandrende sp\u00f8gelser).<\/p><p>Et udbredt topos i fort\u00e6llingerne fra de quechuatalende landsbyer handler om <em>condenado<\/em> (den forbandede): en d\u00f8d sj\u00e6l, der p\u00e5 grund af incest, mord eller andre grove forbrydelser ikke finder indpas i den anden verden og vandrer om som en Supay.<\/p><p>Disse condenados vandrer is\u00e6r om natten i h\u00f8jlandet, viser sig for rejsende som en sorgfuld men uhyggelig f\u00f8lgesvend og fors\u00f8ger at rive de levende med i d\u00f8den. Catherine Allen har nedskrevet flere s\u00e5danne condenado-fort\u00e6llinger for landsbyen Sonqo.<\/p><p>I mine-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede overlevering af en kulturs gudefort\u00e6llinger.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologien<\/span> i de bolivianske Andesbjerge optr\u00e6der Supay\/Tio som herre over s\u00f8lvforekomsterne. En central fort\u00e6lling beskriver, hvordan den f\u00f8rste minearbejder st\u00f8dte p\u00e5 en Tio-statue og spurgte den til r\u00e5ds: Tio lovede rigt s\u00f8lv, men kr\u00e6vede til geng\u00e6ld koka, snaps og til tider ogs\u00e5 et menneskeliv.<\/p><p>Denne historie er ganske vist legendarisk, men afspejler meget pr\u00e6cist den faktisk observerede h\u00f8je ulykkesrisiko i minerne, som bearbejdes ritualpraktisk gennem Tio-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede m\u00e6ngde religi\u00f8se dyrkelseshandlinger for en gud eller helgen skikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span>.<\/p><p>En anden vigtig fort\u00e6llingsklasse omhandler <em>pishtaco<\/em>-v\u00e6senerne, en s\u00e6rlig form for Supay-besl\u00e6gtethed, som har f\u00e5et s\u00e6rlig opm\u00e6rksomhed i de nyere andinske landsbyer. Pishtacos er hvidhudede, fedtsugende v\u00e6sener, der angiveligt indbygger deres <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gave til en gud for at udtrykke tak, b\u00f8n eller tilbedelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">offers<\/span> fedt i industrielle maskiner.<\/p><p>Denne fort\u00e6lling er dokumenteret siden slutningen af det 16. \u00e5rhundrede og genopst\u00e5r i hver \u00f8konomisk omv\u00e6ltningsfase. Mary Weismantel har i <em>Cholas and Pishtacos<\/em> (2001) vist, hvordan denne fort\u00e6lling religi\u00f8st bearbejder de strukturelle sp\u00e6ndinger mellem den indf\u00f8dte befolkning og ikke-indf\u00f8dte magter.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult og mineritual<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den inkatidsalige Supay-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede m\u00e6ngde religi\u00f8se dyrkelseshandlinger for en gud eller helgen skikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> eksisterede kun i negativ form: Supayer var ikke gudehedninger, der modtog ofre, men geister, hvis skade skulle afv\u00e6rges gennem ritualpraktiske handlinger.<\/p><p>Det vigtigste eksempel er den \u00e5rlige <em>Citua<\/em>-renselsesfest i Cusco (september), hvor krigerne drog gennem byen med fakler, jog alle sygdomme, alle kendte supay-v\u00e6sener og alle forstyrrelser ud af byen og symbolsk skyllede dem bort mod de fire verdenshj\u00f8rner.<\/p><p>Siden det 17. \u00e5rhundrede har der i de bolivianske mineregioner udviklet sig en selvst\u00e6ndig Tio-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede m\u00e6ngde religi\u00f8se dyrkelseshandlinger for en gud eller helgen skikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span>, der g\u00e5r langt ud over ren afvisning og udvikler sig til en aktiv pleje af forholdet til skaktd\u00e6monen.<\/p><p>Minearbejderne ofrer hver tirsdag og fredag til Tio ved at l\u00e6gge kokablade i hans sk\u00f8d, h\u00e6lde snaps i hans mund, s\u00e6tte t\u00e6ndte cigaretter i hans mund og bede ham om at frigive s\u00f8lvet og holde skakterne sikre.<\/p><p>H\u00f8jdepunktet er den \u00e5rlige <em>Carnaval Minero<\/em> (minearbejdernes karneval) i Oruro, der siden 2001 er optaget p\u00e5 UNESCOs verdensarvsliste.<\/p><p>I centrum st\u00e5r <em>Diablada<\/em>-dansen, der skildrer Tios nederlag mod \u00e6rkeenglen Michael, en koreografisk sammensmeltning af den pr\u00e6spanske Supay-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den videnskabelige l\u00e6re om Gud og om en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span> med den katolske d\u00e6monl\u00e6re. De ber\u00f8mte s\u00f8lvfarvede diablo-masker fra Oruro-karnevallet er samtidig et kunsthistorisk og religionshistorisk f\u00e6nomen.<\/p><p>Mineregionen omkring Potosi var siden opdagelsen af s\u00f8lvforekomsterne i 1545 det \u00f8konomiske centrum for den spanske kolonial\u00f8konomi. Byen Potosi blev i det 17. \u00e5rhundrede med over 160.000 indbyggere en af verdens st\u00f8rste byer.<\/p><p>De enorme d\u00f8dstal blandt de indf\u00f8dte mita-arbejdere, tusinder af minearbejdere d\u00f8de \u00e5rligt af kviksilverforgiftning, ulykker og udmattelse, pr\u00e6gede Tio-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den videnskabelige l\u00e6re om Gud og om en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologien<\/span> og gav den en blodig baggrund, som stadig er til stede i de oruro-bolivianske karnevalsfort\u00e6llinger.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskyttelsespraksis og apotrop\u00e6iske elementer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Beskyttelsespraksissen mod supayer udg\u00f8r et af de rigeste kapitler i den andinske folkereligion. Catherine Allen, Joseph Bastien og Olivia Harris har i deres etnografiske v\u00e6rker systematisk beskrevet denne praksis i landsbyerne.<\/p><p>Centrale beskyttelsesmidler omfatter: at b\u00e6re en r\u00f8d uldtr\u00e5d om h\u00e5ndleddet (is\u00e6r hos sm\u00e5b\u00f8rn), at anbringe en lille korskombination over husets indgangsd\u00f8r, at ryge huset med eukalyptus- og muna-blade (en vild mynte fra h\u00f8jlandet) samt at b\u00e6re stykker af hvidl\u00f8g eller ruta-urt om halsen. Disse praksisser er i detaljerne blevet synkretistisk medp\u00e5virket af europ\u00e6iske folkemedicinske traditioner.<\/p><p>En specifik beskyttelsespraksis omhandler <em>almas-en-pena<\/em> (sj\u00e6le i lidelse) og <em>condenados<\/em>: Den, der ikke tilbereder det ritualm\u00e6ssigt korrekte m\u00e5ltid for de d\u00f8de p\u00e5 alle sj\u00e6les dag (1.\/2. november), risikerer, at de afd\u00f8de forf\u00e6dre vender tilbage som supayer.<\/p><p>Den udf\u00f8rlige praksis omkring <em>Todos Santos<\/em>-maden, med s\u00e6rligt bagte br\u00f8dfigurer (<em>t&#8217;antawawas<\/em>), choclo, majsslik og cocablade, er b\u00e5de en hyldest til de d\u00f8de og en beskyttelsespraksis mod h\u00e6vnen fra d\u00e5rligt behandlede \u00e5nder.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralleller i andre kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay\/Tio-konstellationen har f\u00e5et stor opm\u00e6rksomhed i den videnskabelige litteratur, fordi den udg\u00f8r et paradeeksempel p\u00e5 f\u00e6nomenet <em>religi\u00f8s inversion<\/em>: En egentlig skr\u00e6mmende figur bliver i minedriftens praksis til en aktivt plejet relation, fordi den \u00f8konomiske overlevelsessituation tvinger en instrumentel tiln\u00e6rmelse til det onde.<\/p><p>Strukturelt parallelle f\u00e6nomener findes i den mesoamerikanske Tlazolteotl- og Mictlantecuhtli-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den videnskabelige l\u00e6re om gud og om troen i en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span>, i den vestasiatiske Lilith-tradition (der p\u00e5 den ene side kan v\u00e6re en skade\u00e5nd, p\u00e5 den anden side en beskyttende \u00e5nd) og i den afrikanske Eshu-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den videnskabelige l\u00e6re om gud og om troen i en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span>. June Nash har i <em>We Eat the Mines<\/em> (1979) udtrykkeligt beskrevet den bolivianske Tio som eksempel p\u00e5 en <em>working-class theology<\/em>, der kan l\u00e6ses b\u00e5de marxistisk og religionsetnologisk.<\/p><p>Specifikt for den andinske region er sammenk\u00e6dningen af supay\/Tio-komplekset med <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138248\">Pachamama<\/a>-komplekset. I de bolivianske miner opfattes Tio og Pachamama som et komplement\u00e6rt par: Tio inde i minegangen, Pachamama udenfor ved indgangen. Denne komplementaritet svarer til det generelle andinske <em>yanantin<\/em>-princip om dobbeltpar.<\/p><p>En vigtig parallel udg\u00f8res af den j\u00f8diske <em>Lilith<\/em>-tradition, som ligeledes fremst\u00e5r som en dobbeltansigtet figur mellem skade\u00e5nd og under visse omst\u00e6ndigheder tilg\u00e6ngelig formidler.<\/p><p>Ogs\u00e5 det japanske <em>oni<\/em>-begreb er besl\u00e6gtet, da ogs\u00e5 oni-v\u00e6sener fremstilles som moralsk ikke entydigt onde, men ambivalente. Disse strukturelle paralleller b\u00f8r dog ikke f\u00f8re til en typologisk ligestilling: Den historisk-kulturelle specificitet i den enkelte tradition er fortsat central.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nutidig reception og forskning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tio-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheden af de religi\u00f8se tilbedelseshandlinger for en gud eller helgenagtig figur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span> i de bolivianske miner er i dag et af de bedst dokumenterede religi\u00f8se praksiskomplekser i verden. Arbejderne af June Nash (1979), Tristan Platt (1983), Pascale Absi (2005) og den franske minedrifts-etnolog Tristan Platt har detaljeret beskrevet kontinuiteten og forandringerne i kulten siden den spanske kolonitid.<\/p><p>Bem\u00e6rkelsesv\u00e6rdig er historien om identifikationen af Supay med den kristne dj\u00e6vel: Et i begyndelsen snarere skyggeagtigt, moralsk ambivalent \u00e5ndekompleks blev gennem den spanske missionsstrategi omdannet til en fremtr\u00e6dende antigud, som nu paradoksalt i minedriftens praksis igen er blevet modtagerfigur i en reciprok <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gave til en gud for at udtrykke tak, b\u00f8n eller tilbedelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">offer<\/span>-relation.<\/p><p>Denne ironiske vending er et klassisk eksempel p\u00e5 indf\u00f8dte kulturers <em>religious creativity<\/em> under koloniale betingelser.<\/p><p>Fra et videnskabeligt synspunkt forbliver Supay\/Tio en vigtig p\u00e5mindelse mod den simple identifikation af indf\u00f8dte skade\u00e5nder med den kristne dj\u00e6vel. Kategorien <em>diablo<\/em>, der er af kolonial oprindelse, tilsl\u00f8rer den genuint andinske moralske ambivalens i supay-komplekset og g\u00f8r det ubrugeligt for den videnskabelige analyse. iWell-Guard-konteksten beskriver dette forhold historisk, ikke med l\u00f8fte om virkning.<\/p><p>Aktuel forskning forbinder desuden supay-komplekset med sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let om indf\u00f8dte retf\u00e6rdighedsforestillinger. Hvor det traditionelle statslige retssystem svigter, tjener supay-condenado-forestillingen i landsbyerne som en moralsk udligningsmekanisme: Den, der har p\u00e5draget sig skyld, vil efter d\u00f8den vende tilbage som en vandrende supay og fuldf\u00f8re sin egen straf.<\/p><p>Denne etiske dimension af Supay-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den videnskabelige l\u00e6re om gud og om troen i en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologien<\/span> er af Allen, Bastien og Salomon i deres v\u00e6rker blevet beskrevet som den quechua-aymariske religi\u00f8sitets <em>moral ecology<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur og kilder<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>F\u00f8lgende udvalg opregner centrale v\u00e6rker om supay\/Tio-traditionen i de centrale Andesbjerge, is\u00e6r om den bolivianske minedrifts-etnografi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp290cce30 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp290cce30\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp268756bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp268756bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Supay mellem pr\u00e6kolonial forestilling og kristen omtydning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e5496e8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e5496e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2761718f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2761718f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Begrebet <em>supay<\/em> h\u00f8rer til de ord, hvis betydning \u00e6ndrede sig grundl\u00e6ggende gennem den spanske kolonisering.<\/p><p>I de tidlige quechua-ordb\u00f8ger, blandt andet Domingo de Santo Tom\u00e1s&#8217; <em>Lexicon<\/em> (1560) og Diego Gonz\u00e1lez Holgu\u00edns vokabular (1608), fremst\u00e5r <em>supay<\/em> som betegnelse for en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et legeml\u00f8st v\u00e6sen, som till\u00e6gges virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nd<\/span> eller et skyggev\u00e6sen forbundet med de d\u00f8des rige og underverdenen.<\/p><p>En entydig negativ moralsk vurdering kan ikke sikkert genskabes for den forkoloniale tid.<\/p><p>De kristne mission\u00e6rer oversatte imidlertid konsekvent <em>supay<\/em> med dj\u00e6vel og <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c5ndeligt v\u00e6sen, som till\u00e6gges skadelig eller flertydig virkning.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e6mon<\/span>. Dermed blev et flertydigt v\u00e6sen fra andeverdenen til en skikkelse for det kristne onde. Denne sammenligning findes allerede i katekismerne, som det Tredje Koncil i Lima udgav p\u00e5 quechua og aymara fra 1583.<\/p><p>Forskningen, blandt andet arbejder af Sabine MacCormack og Gerald Taylor, har vist, at de koloniale tekster derved skabte en kategori, som ikke fandtes tidligere.<\/p><p>Billedet g\u00f8res komplekst af, at den andinske befolkning dels tog denne omtydning til sig, dels underminerede den. Det underjordiske omr\u00e5de forblev i forestillingen forbundet med rigdom og med minerne, og s\u00e5ledes blev <em>supay<\/em> samtidig herre over minerne.<\/p><p>Figuren <em>t\u00edo<\/em>, herren under jorden, som minearbejdere i Potos\u00ed og andre minecentre den dag i dag bringer gaver til, st\u00e5r i denne tradition.<\/p><p>Han er ikke en simpel kristen dj\u00e6vel, men et v\u00e6sen, man m\u00e5 omg\u00e5s respektfuldt, fordi han r\u00e5der over bjergets skatte. Besl\u00e6gtet ambivalens ses i omgangen med <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138248\">Pachamama<\/a>, som ligeledes skal have gaver.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2745eaad e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2745eaad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c1826c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c1826c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Diablada og dj\u00e6vledansen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d0b1363 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2d0b1363\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f6bbec7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2f6bbec7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En stadig levende sammenh\u00e6ng, hvor Supay-forestillingen bliver synlig, er <em>Diablada<\/em>, dj\u00e6vledansen, som f\u00f8rst og fremmest er forbundet med karnevalet i Oruro i Bolivia.<\/p><p>Under denne fest, der er belagt i sin nuv\u00e6rende grundform fra 1700-tallet, g\u00e5r grupper af dansere gennem byen i udf\u00f8rlige dj\u00e6vlemasker. Maskeb\u00e6rerne fremstiller en h\u00e6r af <em>supay<\/em>-skikkelser, som til sidst symbolisk besejres af \u00e6rkeenglen Mikael.<\/p><p>Den videnskabelige tolkning ser i <em>Diablada<\/em> en forbindelse mellem to lag. Den ydre form f\u00f8lger det kristne skema om det godes sejr over det onde, som spanske missionsspil formidlede.<\/p><p>Samtidig bevares den underjordiske reference: Oruro var en minestad, og det centrale valfartssted, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et lille helligt opbevaringssted eller andagtssted.\" tabindex=\"0\">helligdommen<\/span> for Virgen del Socav\u00f3n, alts\u00e5 jomfruen af stollen, ligger ved indgangen til en minegang. Dansen bringes til jomfruen, men finder sted p\u00e5 et sted, der tilh\u00f8rer herren over minerne.<\/p><p>Forskere som Thomas Abercrombie har p\u00e5peget, at deltagerne selv tolker denne dobbelttydighed forskelligt. For nogle er dansen en bodshandling, for andre en forpligtelse over for bjerget. UNESCO optog Carnaval de Oruro p\u00e5 listen over immateriel kulturarv i 2001, hvilket f\u00f8rte til en st\u00e6rkere standardisering og kommercialisering.<\/p><p>Forskningen bem\u00e6rker, at den turistm\u00e6ssige opgradering delvist overlejrer den rituelle betydning, uden helt at fortr\u00e6nge den. <em>Diablada<\/em> er dermed et godt dokumenteret eksempel p\u00e5, hvordan en kolonialt omtydet skikkelse lever videre i en offentlig fest og derved optager nye betydninger.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24212341 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp24212341\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2406cb69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2406cb69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forskningsdebat om dualiteten mellem oververden og underverden<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20d2c88b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp20d2c88b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20a30241 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp20a30241\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Et omstridt sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l i andinsk forskning drejer sig om forholdet mellem <em>supay<\/em> og en antaget forkolonial verdensmodel.<\/p><p>Nogle fremstillinger ordner andekosmologien i tre omr\u00e5der: en \u00f8vre verden, de levendes midterste verden og en nedre verden, der er forbundet med jordens indre og de d\u00f8de. <em>Supay<\/em> forst\u00e5s i dette perspektiv som beboer eller herre over den nedre verden.<\/p><p>Forskningen er ikke enig om, hvor gammel og hvor udbredt denne tredelte model egentlig var. Kritikere som Bruce Mannheim har p\u00e5peget, at de kilder, den rekonstrueres fra, n\u00e6sten alle er af kolonial oprindelse og kan allerede indeholde kristne forestillinger om himmel, jord og helvede.<\/p><p>Der er en fare for at projicere et kristent skema tilbage i den forkoloniale tid og derefter udgive det som indf\u00f8dt eje.<\/p><p>Andre forskere, blandt andet i forbindelse med arbejder om Huarochir\u00ed-manuskripterne, en samling af lokale overleveringer nedskrevet p\u00e5 quechua omkring \u00e5r 1600, ser dog tegn p\u00e5 en forkolonial betydning af det underjordiske omr\u00e5de, uden at dette dog svarede til den kristne helvedesforestilling. <em>Supay<\/em> ville i s\u00e5 fald oprindeligt have v\u00e6ret et neutralt eller flertydigt v\u00e6sen fra d\u00f8des rige.<\/p><p>Debatten er ikke afsluttet, fordi den h\u00e6nger p\u00e5 den grundl\u00e6ggende vanskelighed ved at udlede forkolonial andinsk religion fra overvejende koloniale tekster. Den forsigtige tilgang f\u00f8lger heraf: Hvad der kan anses for sikkert, er betydningsforskydningen i kolonitiden, ikke det n\u00f8jagtige forkoloniale forhold.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur (udvalg)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>June Nash: <em>We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us<\/em> (1979)<\/li><li>Tristan Platt: <em>Estado boliviano y ayllu andino<\/em> (1982)<\/li><li>Pascale Absi: <em>Les ministres du diable<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Catherine Allen: <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002)<\/li><li>Manuel Marzal: <em>El mundo religioso de Urcos<\/em> (1971)<\/li><li>Cristobal de Albornoz: <em>Instruccion para descubrir todas las guacas<\/em> (ca. 1581)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-supay e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-supay\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-supay-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-supay-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay betragtes i <em>andinsk<\/em> religionshistorie som <em>underverdensherre<\/em> og samtidig som <em>mined\u00e6mon<\/em>, som minearbejdere i de koloniale s\u00f8lvminer i Potos\u00ed bragte <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gave til en gudeskikkelse for at udtrykke tak, b\u00f8n eller \u00e6rb\u00f8dighed.\" tabindex=\"0\">offergaver<\/span> til for at afv\u00e6rge stolskred og sygdom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Besl\u00e6gtede n\u00f8glebegreber: Supay Saxra Tio Condenado Citua Diablada Oruro Potosi Aya Supay Tantawawa.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-supay\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard og beskyttelsestraditioner<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard knytter sig til den kulturhistoriske tradition for b\u00e6rbare beskyttelsesobjekter, i traditionen fra <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138237\">Andesbjergene \/ Inka<\/a> og mange andre kulturer verden over. 41 lag, \u00e6gte guld, platin, s\u00f8lv, fremstillet i Tyskland. 30 dages returret.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mere om iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mere om iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Personlige erfaringer kan variere. Ikke et medicinsk produkt. Intet helbredelsesl\u00f8fte.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard er <strong>ikke et medicinsk produkt<\/strong> og erstatter ikke l\u00e6ge- eller psykoterapeutisk behandling. De religionsvidenskabelige indhold er en kulturhistorisk indplacering, ikke en anbefaling af spirituel praksis.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2675,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Supay Anderne skade\u00e5nd","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Supay \u2013 andinsk underverdensherre og skade\u00e5nd","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Supay betegner i den andinske tradition skade\u00e5nder og en underverdensherre. 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