{"id":138137,"date":"2026-09-03T07:06:01","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T07:06:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=138137"},"modified":"2026-09-03T07:51:33","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T07:51:33","slug":"shamash","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/shamash\/","title":{"rendered":"Shamash"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"138137\" class=\"elementor elementor-138137 elementor-2081 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash, gud fra den mesopotamiske tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash er en gud fra den mesopotamiske tradition.<\/p><p><strong>Solgud, retf\u00e6rdighedens vogter, lys over alle ting.<\/strong> Shamash (sumerisk Utu) er en af de mest dybt forankrede guder i Mesopotamien, ikke som en vild ild, men som en str\u00e5lende, stabil kraft af orden. Hver dag k\u00f8rer han over himlen p\u00e5 sin vogn, ser alt, hvad mennesker g\u00f8r i det skjulte, og bringer det for retten. Ingen hemmelighed forbliver skjult for Shamash, ingen uretf\u00e6rdighed g\u00e5r ustraffet hen.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gud \/ gudinde: Personificeret h\u00f8jeste magt i en kulturs pantheon, med klare ansvarsomr\u00e5der, naturkr\u00e6fter, sk\u00e6bne, krig, frugtbarhed. Dyrket gennem kulte, offergaver og tempelinstitutioner.\">Gud<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=137910\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vuggen for den dokumenterede religion, Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Assyrien (ca. 3500 f.Kr. til 330 f.Kr.).\">Mesopotamien<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Der blev ikke fundet nogen overskrifter p\\u00e5 denne side.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tIndholdsfortegnelse\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-140391\" alt=\"Shamash \u2013 guder fra den mesopotamiske tradition, historisk-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hurtigt overblik: Shamash<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> Mesopotamisk hovedgud, solgud og Gudommelig Dommer<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Samlingen af guder i en religion eller kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Sumer (som Utu), Akkad\/Babylon\/Assur (som Shamash)<br>Funktion: Sol, dagslys, ret, retf\u00e6rdighed, sandhed<br>Hovedattributter: bevinget solskive, sav (sk\u00e6rer det falske v\u00e6k), stav og ring<br>Hovedkultsteder: Sippar (hovedkultsted, E-babbar-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En bygning, der tjener til tilbedelse af en eller flere guddomme.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span>), Larsa, Ur, Niniveh<br>Familie: Sin (M\u00e5nen) som far, Inanna\/Ishtar som s\u00f8ster<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historisk indplacering<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Teksternes tidsperiode<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Utu\/Shamash er belagt siden den tidlige sumeriske tid (3. \u00e5rtusinde f.Kr.), solguden var hovedgudom i Sippar og Larsa. Shamash-traditionens storhedstid var den oldbabylonske periode (Hammurabi-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En oprejst, indskrevet eller udsmykket sten- eller tr\u00e6plade.\" tabindex=\"0\">stele<\/span> viser Shamash som Gudommelig Dommer, der overre\u043aker Hammurabi lovkodeksen).<\/p><p>I det nybabylonske og assyriske rige forblev han central. Med det babylonske riges nedgang (1. \u00e5rh. e.Kr.) udd\u00f8de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Samlingen af religi\u00f8se tilbedelseshandlinger for en guddom eller helligfigur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Udbredelsesomr\u00e5de<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hovedkultsteder: <strong>Sippar<\/strong> (i dag Tell Abu Habba, nord for Babylon) med solgud-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En bygning, der tjener til tilbedelse af en eller flere guddomme.\" tabindex=\"0\">templet<\/span> <em>E-babbar<\/em> (&#8220;Det hvide hus&#8221;), <strong>Larsa<\/strong> (sydligere, ogs\u00e5 et E-babbar-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En bygning, der tjener til tilbedelse af en eller flere guddomme.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span>), Babylon, Niniveh, Mari. Askeofre i tusinder af babylonisk-assyriske grave vidner om kultens udbredelse. I bibelske tekster n\u00e6vnt som <em>Shemesh<\/em> (Bet-Shemesh = &#8220;Solens hus&#8221;).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kildesituation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Centrale kilder: <em>Hammurabi-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En oprejst, indskrevet eller udsmykket sten- eller tr\u00e6plade.\" tabindex=\"0\">stelen<\/span><\/em> (ca. 1750 f.Kr., Shamash overr\u00e6kker loven), <em>Codex Hammurabi<\/em>-prologen, den store <em>Shamash-hymne<\/em> (oldbabylonsk), Nabu-apla-iddinas tavle (9. \u00e5rh. f.Kr., malet Shamash-solskive), besv\u00e6rgelsestavler. Sekund\u00e6rlitteratur: Schwemer, <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens<\/em>; Bott\u00e9ro, <em>La plus vieille religion<\/em>; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ben\u00e6vnelse og skrivem\u00e5der<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash fremstilles som en majest\u00e6tisk mand med et str\u00e5lende diadem eller solkrone, ofte med en skiveformet sol over sit hoved. Han sidder p\u00e5 en trone eller st\u00e5r p\u00e5 sin vogn, der tr\u00e6kkes af to gl\u00f8dende heste.<\/p><p>Nogle gange b\u00e6rer han en flammeaura eller er omgivet af lysstr\u00e5ler. Den ottestr\u00e5lede stjerneskive (<em>\u0160ama\u0161-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tegn, der repr\u00e6senterer en id\u00e9 eller betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolet<\/span><\/em>) er hans kendem\u00e6rke. En dommerstav eller retf\u00e6rdighedens sv\u00e6rd kan ledsage ham.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskrivelse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash er sol- og retf\u00e6rdighedens gud, to kr\u00e6fter der er t\u00e6t forbundne. Dommere bad til ham f\u00f8r retssager for at f\u00e6lde retf\u00e6rdige domme. Syge tilkaldte ham for helbredelse, da solen helbreder og renser. Flodguden (Ea\/Enki) st\u00e5r under Shamash&#8217; opsyn, vand kr\u00e6ver sollys for at v\u00e6re frugtbart.<\/p><p>Hans hovedtempel var <em>\u00c9-babbar<\/em> (Glansens hus) i Sippar, et ber\u00f8mt center for astronomi og retsl\u00e6re. Hver dag ved solopgang bragte pr\u00e6sterne offer og bad om hans tilbagekomst. Shamash var ikke blot tilbedt, men elsket, den mest p\u00e5lidelige af alle guder.<\/p><h3>Udseende og symbolik<\/h3><p><em>Shamash<\/em> fremstilles som en sk\u00e6gget mand i en solskive eller omgivet af str\u00e5lende lys. Han b\u00e6rer ofte kongelige kl\u00e6der og en krone, der forestiller solskiven. I sin h\u00e5nd holder han nogle gange et retf\u00e6rdighedens scepter eller solens flammer.<\/p><p>Hans krop er gylden og lysende. Tyren eller hesten er nogle gange hans hellige dyr, da de f\u00f8lger solen. <em>Shamash<\/em> fremstilles ofte med vinger eller lysauraer. Solens fire str\u00e5ler er hans <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tegn, der repr\u00e6senterer en id\u00e9 eller betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De vigtigste aspekter af Shamash i overblik. F\u00f8lgende felter opsummerer oprindelse, funktion, udseende, dyrkelse, symboler og paralleller.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kulturkontekst<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash er s\u00f8n af m\u00e5negudens <em>Sin<\/em> (Nanna) og <em>Ningal<\/em>, bror til k\u00e6rligheds- og krigsgudinden <em>Inanna\/Ishtar<\/em>. Gemal til <em>Aya<\/em> (morgengryets gudinde). I den teogoniske orden tilh\u00f8rer han det babylonske pantheons anden generation. I det nybabylonske rige n\u00e6sten j\u00e6vnbyrdig med Marduk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Virkningsgenstand<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Solgud og gudommelig dommer. Hans \u00f8je ser alt, hvorfor han vogter over forbrydelser og retf\u00e6rdighed. Eder afl\u00e6gges &#8220;for Shamash&#8221;; retsdomme kaldes <em>dinu \u0161a Shamash<\/em> (Shamash&#8217; domme). Sammen med Adad (vejrguden) hovedforkynder af de guddommelige budskaber (omentekster). Beskytter af de rejsende (is\u00e6r om dagen) og af sp\u00e5domskunsten. Beskytter af de forsvarsl\u00f8se: enker, for\u00e6ldrel\u00f8se, slaver.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erscheinungsbild<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antropomorf som en sk\u00e6gget mandsfigur med h\u00f8jt hat-diadem (ofte med solskive), langt, mangefoldet kl\u00e6debon. Karakteristiske attributter: <em>solstr\u00e5ler fra skuldrene<\/em> (eller en p\u00e5sat solskive), <em>sav<\/em> (i h\u00e5nden, den sk\u00e6rer det falske itu), <em>stav og ring<\/em> (dommens insignier).<\/p><p>Ofte sidende p\u00e5 en trone med solstr\u00e5lerne. P\u00e5 Hammurabi-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En oprejst, indskrevet eller udsmykket sten- eller tr\u00e6plade.\" tabindex=\"0\">stelen<\/span> vendt mod kongen, idet han overr\u00e6kker ham lovkodeksen. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tegn, der repr\u00e6senterer en forestilling eller betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">Symbol<\/span>: bevinget solskive.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamashs virke<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Virkeomr\u00e5de:<\/strong> Shamash blev tilbedt af dommere, rejsende, sp\u00e5m\u00e6nd og alle, der s\u00f8gte retf\u00e6rdighed. Der blev bragt offer forud for retssager. Central i sp\u00e5domskunst: leverskue (haruspicium) og olie-p\u00e5-vand-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"At tyde tegn for at afsl\u00f8re det skjulte eller fremtidige.\" tabindex=\"0\">sp\u00e5dom<\/span> (lekanomanti) var Shamash-praksisser. Personlig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den bedende eller besvergende tiltale til en gud eller magt.\" tabindex=\"0\">anr\u00e5belse<\/span>: forud for vigtige beslutninger, ved rejser, ved klager for retten. Sippar var pilgrimsm\u00e5l for sp\u00e5doms- og retss\u00f8gende.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskyttelsesmidler<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Solstr\u00e5ler fra skuldrene, bevinget solskive, sav (der sk\u00e6rer det falske itu), stav og ring (retsinsignier), h\u00f8jt hat-diadem, langt kl\u00e6debon, tyr (sekund\u00e6rt dyr). Planter: tamarisk. Helligt tal: 20. Hellig retning: \u00f8st (solopgang).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relaterede v\u00e6sener<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Utu<\/em> (sumerisk, forl\u00f8ber), <em>Shemesh<\/em> (hebraisk), <em>Re\/Ra<\/em> (Egypten, sol-hovedgud), <em>Helios<\/em> (Gr\u00e6kenland), <em>Sol<\/em> (Rom), <em>Sol Invictus<\/em> (senromersk), <em>S\u00fbrya<\/em> (hinduisme), <em>Amaterasu<\/em> (Japan, kvindelig solgudinde), <em>Mithra<\/em> (persisk, sol-retf\u00e6rdighedsgud). Funktionelt: alle guddommelige dommere (Yama, Anubis, Hades-aspekter) deler Shamash-funktioner.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Praktisk beskyttelse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Tilbedelsesritualer<\/h3><p>Shamash, sol- og retf\u00e6rdighedsguden, havde sit hovedkultcenter i E-babbar-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En bygning, der tjener tilbedelsen af en eller flere guder.\" tabindex=\"0\">templet<\/span> i Sippar (og Larsa). Dagsofre ved solopgang (\u201enu\u1e2batim\u201c, bagte br\u00f8d, dadler, \u00f8l) var pligt for den pr\u00e6stelige <em>\u0161angu<\/em>-klasse.<\/p><p>Midsommerfesten <em>b\u012bt sab\u012bti<\/em> med <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En h\u00f8jtidelig religi\u00f8s procession.\" tabindex=\"0\">procession<\/span> af gudestatuen til Eufrat-bredden er bevidnet siden Hammurabis tid (18. \u00e5rh. f.Kr.); ogs\u00e5 selve Hammurabi-kodeksen begynder med <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den bedende eller besvergende tiltale til en gud eller magt.\" tabindex=\"0\">anr\u00e5belse<\/span> af Shamash som garant for retf\u00e6rdighed (jf. Bott\u00e9ro).<\/p><h3>Anr\u00e5belser og hymner<\/h3><p>Den \u201eStore Shamash-hymne\u201c (BWL 121-138, Lambert), over 200 linjer lang, er en af de mest centrale hymnetekster i den akkadiske religion. Daglige morgenanr\u00e5belser begyndte med \u201e\u0160ama\u0161 mu\u0161t\u0113\u0161er kibr\u0101t\u201c (Shamash, styrer af de fire verdenshj\u00f8rner). Forud for retssager blev Shamash anr\u00e5bt som \u00f8jenvidne.<\/p><h3>Amuletter og beskyttelsessymboler<\/h3><p>Solar-symboler (bevinget solskive, firestr\u00e5let stjerne i en cirkel) findes p\u00e5 babyloniske cylinderforseglinger (jf. Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>). Solar-plaketter af karneol eller bjergkrystal blev b\u00e5ret som beskyttelse mod sygdom og uret. Solringen med tolv str\u00e5ler (Babylon, 7. \u00e5rh. f.Kr.) symboliserer Shamashs alstedev\u00e6relse.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash, paralleller i andre kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash ligner den egyptiske Ra eller Aton, begge er solguder med alt-seende blik. Med den gr\u00e6ske Apollon deler han aspekter af orden og healing. Den hebraiske Gud beskrives nogle gange med Shamash-funktioner, som den alt-seende og dommer.<\/p><p>I indiske kulturer ligner han Surya, solguden, eller Mitra, guden for kontrakter og retf\u00e6rdighed. Shamash forbliver i alle kulturer en central figur for orden og lys.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbf8fe6e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbf8fe6e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5b3c70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc5b3c70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Codex Hammurapi og solen som dommer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcd489b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpcd489b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa50d0d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa50d0d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den mest kendte forbindelse mellem Schamasch og den kongelige retspleje viser reliefbilledet i den \u00f8verste ende af <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En oprejst, indskrevet eller udsmykket sten- eller tr\u00e6plade.\" tabindex=\"0\">stelen<\/span> med <em>Codex Hammurapi<\/em>, i dag i Louvre. Afbildet er den babyloniske konge Hammurapi, som st\u00e5r foran en tronende gud.<\/p><p>Den \u00e6ldre forskning tolkede figuren i lang tid som Schamasch, fordi guden har str\u00e5ler, der vokser ud af skuldrene, og fordi han overr\u00e6kker en ring og en stav, insignier, som i den mesopotamiske billedsprog var forbundet med overdragelse af retsmagt. Nogle forskere har alternativt foresl\u00e5et Marduk, men str\u00e5leattributterne taler for Schamasch.<\/p><p>Indholdsm\u00e6ssigt passer scenen til tekstens selvforst\u00e5else. I prologen og epilogen til codexen henviser Hammurapi flere gange til, at han har oprettet retten i landet, og Schamasch fremst\u00e5r d\u00e9r som den gud, der garanterer ret og retf\u00e6rdighed.<\/p><p>Solguden ser alt, hvad der sker om dagen, og denne alsidsighed gjorde ham i den mesopotamiske forestilling til den naturlige garant for ed, kontrakt og dom.<\/p><p>Denne rolle er \u00e6ldre end Hammurapi. Allerede i sumeriske hymner til Utu, forl\u00f8beren for Schamasch, anr\u00e5bes guden om at afsl\u00f8re uret og st\u00e5 den n\u00f8dlidende bi. I retsdokumenter og edsformularer fra det andet og f\u00f8rste \u00e5rtusinde forekommer hans navn regelm\u00e6ssigt. Den, der br\u00f8d en ed ved Schamasch, udsatte sig for hans straf.<\/p><p>Forbindelsen mellem lysmetaforik og retsid\u00e9, lyset, der bringer det skjulte frem i dagens lys, er gennemf\u00f8rt s\u00e5 konsekvent i kilderne, at den kan betragtes som et grundtr\u00e6k i den mesopotamiske gudsforestilling. Den viser samtidig, hvor t\u00e6t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Forestilling om verdens opbygning og orden inden for en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologi<\/span> og social orden var forbundet i denne kultur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2921025 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2921025\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a869b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a869b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sippar og Larsa: de store kultcentre<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40bfd84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp40bfd84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb809579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb809579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash havde to hovedtempler, som begge bar navnet <em>E-babbar<\/em>, det skinnende eller hvide hus. Det ene l\u00e5 i Sippar i det nordlige Babylonien, det andet i Larsa i syd. Begge byer blev i \u00e5rtusinder betragtet som de centrale steder for soldyrkelsen, og deres <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et bygningsv\u00e6rk, der tjener til tilbedelse af en eller flere guddomme.\" tabindex=\"0\">templer<\/span> blev genopbygget og udstyret af talrige herskere.<\/p><p>For Sippar er kildesituationen s\u00e6rlig god. Udgravningerne har givet omfattende tempelarkiver fra oldbabylonisk og nybabylonisk tid, som giver indblik i helligdommens \u00f8konomi, forvaltning og personale. Et ofte citeret objekt er den s\u00e5kaldte soltavle af Nabu-apla-iddina, en stentavle fra det niende \u00e5rhundrede f\u00f8r vores tidsregning.<\/p><p>Den viser i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En plastisk fremh\u00e6vet fremstilling udarbejdet fra en flade.\" tabindex=\"0\">relief<\/span> den tronende Shamash og skildrer i teksten, hvordan kongen efter en lang periode med fors\u00f8mmelse lod fremstille et nyt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Billedlig fremstilling af en guddom, der tilbedes i tempel eller helligdom.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultbillede<\/span> af guden, efter at en gammel lermodel var blevet fundet. Teksten dokumenterer dermed ogs\u00e5 omsorgen for korrekt genskabelse af et forsvundet kultbillede.<\/p><p>I Larsa oplevede Shamash-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summen af de religi\u00f8se tilbedelseshandlinger for en guddom eller hellig skikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span> en storhedstid under konger som Rim-Sin. Ogs\u00e5 her lod herskerne E-babbar genopf\u00f8re, og byggeindskrifter registrerer deres donationer. Kontinuiteten er bem\u00e6rkelsesv\u00e6rdig: Selv den nybabyloniske konge Nabonid, som ellers is\u00e6r er kendt for sin fremme af m\u00e5negudens Sin, tog sig af soltemplerne i begge byer.<\/p><p>Fordoblingen af kultcentrene i nord og syd afspejler Babyloniens geografiske struktur og sikrede solguden en landsd\u00e6kkende tilstedev\u00e6relse, der h\u00e6vede ham over lokale bindinger.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpda201f0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpda201f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3bb6221 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3bb6221\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash i sp\u00e5domskunsten og i Gilgamesh-eposet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp60b57ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp60b57ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3fcf874 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3fcf874\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ud over sin rolle som dommer var Shamash guden for indvoldsskue og orakelpraksis. Den mesopotamiske leverskue, hvor pr\u00e6ster l\u00e6ste tegn i offerdyrenes lever, rettede ofte deres foresp\u00f8rgsler til Shamash sammen med vejrguden Adad.<\/p><p>S\u00e5kaldte offerskueb\u00f8nner, i forskningen ofte kaldet <em>tamitu<\/em>-tekster eller foresp\u00f8rgsler til <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et sted eller en institution, hvor der indhentes et gudeligt svar.\" tabindex=\"0\">oraklet<\/span>, formulerede konkrete sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l, for eksempel om et felttog ville lykkes, og bad guden om at skrive sit svar i indvoldene. Dermed var Shamash ikke blot den, der afsl\u00f8rede eksisterende uret, men ogs\u00e5 den, der meddelte det skjulte om fremtiden.<\/p><p>I <em>Gilgamesh-eposet<\/em> optr\u00e6der Shamash som heltenes beskyttergud. F\u00f8r felttoget mod Chumbaba, vogteren af cedertr\u00e6skoven, vender Gilgamesh sig til solguden og ber om bistand. Shamash sender derefter vinde, der tr\u00e6nger Chumbaba, og giver helten den afg\u00f8rende fordel.<\/p><p>Da Enkidu senere ligger for d\u00f8den og udtaler sin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sprogformular, hvormed en person eller sag skal p\u00e5f\u00f8res ulykke.\" tabindex=\"0\">forbandelse<\/span> over sk\u00f8gen, der f\u00f8rte ham ind i civilisationen, er det Shamash, der irettes\u00e6tter ham og p\u00e5minder ham om det gode, han har oplevet. Enkidu tager derefter sin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sprogformular, hvormed en person eller sag skal p\u00e5f\u00f8res ulykke.\" tabindex=\"0\">forbandelse<\/span> tilbage.<\/p><p>Disse episoder viser Shamash som en ordnende, m\u00e5deholdende instans i fort\u00e6llingen. Han griber ikke vilk\u00e5rligt ind, men st\u00f8tter dem, der vender sig til ham, og kalder til besindelse, hvor overm\u00e5l truer. Dermed passer hans rolle i eposet ind i det samlede billede, som hymnerne og retstekstene tegner.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp66f75a0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp66f75a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp846bc1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp846bc1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fra Utu til Shamash: etymologi og sumeriske r\u00f8dder<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7fc2d21 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7fc2d21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp61cd3cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp61cd3cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Navnet Shamash er det akkadiske ord for solen og h\u00f8rer til en f\u00e6lles-semitisk rod, som ogs\u00e5 findes i besl\u00e6gtet form p\u00e5 hebraisk som <em>shemesh<\/em>, p\u00e5 arabisk som <em>shams<\/em> og i andre semitiske sprog. Guden og himmellegemet b\u00e6rer alts\u00e5 samme navn, hvilket understreger den t\u00e6tte forbindelse mellem naturf\u00e6nomenet og den guddommelige skikkelse.<\/p><p>Den sumeriske forg\u00e6nger hed Utu. Med sammensmeltningen af sumerisk og akkadisk religion i l\u00f8bet af det tredje og andet \u00e5rtusinde blev Utu og Shamash i vid udstr\u00e6kning ligestillet, uden at den \u00e6ldre skikkelse forsvandt helt. I tosprogede tekster st\u00e5r begge navne side om side.<\/p><p>Utu blev allerede i sumerisk tid anset for at v\u00e6re s\u00f8n af m\u00e5negud Nanna og Ningal samt bror til Inanna, den senere Ishtar. Disse familierelationer blev overtaget i de akkadiske tekster: Shamash er s\u00f8n af Sin og bror til Ishtar.<\/p><p>Bem\u00e6rkelsesv\u00e6rdig er solens position som barn af m\u00e5nen. I mange andre mytologier g\u00e6lder det omvendte, at solen anses for det h\u00f8jere rangerende eller \u00e6ldre himmellegeme. Den mesopotamiske ordning forklares ofte med, at m\u00e5negudens <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede religi\u00f8se dyrkelse af en guddom eller hellig skikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> i Ur var s\u00e6rlig gammel og prestigefyldt.<\/p><p>Genealogien afspejler dermed snarere kultcentrenes historie end en systematisk astronomi. Ogs\u00e5 skrivem\u00e5den af navnet er oplysende: Soltegnet kunne l\u00e6ses b\u00e5de sumerisk som Utu og akkadisk som Shamash, s\u00e5 tekster ofte lader det st\u00e5 \u00e5bent, hvilken sprogform skriveren havde i tankerne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75cc266 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp75cc266\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa19f12f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa19f12f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reception: solguden i forskningen om det gamle Orienten<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa0bc082 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa0bc082\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp636a807 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp636a807\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash h\u00f8rer til de guder, som blev genopdaget tidligt i forbindelse med tydningen af kileskriften i det nittende \u00e5rhundrede.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Den <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En oprejst, indskrevet eller udsmykket sten- eller tr\u00e6plade.\" tabindex=\"0\">stele<\/span> med <em>Codex Hammurapi<\/em>, fundet i 1901 og 1902 af en fransk ekspedition i Susa, gjorde billedet af den tronende gud med skulderstr\u00e5ler til en af de mest kendte fremstillinger fra Det Gamle Orient overhovedet. Den er afbildet i tall\u00f8se h\u00e5ndb\u00f8ger og pr\u00e6ger den dag i dag den popul\u00e6re forestilling om mesopotamisk religion.<\/span><\/p><p>I den videnskabelige debat har sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let om, hvor t\u00e6t den mesopotamiske solkult var forbundet med retsforestillinger, og om denne forbindelse udstr\u00e5lede til nabokulturer, l\u00e6nge st\u00e5et centralt.<\/p><p>Religionshistorikere har diskuteret paralleller til retsmetaforer om lys i vestsemitiske og bibelske tekster, for eksempel d\u00e9r, hvor retf\u00e6rdighed og frelse sammenlignes med solens opgang. S\u00e5danne sammenligninger skal foretages med forsigtighed, da lignende metaforer kan opst\u00e5 uafh\u00e6ngigt af hinanden, men det mesopotamiske materiale er s\u00e6rligt godt belagt p\u00e5 grund af kildernes omfang.<\/p><p>For den moderne udforskning er udgivelserne af hymner og b\u00f8nner grundl\u00e6ggende, blandt andet den store Shamash-hymne, som er overleveret i flere tekstvidner og udf\u00f8rligt priser guden som den alseende vogter af retf\u00e6rdigheden.<\/p><p>Den er gentagne gange blevet oversat og kommenteret og betragtes som en af de mest imponerende religi\u00f8se tekster fra Mesopotamien. Den, der besk\u00e6ftiger sig med det mesopotamiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede m\u00e6ngde af guder i en religion eller kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span>, kan g\u00e5 videre fra Shamash til besl\u00e6gtede skikkelser, for eksempel til hans far <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138363\">Sin<\/a> eller til hans s\u00f8ster <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138127\">Ishtar<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yderligere links<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138127\">Ishtar, s\u00f8ster<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138043\">Marduk, overordnet i det nybabyloniske panteon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=137910\">Mesopotamien, panteonoversigt<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138035\">H\u00f8jguder, underkategori<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138007\">Guder, klasseoversigt<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur (udvalg)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Schwemer, Daniel: <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em>. Wiesbaden 2001.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Roth, Martha T.: <em>Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor<\/em>. Atlanta 1995 (Codex Hammurabi).<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (red.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (opslagsord &bdquo;Shamash&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Flere standardv\u00e6rker i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138058\">litteraturlisten<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1637,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Shamash","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Shamash \u2013 Solgud og retf\u00e6rdighedens vogter","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Shamash, mesopotamisk solgud og retf\u00e6rdighedens vogter. 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