{"id":138101,"date":"2026-09-03T07:05:31","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T07:05:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=138101"},"modified":"2026-09-03T07:50:29","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T07:50:29","slug":"enma-o","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/enma-o\/","title":{"rendered":"Enma-o"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"138101\" class=\"elementor elementor-138101 elementor-2006 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma O, dommer over de ford\u00f8mte og hersker over helvede<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma O er en gud i den japanske tradition.<\/p><p><strong>Dommer over de ford\u00f8mte, hersker over den buddhistiske helvede.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gud \/ gudinde: Personificeret h\u00f8jeste magt i en kulturs pantheon, med klare ansvarsomr\u00e5der som naturkr\u00e6fter, sk\u00e6bne, krig, frugtbarhed. Tilbedt gennem kulter, offergaver og tempelinstitutioner.\">Gud<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=137987\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Japanske shinto-kami og buddhistiske yokai-verdener.\">Japan<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138037\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Guder for underverdenen og d\u00f8den, herskere over det hinsidige, d\u00f8dsdommere, sj\u00e6leledsagere.\">D\u00f8dsgudom<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Der blev ikke fundet nogen overskrifter p\\u00e5 denne side.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tIndholdsfortegnelse\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-140297\" alt=\"Enma O - guder fra den japanske tradition, historisk-illustrativt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma O<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kort overblik: Enma O<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d er den \u00f8stasiatiske form af den indiske Yama, som via den kinesiske Y\u00e1nlu\u00f3-W\u00e1ng kom til Tendai-skolen. Han er dokumenteret i \u00f8stasiatisk buddhisme siden omkring det 8. \u00e5rhundrede og blev is\u00e6r udbredt gennem Tendai- og Shingon-skolerne. Som formand for de ti helvedesdommere (J\u016b\u014d) afg\u00f8r han sj\u00e6lens sk\u00e6bne p\u00e5 den syvende dag efter d\u00f8den.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Indplacering<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Teksternes tidsperiode<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De \u00e6ldste bevarede japanske kilder om Enma-\u014d stammer fra slutningen af det 8. og begyndelsen af det 9. \u00e5rhundrede og er indlejret i overf\u00f8rslen af buddhistiske helvedeskosmologier fra Kina. <em>Nihon Ry\u014diki<\/em> (ca. 822) indeholder tidlige fort\u00e6llinger, hvor Enma-\u014d udsp\u00f8rger de d\u00f8de.<\/p><p>I det 12. \u00e5rhundrede konsolideres systemet med de ti helvedesdommere med Enma-\u014d som formand; det ikonografiske standardrepertoire (krone, m\u00f8rk hud, spejl, skrivetavle) opst\u00e5r i Kamakura-perioden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Udbredelsesomr\u00e5de<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014ds kult var udbredt i hele den buddhistiske verden i \u00d8stasien, fra de store tempelbyer Ky\u014dto og Nara til de landlige pilgrimssteder.<\/p><p>S\u00e6rligt pr\u00e6gende var hans afbildning i buddhistiske tempelhaller, hvor statuer af helvedesdommeren skulle tilskynde de levende til etisk selvpr\u00f8velse. Folketeatret optog dette <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tilbagevendende indholdsm\u00e6ssigt element i kunst eller fort\u00e6lling.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> fra det 14. \u00e5rhundrede; Enma-\u014d optr\u00e6der regelm\u00e6ssigt i n\u014d- og kabuki-stykker som figuren for den ubestikkelige dom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kildesituation<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den religionshistoriske forskning om Enma-\u014d bygger p\u00e5 et bredt kildegrundlag: kanoniske buddhistiske sutraer i kinesisk overs\u00e6ttelse, tendai-buddhistiske setsuwa-samlinger, ikonografiske billedtavler (J\u016b\u014d-zu) og folkelige otogi-z\u014dshi-fort\u00e6llinger. De centrale standardv\u00e6rker kommer fra den regionale religionsetnologi og den internationale buddhismeforskning; en kurateret bibliografi for hvert v\u00e6sen udbygges l\u00f8bende i leksikonet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Navn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d er afbildet som en enorm, muskul\u00f8s skikkelse med dybr\u00f8d eller bl\u00e5sort hud. Hans h\u00e5r st\u00e5r i flammer, og hans \u00f8jne gl\u00f8der som gl\u00f8dende kul. Han b\u00e6rer en brokadebroderet kl\u00e6dning og sidder p\u00e5 en oph\u00f8jet trone.<\/p><p>I h\u00e6nderne holder han et dommersv\u00e6rd (<em>kensaku<\/em>) og ofte en stor protokol eller skriftrulle med hver sj\u00e6ls karmaregnskab. Symboler er helvedesvogterne (<em>oni<\/em>), de ford\u00f8mtes flod og de forskellige helvedesniveauer under hans rige.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00e6senstr\u00e6k<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d tager mod hver sj\u00e6l umiddelbart efter d\u00f8den. I d\u00f8dsdomstolen sidder l\u00e6gpr\u00e6ster eller de egne onde handlinger som anklager, mens protokollen ikke lyver. Enma-\u014d forhandler ikke, han udf\u00f8rer dommen. Hans afg\u00f8relse bestemmer den n\u00e6ste genf\u00f8dsel inden for de seks tilv\u00e6relsesomr\u00e5der (<em>Rokud\u014d<\/em>).<\/p><p>Hans rige er ikke blot straf, men karmisk udligning: stenet vej, kogende olie eller genf\u00f8dsel som hungrende <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et kropsl\u00f8st v\u00e6sen, som tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nd<\/span>. I Tendai-skolen holdes sm\u00e5 helligdomme for Enma-\u014d i lokale templer, ofte med <em>Jiz\u014d<\/em>-statuer ved siden af, der symboliserer hj\u00e6lp til ford\u00f8mte b\u00f8rn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Enma O<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O er i japansk buddhisme d\u00f8dsdommeren, som d\u00f8mmer de afd\u00f8de efter deres handlinger. Han fremstilles for det meste som en vred embedsmand i kinesisk embedsdragt med dommerhue og embedstavle. Hans skikkelse forener indiske, kinesiske og japanske overleveringslag til en selvst\u00e6ndig figur inden for folketro og tempelkunst.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Oprindelse<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O er den japansk-buddhistiske tilpasning af den kinesiske Yanluo, hvis rod ligger i den indiske <em>Yama<\/em>, den vediske d\u00f8dsgud og f\u00f8rste d\u00f8delige (Rigveda 10.14). Med udbredelsen af mahayana-buddhismen over Centralasien n\u00e5ede Yamas begreb til Kina i det 6.-8. \u00e5rhundrede og blev der videreudviklet til Yanluo Wang, kongen af de ti helveder.<\/p><p>I det 9.-10. \u00e5rhundrede overtog den japanske buddhisme dette system med <em>J\u016b\u014d<\/em> (de ti konger). Enma-O st\u00e5r \u00f8verst i denne r\u00e6kke. Religionshistorisk smeltede indisk karma-l\u00e6re, kinesisk embedsbureaukrati-koncept og japanske d\u00f8dsforestillinger sammen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-Os m\u00e5lgruppe<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I Japan besk\u00e6ftigede navnlig mennesker, der var bekymrede for de afd\u00f8des sk\u00e6bne, sig med Enma-O og fors\u00f8gte gennem d\u00f8dsriter og mindeh\u00f8jtideligheder at opn\u00e5 en gunstig dom. Desuden tjente hans skikkelse til moralsk opdragelse: for\u00e6ldre og templer holdt den strenge dommer for \u00f8je for b\u00f8rnene, blandt andet med den velkendte trussel om, at Enma river tungen ud af l\u00f8gnere. Templer med Enma-statuer, for eksempel i Kyoto og Tokyo, var og er stadig steder, hvor man kan bede for de afd\u00f8de.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erscheinungsbild<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O afbildes ikonografisk som en frygtindgydende gammel mand med langt sort sk\u00e6g, m\u00f8rk hud og br\u00e6ndende \u00f8jne. Han b\u00e6rer kl\u00e6dningen fra en kinesisk embedsmand i Tang-dynastiet med kejserlig krone (<em>raikan<\/em>).<\/p><p>I h\u00e6nderne b\u00e6rer han den gyldne livsbog (<em>j\u014dfuzu<\/em>), hvor alle karma-handlinger er registreret, samt et scepter eller en skriverrulle. Foran hans tribunal st\u00e5r budbringerne <em>Ni\u016b-T\u014d<\/em> (tyrehoved) og <em>Ba-Mien<\/em> (hesteansigt) samt skriver-sekret\u00e6ren. Tempelmalerierne (<em>jigoku-z\u014dshi<\/em> fra Edo-perioden) viser ham omgivet af helvedesscener.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Virkningsomr\u00e5de<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Virkningsomr\u00e5de:<\/strong> Enma-O er den universelle dommer over alle afd\u00f8de, og p\u00e5 den syvende af de 49 d\u00f8dedage (49. dag efter d\u00f8den) finder den centrale karma-afregning sted for hans domstol. Han afg\u00f8r genf\u00f8dslen i en af de seks verdener (guder, halvguder, mennesker, dyr, hungergejster, helveder).<\/p><p>Hans dom er ikke vilk\u00e5rlig, men strengt karma-baseret (<em>dharmatisk<\/em>). De levende \u00e6rer ham ogs\u00e5 for at lindre karmaet for afd\u00f8de. I landbrugsregioner i Japan betragtes han som beskyttelsesgud mod uventet d\u00f8d og som hj\u00e6lper ved sv\u00e6re f\u00f8dsler.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskyttelse<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Symboler: Den gyldne livsbog (<em>j\u014dfuzu<\/em>), skriver\u00f8ret, sv\u00e6rdet, sandhedens spejl (<em>j\u014dhari no kagami<\/em>), foran dette spejl bliver alle livshandlinger synlige som billeder. Hans apotrop\u00e6on: Konjak-retter serveres for ham som hans yndlingsmad (Edo-tradition); Enma-omamori i r\u00f8dt silke beskytter mod uventet d\u00f8d og karma-sygdomme.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-Os paralleller<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den religionshistoriske forskning beskriver Enma-O som en japansk udformning af en dommerfigur, der har vandret gennem Indien og Kina. I de vediske tekster er Yama det f\u00f8rste d\u00f8delige v\u00e6sen og herre over d\u00f8dsriget, og i den kinesiske buddhisme bliver han til den femte af de Ti Helvedekonger. Japan overtog denne domsmodel sammen med forestillingen om mellemtilstande efter d\u00f8den, hvor de efterladte kan g\u00e5 i forb\u00f8n for de afd\u00f8de gennem mindeceremonier.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskyttelsespraksis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apotrop\u00e6iske og devotionale ritualer<\/strong><\/p><p>Enma-O (japansk \u95bb\u9b54\u5927\u738b) er den japansk-buddhistiske tilpasning af den kinesiske Yanluo\/den indiske Yama. Han tilbedes i talrige Enma-templer i Japan (Genkaku-ji i Tokyo, Inn-ji i Kyoto, Enn\u014d-ji i Kamakura). Den vigtigste praksisdag er den 16. dag i den 1. og 7. m\u00e5ned (<em>Enmasai<\/em>), der betragtes som porten til helvedes verden.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et menneske, der foretager en religi\u00f8st motiveret rejse til et helligt sted.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pilgrimme<\/span> bringer konjak-retter (Enmas yndlingsmad if\u00f8lge Edo-traditionen), beder for afd\u00f8de sl\u00e6gtninge og beder om lempelse af karma (jf. Sekiguchi, <em>The Cult of King Yama in Medieval Japan<\/em>).<\/p><p><strong>Sutraer og p\u00e5kaldelser<\/strong><\/p><p><em>J\u016b\u014d-ky\u014d<\/em> (de ti kongers <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I hinduismen og buddhismen en l\u00e6rertekst i kortfattet form.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>) er hovedliturgien. Buddhistiske munke reciterer Hjertesutraen med s\u00e6rlige bukninger for Enma. I Edo-perioden (17.-19. \u00e5rh.) blev Enma-dyrkelsen i folkebuddhismen populariseret gennem billedb\u00f8ger (<em>jigoku-z\u014dshi<\/em>, helvedesruller).<\/p><p><strong>Amuletter og beskyttelsessymboler<\/strong><\/p><p>Enma-omamori (beskyttelsesamuletter med Enma-billede) fra Enma-templerne, som regel af r\u00f8dt stof med guldbroderi. Go\u014dh\u014din (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tegn, der repr\u00e6senterer en forestilling eller betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolet<\/span> for Yakushi-Buddhaens helbredelse) b\u00e6res mod karma-relaterede sygdomme. Den ikonografiske tavle med de ti helvedeskonger (<em>J\u016b\u014d-zu<\/em>) h\u00e6nges op p\u00e5 buddhistiske husalter som forberedelse til d\u00f8den.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-O, paralleller i andre kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O g\u00e5r tilbage til den indiske d\u00f8dsgud Yama, som kom til Kina med buddhismen og der blev indlemmet som Yanluo Wang i systemet med de Ti Helvedekonger. Denne kinesiske form kom med de buddhistiske skoler til Japan, hvor den blev til Enma-O. Sammenlignelige dommerfigurer fra det hinsides findes ogs\u00e5 i andre kulturer, som den egyptiske Osiris ved d\u00f8dsdomstolen eller den koreanske Yeomra, som stammer fra samme buddhistiske overlevering.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdd3226a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpdd3226a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpecda6a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpecda6a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">En indisk guddoms vej til Japan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp085f5fd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp085f5fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp00ded11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp00ded11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O, underverdenens hersker og d\u00f8dsdommer i japansk buddhisme, er slutgleddet i en lang vandring. Hans oprindelse ligger i det vediske Indien, hvor <em>Yama<\/em> blev betragtet som det f\u00f8rste d\u00f8delige v\u00e6sen og dermed som de d\u00f8des konge.<\/p><p>Via buddhismen kom figuren til Kina, hvor han som <em>Yanluo<\/em> blev indbygget i systemet med underverdenens domstole, og derfra videre over Korea til Japan. Det japanske navn <em>Enma<\/em> er den lydlige tilpasning af det sanskritiske <em>Yama<\/em>, og till\u00e6gget <em>o<\/em> betyder konge.<\/p><p>Ved hver station forandrede figuren sig. Den indiske Yama var i begyndelsen snarere en hersker over et d\u00f8dsrige end en streng dommer.<\/p><p>I Kina smeltede han sammen med den bureaukratiske forestilling om en hinsidig administration, der pr\u00f8ver hver afd\u00f8des liv, g\u00f8r regnskabet op og afg\u00f8r genf\u00f8dslen. Denne kinesiske pr\u00e6gning, der fremstiller det hinsides som et embedsapparat med sagsakter, skrivere og domstole, overtog den japanske buddhisme i vid udstr\u00e6kning.<\/p><p>I Japan blev Enma-O fast forankret i den popul\u00e6re buddhistiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et menneskes levede religi\u00f8se holdning og praksis.\" tabindex=\"0\">fromhed<\/span>. Han optr\u00e6der i pr\u00e6dikener, i tempelmalerier og i l\u00e6rertekster som den instans, hvorfor ethvert menneske efter d\u00f8den skal g\u00f8re regnskab. I mods\u00e6tning til en abstrakt forestilling om karmisk geng\u00e6ldelse gav han denne l\u00e6re et ansigt, en konkret, tiltalbar og frygtindgydende skikkelse.<\/p><p>Den videnskabelige betydning af denne vandring ligger i, at man p\u00e5 Enma-O kan afl\u00e6se, hvordan en religi\u00f8s forestilling transporteres over sprog- og kulturgr\u00e6nser og derved hver gang farves p\u00e5 ny. Den japanske d\u00f8dsdommer b\u00e6rer lag fra tre kulturer i sig, den indiske oprindelse, den kinesiske bureaukratisering og den japanske folkereligi\u00f8se udformning.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3083d3c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3083d3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd9e0c27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd9e0c27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De ti underverdenskonger og dommen i det hinsides<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfd44577 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpfd44577\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc0abe80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc0abe80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I den kinesisk pr\u00e6gede buddhisme, der kom til Japan, er Enma-o ikke den eneste hersker over det hinsidige, men en del af et kollegium.<\/p><p>Systemet med de ti konger af underverdenen, som blev udarbejdet i det kinesiske middelalder og kom til Japan gennem billedruller og tekster, tildeler hver konge en domstol og et bestemt tidspunkt efter d\u00f8den. Den afd\u00f8de gennemg\u00e5r disse domstole i et fast tidsforl\u00f8b, p\u00e5 bestemte dage efter d\u00f8den og p\u00e5 \u00e5rsdage.<\/p><p>Enma-o indtager en fremtr\u00e6dende plads i dette system. Han er som regel den femte af de ti konger, hans domstol passeres p\u00e5 den femogtredivte dag efter d\u00f8den, og han betragtes som den vigtigste og m\u00e6gtigste af dem alle. Ved hans tribunal unders\u00f8ges den afd\u00f8des handlinger s\u00e6rligt grundigt.<\/p><p>Fast ikonografisk udstyr h\u00f8rer til hans domstol. Enma-o f\u00f8rer registre, hvor enhver god og d\u00e5rlig gerning er noteret. Han bist\u00e5s af hj\u00e6lpere, og den japanske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Videregivelse af viden og fort\u00e6llinger gennem generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">overlevering<\/span> kender blandt andet en figur, der b\u00e6rer menneskeagtige hoveder p\u00e5 st\u00e6nger, et med vredt og et med roligt udtryk, som viser den afd\u00f8des v\u00e6sen.<\/p><p>Et ber\u00f8mt redskab er sj\u00e6lespejlet, hvori den d\u00f8de ser sit liv og sine forseelser afspejlet uforbeholdent, s\u00e5 lyv bliver umuligt.<\/p><p>Dette retssystem havde en tydelig sj\u00e6les\u00f8rgerisk funktion. Det begrundede praksissen med mindeh\u00f8jtideligheder for de d\u00f8de, som afholdes med faste intervaller efter d\u00f8dsfaldet.<\/p><p>De efterladte kunne gennem ritualer og overf\u00f8rsel af fortjeneste p\u00e5virke den afd\u00f8des vej gennem de ti domstole i gunstig retning. Enma-o var dermed ikke blot en skr\u00e6mmefigur, men omdrejningspunktet for en hel ritual\u00f8konomi mellem de levende og de d\u00f8de.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc7399f9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc7399f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp32219a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp32219a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikonografi og tempelbillederne af helvedesdommerne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa8fb7d6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa8fb7d6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfb0fb1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfb0fb1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den billedlige fremstilling af Enma-o f\u00f8lger en fast konvention, der stammer fra det kinesiske forbillede. Han fremst\u00e5r som konge eller h\u00f8j embedsmand, ofte i embedsdragt som en kinesisk v\u00e6rdighedsperson med en karakteristisk krone eller hovedbekl\u00e6dning, hvorp\u00e5 tegnet for konge ofte er anbragt.<\/p><p>Hans ansigt er som regel vredt r\u00f8dt, med opspilede \u00f8jne og m\u00f8rkt udtryk, et udtryk for ubestikkelig strenghed.<\/p><p>S\u00e5danne billeder findes i talrige japanske templer, ofte som skulptur i en s\u00e6rskilt hal, Enma-hallen. Ber\u00f8mte eksempler er Enma-figurerne i templer i og omkring Kyoto og Kamakura.<\/p><p>Ofte er Enma-o omgivet af de andre ni konger eller indlejret i en st\u00f8rre helvedesskildring. Den japanske billedtradition <em>jigoku-e<\/em>, helvedesbillederne, skildrer i drastiske scener underverdenens straffe og placerer Enma-o som den d\u00f8mmende instans i begyndelsen.<\/p><p>En ikonografisk betydningsfuld tradition forbinder Enma-o med bodhisattvaen Jizo. I den japanske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et menneskes levede religi\u00f8se holdning og praksis.\" tabindex=\"0\">fromhed<\/span> g\u00e6lder Jizo som den medlidende frelser, der bist\u00e5r v\u00e6senerne i helvede.<\/p><p>Nogle tekster og billeder tolker endda Enma-o og Jizo som to sider af samme virkelighed, den strenge og den barmhjertige side, der virker sammen for at f\u00f8re den afd\u00f8de til forbedring og en gunstig genf\u00f8dsel. Denne sammenkobling mildner rettens skr\u00e6mmende karakter og indbygger den i en frelsesorienteret <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den videnskabelige l\u00e6re om Gud og en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span>.<\/p><p>Tempelbillederne havde en opdragende opgave. Pr\u00e6dikemunke brugte dem til at vise l\u00e6gfolk konsekvenserne af d\u00e5rlig handling. Den r\u00f8dlige, vrede Enma-o var dermed et undervisningsmiddel, der oversatte den abstrakte l\u00e6re om karma til et mindev\u00e6rdigt, skr\u00e6mmende billede.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp998b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp998b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpac0eec6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpac0eec6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-o i folketroen og i den moderne kultur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa4d7b45 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa4d7b45\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp72e526a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp72e526a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ud over klostrene blev Enma-o en fast figur i den japanske folketro. Hans navn indgik i faste talem\u00e5der og opdragelsesformaninger.<\/p><p>For\u00e6ldre advarede b\u00f8rn, der l\u00f8j, om at Enma-o ville rive tungen ud af dem, en trussel, der var kendt i mange dele af Japan. Dermed blev d\u00f8dsdommeren en instans for daglig moralopdragelse, l\u00e6nge f\u00f8r et barn overhovedet havde bes\u00f8gt et <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En bygning, der bruges til tilbedelse af en eller flere guddomme.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span>.<\/p><p>P\u00e5 bestemte dage i \u00e5ret, traditionelt om for\u00e5ret og sensommeren, blev der i nogle omr\u00e5der afholdt s\u00e6rlige andagter foran Enma-figurerne, hvor tempelhallerne blev \u00e5bnet, og de troende kunne betragte de ellers lukkede billeder. S\u00e5danne skikke viser, at Enma-o ikke blot var en litter\u00e6r eller doktrin\u00e6r figur, men genstand for levet tilbedelse og frygt.<\/p><p>I den moderne japanske kultur er Enma-o forblevet overordentlig til stede. Han optr\u00e6der i manga, anime, videospil og film, nogle gange som en frygtindgydende antagonist, andre gange i komisk brydning som en overbebyrdet bureaukrat i underverdenen.<\/p><p>Denne popul\u00e6rkulturelle bearbejdning tager netop gerne den bureaukratiske side af figuren op, kongen, der med sagsmapper, stempler og underordnede leder et enormt hinsidigt forvaltningsapparat.<\/p><p>Denne bestandighed er videnskabeligt oplysende. Enma-o har gennemg\u00e5et overgangen fra religi\u00f8s l\u00e6refigur til kulturel almenfigur uden at miste sin kerne. Selv i den humoristiske bearbejdning bliver han fortsat den, der afg\u00f8r ret og uret i et levet liv.<\/p><p>Figuren viser, hvor dybt den buddhistiske forestilling om en d\u00f8dsdomstol er sunket ind i den japanske kultur, og hvordan den, fra tempelhallen til b\u00f8rnebogen, igen og igen kan fort\u00e6lles p\u00e5 nye m\u00e5der.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yderligere links<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138097\">Yama, vedisk forg\u00e6nger<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138104\">Yama (buddhisme), direkte forg\u00e6nger<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138100\">Yanluo Wang, kinesisk forg\u00e6nger<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138105\">Yeomra, koreansk pendant<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=137970\">Buddhistisk tradition, samlet kontekst<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forskningslitteratur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Sekiguchi, Makiko: <em>The Cult of King Yama in Medieval Japan<\/em>. Brill, Leiden 2013.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em>The Scripture on the Ten Kings and the Making of Purgatory in Medieval Chinese Buddhism<\/em>. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em>The Ghost Festival in Medieval China<\/em>. Princeton UP, Princeton 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Bock, Felicia: <em>Engi-Shiki: Procedures of the Engi Era<\/em>. Sophia University, Tokyo 1972.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Picken, Stuart D. B.: <em>Essentials of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Japans indf\u00f8dte religion, kendetegnet ved dyrkelsen af kami.\" tabindex=\"0\">Shinto<\/span><\/em>. Greenwood, Westport 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S. (red.): <em>Buddhism in Practice<\/em>. Princeton UP, Princeton 1995.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1732,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Enma-O D\u00f8dsdommer","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Enma-\u014d \u2013 D\u00f8dsdommer i den japanske buddhisme","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Hersker over den japanske helvede Jigoku, forvaltning af karma og d\u00f8dsdomstolen i japansk buddhistisk mytologi.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"japan","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-138101","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO 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