{"id":138081,"date":"2026-09-03T07:05:13","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T07:05:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=138081"},"modified":"2026-09-03T07:49:49","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T07:49:49","slug":"pluto","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/pluto\/","title":{"rendered":"Pluto"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"138081\" class=\"elementor elementor-138081 elementor-1966 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pluto, gud i den romerske tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto er guden for underverdenen og rigdommen i den romerske tradition. Selve navnet betyder \u201eden rige\u201d og hentyder til jordens mineralskatte. Religionsvidenskabeligt er Pluto et eksempel p\u00e5 tvetydigheden hos ktoniske guddomme, samtidig skr\u00e6mmende og livgivende, som d\u00f8dernes dommer og jordens vogter.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gud\/Gudinde: Personificeret h\u00f8jeste magt i en kulturs pantheon, med klare ansvarsomr\u00e5der, naturkr\u00e6fter, sk\u00e6bne, krig, frugtbarhed. Tilbedt gennem kulter, offergaver og tempelinstitutioner.\">Gud<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=137923\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Romersk religion fra kongetiden til senantikken, synkretistisk med gr\u00e6ske og etruskiske lag.\">Rom<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138037\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Guder for underverdenen og d\u00f8den, herskere over det hinsidige, d\u00f8dernes dommere, sj\u00e6lenes ledsagere.\">D\u00f8dsguddom<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Der blev ikke fundet nogen overskrifter p\\u00e5 denne side.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tIndholdsfortegnelse\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-140292\" alt=\"Pluto - guder fra den romerske tradition, historisk-illustrativt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pluto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto regerer over d\u00f8dens rige sammen med sin hustru Proserpina. Han er dog ikke ond, men pligt- og ordenstro, en streng hersker over underverdenen. Hans centrale aspekter er d\u00f8dsherred\u00f8mme, renselse gennem d\u00f8d, skjulte ressourcer og den underjordiske frugtbarhed. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En bygning, der bruges til tilbedelse af en eller flere guddomme.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templet<\/span> i Tarracina (Volterra) og kulterne omkring Chthonii (underjordiske guder) vidner om hans udbredte tilbedelse.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">I overblik: Pluto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kilderne er talrige: Vergils Aeneiden (bog 6, rejsen til underverdenen), Ovids Metamorfoser, Ciceros De Natura Deorum, Seneca, latinske gravindskrifter og defixiones (forbandelsestavler). Sekund\u00e6rt har Karl Latte, Georg Wissowa og <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tysk religionsvidenskabsmand (1931\u20132015); hovedv\u00e6rk Griechische Religion (1977).\">Walter Burkert<\/span> analyseret forbindelserne mellem Pluto, Hades og underjordiske guddomme. Udbredelsen strakte sig over Italien, Gallien og Africa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historisk indplacering<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Teksternes tidsperiode<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto-skikkelsen overlevede den antikke religions afslutning. Vergil og Ovid forankrede bortf\u00f8relsen af Proserpina i den latinske litteratur, hvorigennem den blev overleveret til middelalderen og ren\u00e6ssancen.<\/p><p>Dante gjorde Pluto til en figur i sit helvede, Bernini skabte med Proserpinas bortf\u00f8relse en af barokkens mest kendte skulpturer. I 1930 fik endelig det nyopdagede himmellegeme i randen af solsystemet gudens navn.<\/p><h3>Mytologisk indordning<\/h3><p>Pluto er den romerske gud for underverdenen, d\u00f8den og rigdommen. I mods\u00e6tning til den gr\u00e6ske Hades er han st\u00e6rkere knyttet til Latium. Han anses for n\u00f8dvendig og respekteret, der er ikke tale om ondskab. Hans herred\u00f8mme over underjordisk rigdom knytter ham til velstand. Han regerer gr\u00e6nser.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Udbredelsesomr\u00e5de<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto var universelt kendt og tilbedt eller respektfuldt frygtet i hele den romerske verden, uden begr\u00e6nsning til bestemte regioner eller lokaliteter. Uanset om det var i store urbane centre eller i perifere landlige omr\u00e5der, hos den sociale elite eller hos almindeligt folk, blev denne guddoms spirituelle og kulturelle betydning konsekvent anerkendt og var universel.<\/p><p>Tilbedelsen af underverdenens herre var i Rom en statsangelegenhed, ikke en privat sag: Secularspillene for Dis Pater og Proserpina blev afholdt p\u00e5 senatets foranledning og vedr\u00f8rte samfundet som helhed.<\/p><p>Den gr\u00e6ske Pluton kom via Syditalien og de gr\u00e6ske kolonier der til Rom, hvor han faldt sammen med den indf\u00f8dte Dis Pater; derved spredte sig et stort set enhedligt billede af guden i det romerske herred\u00f8mme.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kildesituation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prim\u00e6rkilder: Vergil Aeneiden 6, Ovid Metamorfoser 5 (Proserpinas bortf\u00f8relse), Horaz&#8217; Oder, Martials epigrammer, Senecas tragedier (Hercules Furens, Octavia), Cicero, Apuleius&#8217; Metamorfoser. Tidsrum: 4. \u00e5rhundrede f.Kr. til 6. \u00e5rhundrede e.Kr. Forskere: Georg Wissowa, Karl Latte (R\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte), Walter Burkert, Hendrik Versnel, Filippo Coarelli (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Videnskaben, der udforsker tidligere kulturer gennem materielle fund.\" tabindex=\"0\">ark\u00e6ologi<\/span>). Bel\u00e6g: Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, mindesm\u00e6rker fra Volsinii, Tarracina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Navn og varianter<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto fremstilles i de forskellige kilder og kunstneriske traditioner med bestemte tilbagevendende ikonografiske elementer, som forbliver relativt konstante gennem \u00e5rtier og forskellige geografiske omr\u00e5der. Disse elementer er dybt symbolisk kodede og b\u00e6rer stor betydning; de er p\u00e5 ingen m\u00e5de valgt rent dekorativt eller tilf\u00e6ldigt.<\/p><p>Fremstillingerne af Pluto g\u00f8r hans herred\u00f8mme afl\u00e6seligt. Scepteret udpeger ham som underverdenens hersker, tronen ved siden af Proserpina som d\u00f8dsrigets konge. Fylderhornet henviser til navnets anden betydningslag: det gr\u00e6ske Pluton udledes af plutos, rigdom, og henviser til skattene og afgr\u00f8derne fra jordens dyb.<\/p><p>Den trehovedede hund Kerberos ved hans side og vognen, hvorp\u00e5 han bortf\u00f8rer Proserpina, h\u00f8rer ogs\u00e5 til det faste billedrepertoire. Den, der kendte den antikke billedsprog, kunne heraf l\u00e6se gudens ansvarsomr\u00e5de og rang.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Karakteristika<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto var central i den religi\u00f8se praksis, i dagligdagens ritualer og i romernes almindelige forst\u00e5else. Mennesker vendte sig til denne guddom i kritiske eller bestemte livssituationer eller til bestemte rituelle \u00e5rstider, med strukturerede, ofte omfattende ritualer, b\u00f8nner eller offergaver.<\/p><p>I Rom havde Pluto stort set ikke nogen selvst\u00e6ndig kult med fast tempel og pr\u00e6steskab. Ritualer for underverdenens guder fulgte dog faste forskrifter i den romerske sakralret: Offergaver til ktoniske guddomme blev bragt i grave, ofte om natten, og for det meste udf\u00f8rt i Dis Paters navn, som Pluto i vid udstr\u00e6kning smeltede sammen med.<\/p><p>At romerne \u00e6rede underverdenens gud gennem \u00e5rhundreder, havde praktiske \u00e5rsager.<\/p><p>Ritualerne tjente forskellige form\u00e5l: De skulle formilde de d\u00f8de og forhindre deres indtr\u00e6ngen i de levendes verden, de fulgte begravelse og mindeh\u00f8jtideligholdelse, og ved Ludi Tarentini, de senere sekularspil, blev Dis Pater og Proserpina anr\u00e5bt for at afv\u00e6rge ulykke fra byen og indlede en ny tidsalder.<\/p><h3>Udseende og symbolik<\/h3><p>Pluto fremstilles som alvorlig, majest\u00e6tisk, ofte i m\u00f8rk kappe. Et scepter symboliserer hans herred\u00f8mme. Sort og m\u00f8rkegr\u00e5 er hans farver. Valmue og cypres er <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tilh\u00f8rende det guddommelige og derfor unddraget den daglige brug.\" tabindex=\"0\">hellige<\/span>. Nogle gange b\u00e6rer han krone. Jorden gaber under hans f\u00f8dder.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Portr\u00e6t: Pluto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Portr\u00e6ttet skitserer Plutos herred\u00f8mme over seks dom\u00e6ner: hans mytisk-historiske oprindelse, de pr\u00e6stelige og magiske praksisser i dyrkelsen af ham, hans karakteristiske fremstilling i kunst og symbolik, betydningen af <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den bedende eller besvorne tiltale til en guddom eller magt.\" tabindex=\"0\">anr\u00e5belse<\/span> og respekt for d\u00f8dsguden, sammenligninger med besl\u00e6gtede figurer fra andre kulturer og til sidst et samlet perspektiv p\u00e5 hans kosmiske rolle.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kulturkontekst<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto er den romerske form af den gr\u00e6ske Hades og stammer fra indoeurop\u00e6iske underverdensguder. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheden af de religi\u00f8se dyrkelseshandlinger for en guddom eller hellig skikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kulten<\/span> var forankret i Etrurien og blev overtaget af Rom. I italiske kultsteder (is\u00e6r<\/p><p>Tarracina og Volsinii) var Pluto-helligdomme allerede etableret i det 5. \u00e5rhundrede f.Kr. Den romerske Plutus (velstandsgud) var en anden guddom, men blev ofte sammenblandet med Pluto. Hans <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheden af de religi\u00f8se dyrkelseshandlinger for en guddom eller hellig skikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> var mindre offentlig end privat andagt og magisk praksis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00e5lgrupper<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto blev anr\u00e5bt af alle d\u00f8delige, ved sorgstilf\u00e6lde, ved retslige eder (for at forst\u00e6rke dem med underverdenens magt), af b\u00f8nder ved markforbandelse (defixio), og af magikere ved nekromanti.<\/p><p>S\u00e6rligt de etruskiske haruspices (indvoldsskuere) og romerske pr\u00e6ster for Chthonii (underjordiske pr\u00e6ster) dyrkede <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheden af de religi\u00f8se dyrkelseshandlinger for en guddom eller hellig skikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span>. I private hjem opstillede man Pluto-figurer til at bevogte grave. Lemuria-festen (9., 11. og 13. maj) var en huslig rite til at formilde underjordiske \u00e5nder.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fremstilling<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto blev fremstillet som en sk\u00e6gget, alvorlig mand, ofte tronende i klipper eller huler, nogle gange med scepter eller slange.<\/p><p>Hans attributter er hornet af overflod (cornucopia, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tegn, der repr\u00e6senterer en forestilling eller betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> p\u00e5 den underjordiske rigdom), valmuehovedet (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tegn, der repr\u00e6senterer en forestilling eller betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> p\u00e5 s\u00f8vn og d\u00f8d), slangen, m\u00f8nter eller skatte. P\u00e5 m\u00f8nter sidder han tronende ved siden af Proserpina. Gravstene viser ham som dommer over de d\u00f8de.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Virkningsomr\u00e5de<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Virkningsomr\u00e5de:<\/strong> Pluto (eller Dis Pater) er hersker over Roms underverden, bror til Jupiter og Neptun. Han betragtes som den retf\u00e6rdige forvalter af det hinsidige, overleveringen tilskriver ham ingen onde egenskaber. I Rom anr\u00e5bes han uden \u00f8jenkontakt, man vender sig bort og taler til ham.<\/p><p>Rigdom (*ploutus*, overflod) associeres med ham, fordi alle mineraler og jordens frugter kommer fra hans rige. Han er den stille gud, der holder alt inde i sig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Afv\u00e6rgeformer<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto blev tilbedt med \u00e6refrygtig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den bedende eller besv\u00e6rgende henvendelse til en guddom eller magt.\" tabindex=\"0\">p\u00e5kaldelse<\/span>, b\u00e5ret af respekt for naturmagten snarere end frygt for straf. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gave til en guddom for at udtrykke tak, b\u00f8n eller \u00e6rb\u00f8dighed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ofre<\/span> var sortfarvede dyr (v\u00e6ddere, tyre), honning og blodofre.<\/p><p>Defixioner (forbandelsestavler med indridsede navne) blev efterladt i grave og templer for at bede Pluto om retf\u00e6rdighed eller h\u00e6vn. L\u00f8fter til Pluto blev anset for mere bindende end jordiske eder, en undtagelse i den romerske religionspraksis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Plutos paralleller<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hades (gr\u00e6sk) er den mest direkte parallel, med lignende roller og attributter. Den etruskiske Aitn\/Aita er en proto-Pluto. I det mesopotamiske omr\u00e5de svarer Nergal til underverdensguden med lignende funktioner. I det egyptiske omr\u00e5de indtager Osiris rollen som herre over underverdenen og genf\u00f8dsel. Disse guddomme deler ambivalensen mellem r\u00e6dsel og n\u00f8dvendig kosmisk orden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pluto, paralleller i andre kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den romerske Pluto svarer funktionelt til den gr\u00e6ske Hades, men i den romerske religionspraksis integreres desuden yderligere ktoniske og landbrugsrelaterede aspekter. Hans <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede m\u00e6ngde af religi\u00f8se tilbedelseshandlinger for en gud eller helgen skikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> overlapper med Dis Pater og Orcus, men i imperiet rettes den st\u00e6rkere mod rigdom og jordens frugtbarhed end den gr\u00e6ske forl\u00e6g.<\/p>\n<p><p><strong>J\u00f8disk tradition:<\/strong> Den j\u00f8diske Sheol er ikke et rige med en personificeret gud, men blot d\u00f8dsriget. Senere (i apokalyptikken) n\u00e6vnes <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I de abrahamitiske religioner et himmelsk sendebud fra Gud.\" tabindex=\"0\">engle<\/span> som dommere, men der er ingen modstykke til Pluto. Hades-Pluto-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sammensmeltning af forestillinger eller guder fra forskellige religi\u00f8se traditioner.\" tabindex=\"0\">synkretisme<\/span> er belagt i den hellenistiske j\u00f8dedom, men er ikke <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tilh\u00f8rende et fastlagt helligt skriftkorpus i en religion; ikke-kanoniske tekster kaldes apokryfe.\">kanonisk<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Den gr\u00e6sk-romerske verden:<\/strong> Hades er Plutos forg\u00e6nger og parallel. Romerne byggede p\u00e5 gr\u00e6ske forestillinger, men lagde mere v\u00e6gt p\u00e5 retspleje og orden. Hermes Psychopompos (d\u00f8dsledsager) er en tilf\u00f8jelse, ikke en rival.<\/p><p><strong>Mesopotamien:<\/strong> Nergal og Ereshkigal (underverdenens gudinde) hersker sammen over d\u00f8dsriget. Nergal deler krigskraft og ktonisk magt med Pluto. Ereshkigal er en h\u00e5rdere dommer end Proserpina.<\/p><p><strong>Indien\/Asien:<\/strong> Yama er den vediske d\u00f8dsgud, som opretholder de d\u00f8des orden. Der er ingen direkte parallel, men strukturelt en lighed: en ordner af underverdenen, strengt retf\u00e6rdig. I buddhismen er underverdenen mindre personificeret, uden noget modstykke til Pluto.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp63e7126 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp63e7126\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9bbe5a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9bbe5a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dis Pater, Orcus og de romerske navne for d\u00f8dsguden<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcb0d808 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpcb0d808\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75de8e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp75de8e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den romerske gud for underverdenen optr\u00e5dte under flere navne, og forholdet mellem dem er oplysende for religionshistorien. <em>Pluto<\/em> er selv den latiniserede form af det gr\u00e6ske tilnavn <em>Plouton<\/em>, den rige, og kom til Rom sammen med overtagelsen af gr\u00e6ske forestillinger. Derudover fandtes \u00e6ldre, indf\u00f8dte betegnelser.<\/p><p>Den vigtigste er <em>Dis Pater<\/em>, den rige fader. Navnet <em>Dis<\/em> anses for at v\u00e6re en sammentr\u00e6kning af <em>dives<\/em>, rig, og udg\u00f8r dermed en n\u00f8jagtig latinsk parallel til det gr\u00e6ske Plouton. Ogs\u00e5 her henviser rigdommen til det, der ligger under jorden, kornet og jordens skatte.<\/p><p>Et tredje navn er <em>Orcus<\/em>, hvis oprindelse er omdiskuteret; Orcus kunne betegne b\u00e5de guden selv, underverdenen og en straffende, skr\u00e6mmende magt. Fra Orcus stammer omvejen om det italienske <em>orco<\/em> og til sidst ordet oger.<\/p><p>Denne mangfoldighed af navne viser, at den romerske forestilling om d\u00f8dsguden blev n\u00e6ret fra flere kilder: fra en indf\u00f8dt tradition forbundet med Dis Pater og Orcus, og fra den gr\u00e6ske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den videnskabelige l\u00e6re om Gud og om en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span>, som med navnet Pluto bragte Hades&#8217; udbyggede <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede overleverede gudefort\u00e6lling i en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologi<\/span> med sig.<\/p><p>Forskningen g\u00e5r ud fra, at de indf\u00f8dte romerske forestillinger oprindeligt var mindre personificerede og mytologisk rige end de gr\u00e6ske. F\u00f8rst gennem ligestillingen med Hades-Plouton fik den romerske underverdensgud sin udbyggede skikkelse og sine fort\u00e6llinger, f\u00f8rst og fremmest bortf\u00f8relsen af <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138086\">Proserpina<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc860d54 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc860d54\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpabb6594 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpabb6594\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ludi Tarentini og alteret p\u00e5 Marsfeltet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9b61d10 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9b61d10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf79ffd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf79ffd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En selvst\u00e6ndig romersk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede m\u00e6ngde af religi\u00f8se tilbedelseshandlinger for en gud eller helgen skikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> for Dis Pater og Proserpina havde sit centrum p\u00e5 Marsfeltet p\u00e5 et sted kaldet <em>Tarentum<\/em> eller <em>Terentum<\/em>. Der l\u00e5 et underjordisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oph\u00f8jet sted eller bord til offer og religi\u00f8se handlinger.\" tabindex=\"0\">alter<\/span>, som kun blev afd\u00e6kket og brugt ved bestemte anledninger.<\/p><p>If\u00f8lge grundl\u00e6ggelseslegenden skal en sabiner ved navn Valesius have gravet der og fundet <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Oph\u00f8jet sted eller bord til offer og religi\u00f8se handlinger.\" tabindex=\"0\">alteret<\/span>, da han s\u00f8gte helbredelse for sine b\u00f8rn.<\/p><p>P\u00e5 dette sted blev <em>Ludi Tarentini<\/em> afholdt, natlige spil og <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gave til en gud for at udtrykke tak, b\u00f8n eller tilbedelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">offergaver<\/span> til underverdensguderne.<\/p><p>Ud af denne tradition udviklede sig <em>Ludi Saeculares<\/em>, sekularspillene, som kun blev fejret \u00e9n gang i et <em>saeculum<\/em>, en periode p\u00e5 omkring hundrede eller hundrede og ti \u00e5r, med den begrundelse, at intet menneske skulle opleve dem to gange. Spillene markerede overgangen fra \u00e9n tidsalder til den n\u00e6ste.<\/p><p>S\u00e6rligt godt belagt er de sekularspil, som kejser Augustus lod afholde i \u00e5r 17 f.Kr.<\/p><p>Til denne anledning digtede Horats <em>Carmen Saeculare<\/em>, som blev sunget af drenge- og pigekor. En inskription, der dokumenterer festprogrammet, er bevaret og betragtes som en vigtig kilde.<\/p><p>Religionsvidenskabeligt er dette fund betydningsfuldt: det viser, at Dis Pater i den romerske statskult gik ud over rollen som modtager af private d\u00f8dsritualer. Han fremst\u00e5r her som en magt, der var forbundet med de store tidsalderes gang og med den rituelle fornyelse af samfundet. De natlige, m\u00f8rke offergaver til underverdensguderne var s\u00e5ledes en fast del af den romerske festorden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp303ceab e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp303ceab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40a75b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp40a75b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rigdom fra dybet: Pluto, minedrift og frugtbarhed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd3c2a83 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpd3c2a83\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4cdbc79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4cdbc79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Det mest fremtr\u00e6dende ved Pluto er selve hans navn, den rige. Denne forbindelse mellem d\u00f8dsgud og rigdom er ikke tilf\u00e6ldig, men udtryk for en sammenh\u00e6ngende forestilling.<\/p><p>Jorden, som de d\u00f8de stiger ned i, er samtidig den jord, som kornet gror op fra, og hvor metaller og \u00e6delstene ligger gemt. Den, der hersker over underverdenen, hersker dermed ogs\u00e5 over disse skatte.<\/p><p>I <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoke af den gr\u00e6ske og romerske kultur, ca. 800 f.Kr. til 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antikken<\/span> var Pluto derfor forbundet med jordens rigdom, b\u00e5de med landbrug og med minedrift. Den gr\u00e6ske gud <em>Plutos<\/em>, en personificering af rigdommen i sn\u00e6vrere forstand, skal skelnes fra Plouton, men de to navne ligger s\u00e5 t\u00e6t p\u00e5 hinanden, at de allerede i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoke af den gr\u00e6ske og romerske kultur, ca. 800 f.Kr. til 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antikken<\/span> blev blandet sammen.<\/p><p>Underverdensgudens t\u00e6tte forbindelse til Proserpina, som selv fremst\u00e5r som vegetationsgudinde, styrker dette aspekt: Hendes \u00e5rlige op- og nedstigning er knyttet til afgr\u00f8dernes v\u00e6kst og henfald.<\/p><p>Videnskabeligt viser dette, at romerne og gr\u00e6kerne netop ikke opfattede d\u00f8d og fertilitet som rene mods\u00e6tninger. Den samme jord, der opsluger, bringer ogs\u00e5 frugt. D\u00f8dsguden er derfor mere end en skr\u00e6kindjagende figur: Han er samtidig garant for et kredsl\u00f8b, som de levende er afh\u00e6ngige af.<\/p><p>I billedkunsten blev Pluto til tider fremstillet med et overfl\u00f8dighedshorn, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tegn, der repr\u00e6senterer en forestilling eller betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolet<\/span> p\u00e5 overflod, hvilket synligg\u00f8r denne positive side. Ved offergaver til ham anvendte man dog de former, der var almindelige for ktoniske guddomme: m\u00f8rke dyr, blod ledt ned i jorden, en alvorlig ritualholdning vendt mod det underjordiske.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7308312 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7308312\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3e9d09b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3e9d09b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fra gud til dv\u00e6rgplanet: Den moderne navnehistorie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp72760ea e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp72760ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp64c91ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp64c91ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Navnet Pluto har i det 20. \u00e5rhundrede f\u00e5et en anden karriere, langt fra den antikke religion. Da man i 1930 p\u00e5 Lowell-observatoriet i Arizona opdagede et nyt himmellegeme uden for Neptun, s\u00f8gte man efter et navn.<\/span><\/p><p>Forslaget kom fra Venetia Burney, en elleve\u00e5rig skolepige fra Oxford, som interesserede sig for <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoke af den gr\u00e6ske og romerske kultur, ca. 800 f.Kr. til 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antik<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede overleverede m\u00e6ngde af en kulturs gudefort\u00e6llinger.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologi<\/span>. Navnet p\u00e5 en gud fra den m\u00f8rke, fjerne underverden virkede passende for det fjerne, kolde himmellegeme.<\/p><p>Forslaget vandt ogs\u00e5 opbakning, fordi navnets f\u00f8rste to bogstaver, P og L, samtidig var initialerne p\u00e5 Percival Lowell, observatoriets grundl\u00e6gger, som l\u00e6nge havde s\u00f8gt efter en s\u00e5dan planet.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Himmellegemets astronomiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tegn, der repr\u00e6senterer en forestilling eller betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> forbinder disse to bogstaver. Pluto blev f\u00f8rst anset for at v\u00e6re solsystemets niende planet. I 2006 blev den af Den Internationale Astronomiske Union omklassificeret til dv\u00e6rgplanet, en beslutning der udl\u00f8ste us\u00e6dvanligt st\u00e6rke reaktioner i offentligheden.<\/span><\/p><p>Videnskabeligt er denne episode et eksempel p\u00e5, hvordan antikke gudenavne lever videre i det moderne videnskabssprog.<\/p><p>Ligesom planeterne Jupiter, Mars, Venus og Neptun b\u00e6rer ogs\u00e5 dette himmellegeme navnet efter en romersk gud, og med det fulgte et helt begrebsfelt: Plutos st\u00f8rste m\u00e5ne hedder Charon, efter underverdenens f\u00e6rgemand, og andre m\u00e5ner b\u00e6rer navne som Styx og Kerberos.<\/p><p>Den <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoke af den gr\u00e6ske og romerske kultur, ca. 800 f.Kr. til 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antikke<\/span> hinsidige geografi er dermed, blottet for sit religi\u00f8se indhold, blevet til et reservoir for den astronomiske nomenklatur. Romernes d\u00f8dsgud er i dag for de fleste mennesker f\u00f8rst og fremmest kendt som et fjernt islegeme i solsystemets udkant.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yderligere links<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=137923\">Rom, kultur<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138086\">Proserpina, hustru, underverdens dronning<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138044\">Hades, gr\u00e6sk modstykke<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kilder og litteratur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Beard, Mary \/ North, John \/ Price, Simon: <em>Religions of Rome<\/em>. Cambridge University Press, 1998.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Burkert, Walter: <em>Greek Religion<\/em>. Harvard University Press, 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Turcan, Robert: <em>The Cults of the Roman Empire<\/em>. Blackwell Publishers, 1996.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pluto e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pluto\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pluto-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pluto-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Som <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et v\u00e6sen, der tilbedes som guddommeligt inden for en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">guddom<\/span><\/em> i den romerske tradition smelter Pluto den gr\u00e6ske Hades sammen med gammelitalienske forestillinger om jordens rigdom og hersker over d\u00f8dsriget, jordens skatte og verdens underjordiske lag.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1737,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Pluto","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Pluto \u2013 romersk underverdenens gud","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Pluto, romersk gud for underverdenen og rigdommen, overleveret gennem \u00e5rhundreder: gemal for Proserpina, d\u00f8dernes dommer, tempel i Tarracina.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"rom","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-138081","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - 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