{"id":137979,"date":"2026-09-03T07:03:45","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T07:03:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=137979"},"modified":"2026-09-03T07:46:37","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T07:46:37","slug":"yamaduta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/yamaduta\/","title":{"rendered":"Yamad\u016bta"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"137979\" class=\"elementor elementor-137979 elementor-1209\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta, \u00e5nd i den buddhistiske tradition<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Yamas d\u00f8dsbude, fuldbyrdere af karmiske domme.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-yamaduta\">Yamadutaer i Naraka-systemet<\/h2>\n<p>Yamadutaer er <strong>Yamas d\u00f8dsbude<\/strong>, d\u00f8dsherren i den vediske, hinduistiske og buddhistiske tradition.<\/p><p>I Garuda Purana og i Mahabharatas Naraka-system henter de sj\u00e6len umiddelbart efter <strong>d\u00f8dstidspunktet<\/strong>. Deres pligter omfatter: identifikation af sj\u00e6len, adskillelse af livets bindinger, ledsagelse over <strong>Vaitarani-floden<\/strong>, aflevering til Yamas domstol i <strong>Yamapuri<\/strong>. D\u00e9r vejer skriveren <strong>Citragupta<\/strong> fortjenester og forseelser, og Yama afsiger dommen.<\/p><p>Straffe f\u00f8rer til en af de <strong>28 Naraka<\/strong> (helveder): Raurava (skrigets helvede), Maharaurava, Tamisra, Andhatamisra, Kalasutra. Den buddhistiske optagelse (Mahayana, Vajrayana) bevarer skemaet, men tilf\u00f8jer muligheden for befrielse gennem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En hellig stavelse eller formel, der gentages i hinduisme og buddhisme.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span>-recitation og praksisser for mellemtilstanden (bardo, den tibetanske d\u00f8debog). Ikonografisk er Yamadutaer m\u00f8rkhudede, b\u00e6rer sl\u00f8jfe og k\u00f8lle og rider p\u00e5 vandb\u00f8fler.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c5nd: Ukropslig eller halvt kropslig v\u00e6sen, afd\u00f8de, naturv\u00e6sener, hus\u00e5nder eller vogtere af t\u00e6rskler. Virker i dagliglivet, ofte bundet til steder eller familier.\">\u00c5nd<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=137970\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Buddhistisk tradition med bodhisattvaer, beskyttende guddomme, sultne \u00e5nder og helvedesvogtere.\">Buddhisme<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Der blev ikke fundet nogen overskrifter p\\u00e5 denne side.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tIndholdsfortegnelse\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-140332\" alt=\"Yamaduta - \u00e5nder fra den buddhistiske tradition, historisk-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamad\u016bta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yamaduta er en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et kropsl\u00f8st v\u00e6sen, som till\u00e6gges virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nd<\/span> i den buddhistiske tradition.<\/p><p>Yamad\u016bta er d\u00f8dsbude i tjeneste hos Yama, d\u00f8dsherren i den indisk-buddhistiske tradition. Ved d\u00f8dens indtr\u00e6den viser de sig for at hente sj\u00e6len og f\u00f8re den til Yamas domstol.<\/p><p>D\u00e9r vejes <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"I hinduisme, buddhisme og jainisme loven om handlingens f\u00f8lge: Hver handling har virkning p\u00e5 efterf\u00f8lgende eksistenser.\">karma<\/span>; Yama afsiger dommen; Yamad\u016btaerne fuldbyrder den, enten i himmelverdenerne eller i Narakaerne (helvederne). Figuren forbinder indiske og buddhistiske d\u00f8dekult-traditioner; i \u00d8stasien smelter den sammen med lokale forestillinger om d\u00f8dsriget.<\/p><p>Devad\u016bta Sutta (\u201eguddommenes sendebude-sutta&#8221;) i Pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den anerkendte og bindende samling af en religions hellige skrifter.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonen<\/span> fort\u00e6ller om en scene, som Buddha skildrer: En afd\u00f8d bringes for Yama; Yama sp\u00f8rger ham, om han ikke har set \u201eguddommenes sendebude&#8221;, alderdom, sygdom, d\u00f8d og lig, som kunne have bev\u00e6get ham til omvendelse.<\/p><p>Yamad\u016btaerne er alts\u00e5 ikke blot fuldbyrdere, men samtidig livets varsler. Denne dobbelte rolle g\u00f8r figuren teologisk rig.<\/p><div><p><strong>Garuda Purana og Yamalokas topografi<\/strong><\/p><p>Den mest detaljerede fremstilling af <em>Yamaduta<\/em> findes i <em>Garuda Purana<\/em> (8.-10. \u00e5rhundrede), hvor Yamas sendebude klassificeres efter rang og funktion. Ud over rollen som simple vogtere eller sendebude fungerer de som n\u00e6vninge og dokumentarister af den karmiske dom.<\/p><p>Hver afd\u00f8d ledsages af sine personlige Yamadutaer fra d\u00f8dsverdenen til Maharloka, hvor Yama holder hof. Selve topografien i Yamaloka, som den beskrives i forskellige puranaer, viser en bureaukratisk opbygning: porten, vejen, retf\u00e6rdighedens hal, de forskellige helvedesomr\u00e5der. Yamadutaer er forvaltere af denne topografi, ikke dens vagter.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hurtigt overblik: Yamaduta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> D\u00f8dsbude, helvedesfuldbyrdere<br>Oprindelse: tjeneste hos Yama, d\u00f8dsherren<br>Tekster: Devad\u016bta Sutta, Jataka&#8217;er, Abhidharmakosha, den tibetanske d\u00f8debog<br>Tidsrum: vedisk-buddhistisk til nutiden<br>\u00d8stasiatisk form: i det kinesiske underverden-system som Yanluos sendebude<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Indplacering<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Teksternes tidsperiode<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vedisk baggrund (Yama i Rigveda), buddhistisk udformning i Pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den anerkendte og bindende samling af en religions hellige skrifter.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonen<\/span> og <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201aDet store fart\u00f8j'; en af de tre hovedtraditioner i buddhismen, med bodhisattva-idealet og en gennemarbejdet filosofisk reflektion.\">Mahayana<\/span>-sutraer. Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu, 4.\/5. \u00e5rh. e.Kr.) systematiserer <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Forestillingen om verdens opbygning og orden inden for en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologien<\/span>. Den tibetanske d\u00f8debog (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"I tibetansk buddhisme overgangstilstanden mellem to eksistenser; Bardo Th\u00f6dol beskriver fasen efter d\u00f8den.\">bardo<\/span> Th\u00f6dol, 8. \u00e5rh. eller senere) med detaljeret Yamad\u016bta-scene. Kinesiske og japanske referencer i buddhistisk underverdenslitteratur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Udbredelsesomr\u00e5de<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Det indiske subkontinent, Theravada-landene, \u00d8stasien (i Kina som Yanluos sendebude, som Niu Tou \u201eoksehoved&#8221; og Ma Mian \u201ehesteansigt&#8221;), Tibet med <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201aDiamant-fart\u00f8jet'; tantrisk form af Mahayana-buddhismen, prim\u00e6rt i Tibet, med yidam-praksis og mantra-teknik i centrum.\">Vajrayana<\/span>-udvidelse, Japan med Emma-udformning.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kildesituation<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Devad\u016bta Sutta (Anguttara Nikaya og Majjhima Nikaya), Visuddhimagga (Buddhaghosa), Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Den tibetanske d\u00f8debog; rituel vejledning for overgangstilstandene efter d\u00f8den.\">Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/span>, kinesiske underverdensfort\u00e6llinger (<em>Di Yu<\/em>-litteratur), japanske Jigoku-z\u014dshi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ben\u00e6vnelse og skrivem\u00e5der<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskrit:<\/strong> <em>yamad\u016bta<\/em>, \u201eYamas budbringer&#8221;; <em>yamap\u0101la<\/em>, \u201eYamas vogter&#8221;; <em>yamapuru\u1e63a<\/em>, \u201eYamas mand&#8221;.<br>Kinesisk: \u725b\u982d\u99ac\u9762 (<em>Niu Tou Ma Mian<\/em>, \u201eOksehoved og hesteansigt&#8221;, popul\u00e6r parform).<br>Japansk: <em>Jigoku no Kishi<\/em>, Yama som Emma.<br>Tibetansk: <em>Shinje&#8217;i pho nya<\/em>.<\/p><p>Specificeringen i \u00d8stasien er interessant: Parret Oksehoved og Hesteansigt er en selvst\u00e6ndig kinesisk udvikling. Begge fremstilles som m\u00e6gtige underverdens\u00adembedsm\u00e6nd under Yanluo Wang og er fremtr\u00e6dende i folkereligi\u00f8se templer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Karakteristika<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Udseende<\/strong><\/p><p>I indisk tradition ofte med flammeaura, v\u00e5ben og l\u00e6nker. Kan v\u00e6re dyre- eller delvist dyreskabte. I kinesisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u00e6ren om billedindhold og deres betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografi<\/span> specificeret som oksehoved og hesteansigt, bev\u00e6bnet med k\u00f8ller eller greb. P\u00e5 tibetanske thangkaer vrede, dansende, med d\u00f8dningehovedsymboler.<\/p><p><strong>Opf\u00f8rsel<\/strong><\/p><p>Fremst\u00e5r ved d\u00f8dens indtr\u00e6den, binder sj\u00e6len og f\u00f8rer den til Yama. I Narakaerne udf\u00f8rer de karmiske straffe, uden personlig grusomhed, men som en funktionel opgave. I Devad\u016bta-l\u00e6sningen er de samtidig symbolske: livet selv formaner gennem alderdom, sygdom og d\u00f8d.<\/p><p><strong>Virkefelt<\/strong><\/p><p>Mellemverdenen under d\u00f8dsprocessen, Yamas domstol, Narakaerne (helvederne). I \u00f8stasiatisk tradition ogs\u00e5 opdelt i konkrete underverdens\u00adembeder, hver af de ti helveder har sine egne embedsm\u00e6nd.<\/p><p><strong>Mytologisk placering<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama er i vedisk tradition den f\u00f8rste d\u00f8delige, der gik til underverdenen, og blev derved dens herre. Hans budbringere er funktion\u00e6rer i et kosmisk system, ikke autonome d\u00e6moner. Den buddhistiske overtagelse bevarer denne funktionelle stilling.<\/p><div><p><strong>Kropskendetegn og skr\u00e6mmefunktion<\/strong><\/p><p>I Mahabharata-passagerne og senere Puranaer beskrives Yamaduta med specifikke kropslige kendetegn: sort hud, r\u00f8de \u00f8jne, slangeh\u00e5r eller flammer i stedet for h\u00e5r, jernv\u00e5ben. Disse kendetegn er funktionelle, p\u00e5 ingen m\u00e5de vilk\u00e5rlige: de skal chokere de d\u00f8delige og bev\u00e6ge dem til selvreflektion over deres eget liv.<\/p><p>Udseendet er <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ondt afv\u00e6rgende; apotrop\u00e6iske symboler (Pazuzu, Hamsa, Nazar) beskytter mod skadelig magi og det onde \u00f8je.\">apotrop\u00e6isk<\/span> og meditativt p\u00e5 samme tid. Synet af en Yamaduta markerer overgangen fra liv til ansvar. I tantriske kommentarer g\u00f8res skr\u00e6mmefunktionen endnu mere explicit: Yamaduta er en bevidst inkarnation af karmiske konsekvenser, ikke en biologisk enhed.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Faktaboks: Yamaduta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De vigtigste aspekter af Yamad\u016bta p\u00e5 et blik.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Oprindelse<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I Yamas tjeneste, d\u00f8dens herre. Vedisk-buddhistisk grundl\u00e6ggelse. I \u00d8stasien udformet under Yanluo\/Emma, med eget embedshierarki.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00e5lgrupper<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>D\u00f8ende ved d\u00f8dens indtr\u00e6den, afd\u00f8de i mellemtilstanden, helvedesv\u00e6sener til fuldbyrdelse. Indirekte alle levende som formanere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erscheinungsbild<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Indisk med flammeaura og v\u00e5ben. Kinesisk specificeret som oksehoved og hesteansigt. Tibetansk vred, dansende, med d\u00f8dningehovedsmykker.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamadutas virkning<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Henter d\u00f8ende sj\u00e6le, f\u00f8rer dem til Yamas domstol, fuldbyrder karmiske domme. Funktionelt, ikke personligt grusomt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Afv\u00e6rgeformer<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ikke afv\u00e6rgelse, men rettidigt liv: etisk handling, tilflugt til de Tre Juveler, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den bedende eller besv\u00e6rgende tiltale til en gud eller magt.\" tabindex=\"0\">anr\u00e5belse<\/span> af Ksitigarbha (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"I Mahayana-buddhismen en oplyst, der udskyder sin egen befrielse til gavn for l\u00e6ren for andre v\u00e6sener.\">bodhisattva<\/span> for helvedesv\u00e6sener). Tibetansk: Phowa-praksis (bevidsthedsoverf\u00f8rsel i d\u00f8ds\u00f8jeblikket).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sammenligneligt<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=137915\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=137927\">Keres<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=137933\">Dirae<\/a>, \u00e6gyptiske Amduat-ledsagere, kristne d\u00f8dsengle.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u00f8dsritualer og d\u00f8dsriter<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>D\u00f8dsforberedelse<\/strong><\/p><p>I theravada-tradition: recitation af Paritta og Metta-suttaer for de d\u00f8ende. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Det store fart\u00f8j; en af de tre hovedtraditioner i buddhismen, med bodhisattva-idealet.\">Mahayana<\/span>: recitation af Amitabha-mantraer for at blive genf\u00f8dt i hans rene land i stedet for i Yamas rige. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Diamantfart\u00f8jet; tantrisk form af Mahayana-buddhismen, prim\u00e6rt i Tibet, med yidam-praksis i centrum.\">Vajrayana<\/span>: Phowa som specifik d\u00f8dsmeditation til at bryde ud af cyklussen.<\/p><p><strong>Riter efter d\u00f8den<\/strong><\/p><p>Den tibetanske d\u00f8debog giver instruktioner til den afd\u00f8de for de 49 dage i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"I tibetansk buddhisme overgangstilstanden mellem to eksistenser; Bardo Th\u00f6dol beskriver fasen efter d\u00f8den.\">bardo<\/span>, heriblandt explicitte m\u00f8der med Yamad\u016btas. Kinesisk tradition med \u201esyv-syv&#8221;-d\u00f8dsritualet (49 dage med ugentlige ceremonier). Japansk Obon og lignende ritualer til lindring af d\u00f8dstilstanden.<\/p><p><strong>Etisk dimension<\/strong><\/p><p>Devad\u016bta-l\u00e6ren l\u00e6rer, at livet selv sender budbringerne: alderdom, sygdom, synet af lig. Den, der lytter, har lidt at frygte ved Yamas domstol. Den, der overh\u00f8rer dem, finder sig i tilsvarende genf\u00f8dsler.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralleller og reception<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoke i den gr\u00e6ske og romerske kultur, cirka 800 f.Kr. til 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antikken<\/span> og mesopotamiske paralleller<\/strong><\/p><p>Den mesopotamiske <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=137915\">Gallu<\/a> som fuldbyrdende organ for underverdenen, den gr\u00e6ske <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=137927\">Keres<\/a> som d\u00f8dsd\u00e6moninder, \u00e6gyptiske Amduat-ledsagerfigurer p\u00e5 solens rejse gennem underverdenen.<\/p><p><strong>\u00d8stasiatisk udvikling<\/strong><\/p><p>Kinesiske Niu Tou Ma Mian, japanske Emma-embedsm\u00e6nd har i folketroen en konkret embedshierarki med korrespondance og pr\u00f8velser. Di Yu-systemet (\u201ejordf\u00e6ngslet&#8221;) er en af de mest udviklede underverdens-administrationer i verden.<\/p><p><strong>Moderne reception<\/strong><\/p><p>Bollywood-film med Yamraj-figurer, japanske animeserier med shinigami-motiver, koreanske k-dramaer med grim reaper-figurer varierer alle Yamaduta-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tilbagevendende indholdselement i kunst eller fort\u00e6lling.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span> i moderne form.<\/p><div><p><strong>Yamaduta og den islamiske Mala&#8217;ika al-Mawt<\/strong><\/p><p>Der findes en bem\u00e6rkelsesv\u00e6rdig parallel mellem de hinduistiske Yamaduta og d\u00f8dsenglene i den islamiske tradition, <em>Mala&#8217;ika al-Mawt<\/em>. Begge traditioner beskriver himmelske v\u00e6sener, der viser sig ved d\u00f8dens tidspunkt. Begge bed\u00f8mmer den afd\u00f8des handlinger p\u00e5 baggrund af deres religi\u00f8se eller karmiske optegnelser.<\/p><p>Begge er skr\u00e6mmende i deres ydre skikkelse, men retf\u00e6rdige i deres funktion. De islamiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Arabisk 'englene'; i Koranen en kosmologisk klasse af engle, hvoraf Gabriel, Mikael og Israfil er de vigtigste.\">Mala&#8217;ika<\/span> er dog moralske agenter for Gud, mens Yamaduta snarere fremst\u00e5r som neutrale administrative kr\u00e6fter. Denne sondring viser en forskel i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Teologisk problem om foreneligheden af Guds almagt og godhed med det ondes eksistens i verden.\">teodic\u00e9en<\/span>: I hinduismen er karma selvudf\u00f8rende, i islam er det Guds n\u00e5de, der afg\u00f8r retf\u00e6rdigheden.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp49f0232 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp49f0232\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp527f753 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp527f753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta som d\u00f8dsgudens sendebud<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdf35273 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpdf35273\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a987ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9a987ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Navnet <em>Yamaduta<\/em> betyder ordret &#8220;Yamas sendebud&#8221;. Yama er d\u00f8dens herre, en skikkelse der stammer fra den vediske religion og blev spredt gennem buddhismen og hinduismen i hele Syd- og \u00d8stasien.<\/p><p>Yamaduta er hans undergivne, udsendt for at samle de afd\u00f8des sj\u00e6le og f\u00f8re dem frem for d\u00f8dsherrens domstol. De er dermed ikke selvst\u00e6ndige magter, men funktion\u00e6rer inden for en kosmisk ordning.<\/p><p>I de buddhistiske tekster optr\u00e6der Yamaduta i flere roller. Et vigtigt sted er <em>Devaduta Sutta<\/em> i Pali-kanonen, hvor det dog er de &#8220;guddommelige sendebud&#8221; der st\u00e5r i forgrunden, nemlig alderdom, sygdom og d\u00f8d som advarselstegn, der skulle advare ethvert menneske.<\/p><p>Derudover findes der mere konkrete skildringer af helvedes sendebud, der griber den afd\u00f8de og f\u00f8rer ham frem for Yama. Yama holder da den d\u00f8de for, at han i livet har set alderdommens, sygdommens og d\u00f8dens advarende tegn, men ikke har lyttet til dem.<\/p><p>Denne sammenknytning af skr\u00e6mmende skildring og etisk formaning er kendetegnende for den buddhistiske behandling af Yamaduta. De er skr\u00e6kskikkelser, men deres r\u00e6dsel har et bel\u00e6rende form\u00e5l. Forskningen i buddhistisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Forestilling om verdens opbygning og orden inden for en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologi<\/span> betoner, at buddhismens helvedesskildringer var t\u00e6nkt som en indtr\u00e6ngende illustration af karma-loven og ikke havde noget selvform\u00e5l.<\/p><p>Yamaduta fuldbyrder ingen vilk\u00e5rlig straf, de udf\u00f8rer blot det, som den afd\u00f8des egne handlinger uundg\u00e5eligt medf\u00f8rer. Den egentlige dommer er i sidste ende loven om gerning og f\u00f8lge.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp878f4cd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp878f4cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp998f005 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp998f005\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta i helvedesskildringer og tempelkunst<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee0dfc1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpee0dfc1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp79205d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp79205d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Asiens buddhistiske billedkunst har afbildet Yamaduta mange gange, is\u00e6r i de store helvedesskildringer, der findes i templer, p\u00e5 v\u00e6gmalerier og p\u00e5 rullebilleder. Disse billedprogrammer viser Yamas d\u00f8dsdomstol og de forskellige helveders straffe, ofte med drastisk anskuelighed.<\/p><p>Yamaduta fremst\u00e5r p\u00e5 disse billeder som de udf\u00f8rende vogtere og b\u00f8dler, ofte med dyretr\u00e6k, for eksempel tyre- eller hestehoveder, en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u00e6ren om billedindhold og deres betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografi<\/span>, der is\u00e6r er udpr\u00e6get i den \u00f8stasiatiske tradition.<\/p><p>S\u00e5danne helvedesskildringer havde en klar didaktisk funktion. De blev anbragt p\u00e5 steder, hvor l\u00e6gfolk kunne se dem, og de anskueliggjorde konsekvenserne af uheldbringende handlinger p\u00e5 en m\u00e5de, der var forst\u00e5elig selv uden kendskab til teksterne.<\/p><p>I Thailand, i den tibetanske tradition, i Kina, Korea og Japan findes der hver sin udformning af denne billedtradition, som udfylder det f\u00e6lles grundskema med regionale s\u00e6rtr\u00e6k.<\/p><p>I den \u00f8stasiatiske variant forbindes den indiske arv med forestillingen om underverdenens ti konger, s\u00e5 Yama d\u00e9r fremst\u00e5r som en af ti dommere, sammenlignelig med den koreanske <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138105\">Yeomra<\/a>.<\/p><p>For den religionsvidenskabelige betragtning er denne billedtradition en vigtig kilde, fordi den viser, hvordan l\u00e6ren om karma og d\u00f8dsdomstolen blev formidlet til l\u00e6gfolkets livsverden. Yamaduta fremst\u00e5r i disse billeder som anskuelige, skr\u00e6mmende skikkelser, ikke som abstrakte teologiske begreber.<\/p><p>Den kunsthistoriske forskning bruger desuden de bevarede helvedesbilleder til at f\u00f8lge udbredelsen af bestemte forestillinger gennem tid og rum, da man p\u00e5 dem kan afl\u00e6se den buddhistiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Forestilling om verdens opbygning og orden inden for en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologis<\/span> overf\u00f8rselsveje mellem regionerne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7d98a5b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7d98a5b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6fd93d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6fd93d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta og Yamadut i hinduismen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp18a1d93 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp18a1d93\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fb31db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2fb31db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Forestillingen om Yama-budene er ud over buddhismen ogs\u00e5 dybt forankret i hinduismen, hvor budene ofte kaldes <em>Yamadut<\/em>. En s\u00e6rlig velkendt fort\u00e6lling, som er overleveret i flere puranaer, handler om Ajamila.<\/p><p>Ajamila er en mand, der har levet et forfejlet liv og skal hentes af Yama-budene i d\u00f8dsstunden. I selve d\u00f8ds\u00f8jeblikket r\u00e5ber han imidlertid navnet p\u00e5 sin s\u00f8n, som tilf\u00e6ldigvis er et af gudens Vishnus navne. Derp\u00e5 viser Vishnus bude, <em>Vishnudut<\/em>, sig, stiller sig op mod Yama-budene og befrier Ajamila.<\/p><p>Denne fort\u00e6lling er teologisk oplysende. Den bruges i traditionen for Vishnu-tilbedelse som bel\u00e6g for det gudommelige navns forl\u00f8sende kraft: Selv det utilsigtede udr\u00e5b af navnet siges at have frelsende virkning.<\/p><p>I denne fort\u00e6lling repr\u00e6senterer Yama-budene den strenge logik om handling og geng\u00e6ldelse, mens Vishnu-budene repr\u00e6senterer den n\u00e5de, der kan bryde denne logik. Striden mellem de to budgrupper udf\u00f8res i teksterne som en regul\u00e6r disputation om ret og n\u00e5de.<\/p><p>For den religionsvidenskabelige betragtning viser denne episode, at Yamaduta er blevet v\u00e6gtet forskelligt inden for Indiens forskellige religi\u00f8se str\u00f8mninger afh\u00e6ngigt af det teologiske udgangspunkt. I en ramme, der strengt orienterer sig efter karma, er de de uundg\u00e5elige eksekutorer.<\/p><p>I de str\u00f8mninger, der er orienteret mod hengivenhed og n\u00e5de, bliver de til en instans, som kan overg\u00e5s gennem hengivenheden til den forl\u00f8sende <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et v\u00e6sen, der tilbedes som gudommeligt inden for en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudeskikkelse<\/span>. Yamaduta er dermed en god indikator for, hvordan en f\u00e6lles mytologisk forestilling indordnes og vurderes forskelligt i forskellige religi\u00f8se systemer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yderligere links<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anbefalede interne links:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=137970\">Buddhisme<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=137977\">Mara<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=137978\">Preta<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=137980\">Naraka-vogtere<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=137981\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=137915\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=137927\">Keres<\/a> (paralleller)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138097\">Yama<\/a> som d\u00f8dernes herre (hinduisme)<\/li><li>Bardo Th\u00f6dol og den tibetanske d\u00f8debog<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forskningslitteratur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Et udvalg af centrale v\u00e6rker om Yamad\u016bta:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>The Hidden History of the Tibetan Book of the Dead<\/em>. New York 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/uhpress.hawaii.edu\/title\/the-scripture-on-the-ten-kings-and-the-making-of-purgatory-in-medieval-chinese-buddhism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Scripture on the Ten Kings<\/a><\/em>. Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Rhys Davids, Thomas W.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacred-texts.com\/bud\/sbe11\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Suttas<\/a><\/em>. Oxford 1881.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gouin, Margaret: <em>Tibetan Rituals of Death<\/em>. London 2010.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sadakata, Akira: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/buddhistcosmolog0000sada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Cosmology<\/a><\/em>. Tokyo 1997.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Flere standardv\u00e6rker i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/da\/?page_id=138058\">litteraturlisten<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yamaduta-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-yamaduta-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-yamaduta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yamaduta-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-yamaduta-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Den her beskrevne beskyttelsespraksis er en videnskabelig indordning af historiske traditioner. iWell Guard knytter sig til denne kulturhistoriske linje af b\u00e6rbare beskyttelsesobjekter og udg\u00f8r en samtidig form heraf. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Mere om iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1697,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yamaduta, Yamas d\u00f8dsbud","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yamaduta \u2013 d\u00f8dsbudene fra guden Yama","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yamad\u016bta er d\u00f8dsbude i tjeneste hos Yama, d\u00f8dsherren i den indisk-buddhistiske tradition. Ved d\u00f8dens indtr\u00e6den viser de sig for at hente sj\u00e6len","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-137979","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yamaduta \u2013 d\u00f8dsbudene fra guden Yama<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yamad\u016bta er d\u00f8dsbude i tjeneste hos Yama, d\u00f8dsherren i den indisk-buddhistiske tradition. 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