{"id":191675,"date":"2026-09-07T07:26:47","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:26:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191675"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"horagalles","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/horagalles\/","title":{"rendered":"Horagalles"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191675\" class=\"elementor elementor-191675 elementor-3064 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51c86db e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"51c86db\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9c7d09 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c9c7d09\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-247d924 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"247d924\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-859b0ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"859b0ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Horagalles, duw taran y Sami<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e5671d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e5671d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Horagalles (a elwir hefyd Hora Galles, Tiermes neu Aijeke) yn dduw taran a stormydd yng nghrediniaethau&#8217;r S\u00e1mi, ac ystyrir ei fod yn un o dduwiau mwyaf pwerus eu crefydd cyn-Gristnogol yng ngogledd Sgandinafia, y Ffindir a Gorynysoedd Kola Rwsia. Mae ei addoliad wedi&#8217;i ddogfennu gan ffynonellau cenhadol o&#8217;r cyfnod modern cynnar, ond mae&#8217;n rhaid asesu gwerth y ffynonellau hyn yn feirniadol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0020e40 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0020e40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95e240c elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"95e240c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duw \/ Duwies: Grym pennaf personol wedi'i bersonoli ym mhantheon diwylliant, gyda meysydd cyfrifoldeb clir \u2014 grymoedd natur, tynged, rhyfel, ffrwythlondeb. Addolir trwy gwltiau, offrymau a sefydliadau teml.\">Duw<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f7853f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f7853f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16003f2 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"16003f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16003f2\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16003f2\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__16003f2\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8542b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b8542b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fed4b00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fed4b00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193247\" alt=\"Horagalles - duwiau o draddodiad y Sami, hanesyddol-eglurhaol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sami_horagalles.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58c52c e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a58c52c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e2596b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1e2596b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c754be elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9c754be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sail y ffynonellau a dehongliad beirniadol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c01c74e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c01c74e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Daw&#8217;r ffynonellau ysgrifenedig pwysicaf am grefydd addolwyr y duw taranau o&#8217;r 17eg a&#8217;r 18fed ganrif. Adroddodd Olaus Magnus yn ei waith \u00abHistoria de gentibus septentrionalibus\u00bb (1555) am y tro cyntaf yn gynhwysfawr am arferion crefyddol y bobl hyn, er mewn dull ethnograffig pell iawn.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Y ffynhonnell ganolog yw \u00abLapponia\u00bb (1673) gan Johannes Schefferus, lle disgrifir Horagalles wrth ei enw a&#8217;i swyddogaeth. Yn y 18fed ganrif ychwanegwyd sylwadau manylach gan Knud Leem, Lars Levi L\u00e6stadius a Johan Nordlander.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Rhaid bod yn ofalus wrth ddehongli&#8217;r ffynonellau hyn. Dangosodd H\u00e5kan Rydving yn ei astudiaethau, yn enwedig yn \u00abThe End of Drum-Time\u00bb (1993), fod y cofnodion cenhadol yn cyflwyno crefydd y S\u00e1mi drwy lens Gristnogol a&#8217;u bod yn eu hystumio&#8217;n systematig. Defnyddiwyd termau fel \u00abDuw\u00bb, \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Term dilornus am ddelwedd addoli a ystyrid yn ffug.\" tabindex=\"0\">eilun<\/span>\u00bb neu \u00abdiafol\u00bb heb ystyried cysyniadau&#8217;r S\u00e1mi eu hunain.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Mae Juha Pentik\u00e4inen wedi tynnu sylw yn \u00abSami Mythology\u00bb (1999) at yr anhawster methodolegol fod crefydd y S\u00e1mi yn ei ffurf cyn-Gristnogol bellach yn bosibl ei hail-adeiladu&#8217;n anuniongyrchol yn unig. Mae Louise B\u00e4ckman ac Anna-Leena Siikala wedi golygu a sylwebu&#8217;n feirniadol ar y dystiolaeth yn systematig.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc1f546 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bc1f546\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee392e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ee392e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enw ac Etymoleg<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c45135 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c45135\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Esbonnir yr enw Horagalles fel benthyciad S\u00e1mi o&#8217;r Hen Norseg \u00ab\u00de\u00f3rr karl\u00bb (\u00abThor hen \u0175r\u00bb, \u00abg\u0175r Thor\u00bb), sy&#8217;n dangos cysylltiad clir \u00e2 Thor, duw taran Germanaidd y Gogledd.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r darddiad hwn wedi bod yn dybiaeth safonol ers y 19eg ganrif, ac wedi&#8217;i gadarnhau gan ieithegwyr fel Lars Levi L\u00e6stadius ac yn ddiweddarach Konrad Nielsen a Pekka Sammallahti. Mewn rhai tafodieithoedd S\u00e1mi, ceir hefyd y ffurfiau Hora-Galles neu Hora-Gallis, ac yn S\u00e1mi&#8217;r Gogledd, Horag\u00e1lles.<\/p>\n\n<p>Ochr yn ochr \u00e2 hyn, defnyddia&#8217;r ymchwil enwau eraill ar gyfer, mae&#8217;n debyg, yr un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir yn dduwiol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span>: Tiermes, Atjek, Aijeke neu Pajan-Olmai. Mae&#8217;r amrywiaeth hwn o enwau yn adlewyrchu gwahaniaethau tafodieithol rhanbarthol ar y naill law, ac ar y llaw arall y ffaith nad oedd crefydd y S\u00e1mi&#8217;n ffurf unffurf, ddogmatig sefydlog, ond yn amrywio&#8217;n fawr yn lleol.<\/p><p>Mae H\u00e5kan Rydving wedi nodi bod y cofnodion cenhadol yn aml yn cyflwyno unffurfiaeth artiffisial nad oedd yn cyfateb i&#8217;r amrywiaeth grefyddol wirioneddol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36a4086 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"36a4086\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2baf39b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2baf39b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Swyddogaeth fel duw taran<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3ec1aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3ec1aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Duw taranau yn bennaf yw Horagalles, sy&#8217;n rheoli mellt a tharanau ac felly&#8217;n arfer grym dros y tywydd. Fe&#8217;i hystyrir yn amddiffynnydd pobl rhag ysbrydion drwg, yn enwedig y Stallo (cewri) a bodau gelyniaethus eraill o gred ysbrydol y S\u00e1mi.<\/p><p>Ei ordd neu ei fwyell ryfel yw ei arf pwysicaf, a defnyddia hi i yrru&#8217;r rhai drwg ymaith ac i ymladd yn erbyn trolliau a chewri. Mae&#8217;r swyddogaeth a&#8217;r arfogaeth hon yn esbonio&#8217;r berthynas deipolegol amlwg \u00e2 Thor Norsegermanig.<\/p>\n\n<p>Dangosodd Anna-Leena Siikala mewn gwaith cymharol ar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau am dduwiau a drosglwyddwyd o fewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">fytholeg<\/span> Ffino-Wgraidd a S\u00e1mi fod y syniad o dduw taranau ymysg y S\u00e1mi wedi&#8217;i ddylanwadu gan gysylltiadau \u00e2 chymdogion Sgandinafaidd, ond ei fod yn seiliedig ar syniadau h\u0177n ac annibynnol eu hunain.<\/p><p>Ceir cyfochrogion hefyd yn nhraddodiad y Ffiniaid (Ukko) ac yn nhraddodiad dwyrain Siberia (Num ymysg y Nenets), sy&#8217;n awgrymu cyfadeilad eang o dduw taranau yng ngogledd Ewrasia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f79bb2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4f79bb2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be4684c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"be4684c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symboliaeth y drwm<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8d7823 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c8d7823\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y ffynhonnell bwysicaf ar gyfer <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Astudiaeth o gynnwys delweddau a'u hystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">eiconograffeg<\/span> duwiau&#8217;r S\u00e1mi yw&#8217;r drymiau S\u00e1mi (\u00abgoavddis\u00bb neu \u00abgievrie\u00bb), a gasglwyd gan genhadon yn y 17eg a&#8217;r 18fed ganrif ac a gedwir mewn amgueddfeydd.<\/p><p>Ar lawer o&#8217;r drymiau hyn darlunnir ffigwr canolog, fel arfer wedi&#8217;i arfogi ag ordd neu fwyell, a adnabyddir fel Horagalles. Weithiau gosodir ei ffigwr yn union o dan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> yr haul (Beaivi), sy&#8217;n pwysleisio ei statws uchel ym <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm duwiau crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">mhantheon<\/span> y S\u00e1mi.<\/p>\n\n<p>Fodd bynnag, nid yw ystyr y ffigyrau drwm hyn yn glir bob amser, gan i&#8217;r drymiau gael eu defnyddio at ddibenion defodol gan y \u00abnoaidi\u00bb (siamaniaid S\u00e1mi) unigol a&#8217;u llunio \u00e2 symbolau personol.<\/p><p>Mae Ernst Manker a Phebe Fjellstr\u00f6m wedi amlygu amrywiaeth y darluniau yn eu hastudiaethau o gelfyddyd drymiau&#8217;r S\u00e1mi. Nid oes <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Astudiaeth o gynnwys delweddau a'u hystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">eiconograffeg<\/span> safonol ar gyfer Horagalles, ond mae rhai nodweddion sylfaenol (ordd, bwyell, ffurf ddynol ag arf wedi&#8217;i godi) yn ymddangos dro ar \u00f4l tro.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62583e8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62583e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa6e9c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fa6e9c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Addoliad a defodau<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff303a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff303a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ni mae ffynonellau&#8217;r cenhadon yn adrodd fawr o fanylder am arferion gwirioneddol yr addoliad. Mae&#8217;n ymddangos bod Horagalles yn derbyn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, deisyfiad neu ddefosiwn.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrymau<\/span> ar ffurf anifeiliaid (yn bennaf ceirw), a offrymid mewn safleoedd defodol arbennig o&#8217;r enw \u00absieidi\u00bb.<\/p><p>Roedd y safleoedd defodol hyn fel arfer yn ffurfiannau creigiog trawiadol, cerrig mawr neu goed arbennig a ystyrid yn drigfan y duwiau. Yn ystod stormydd taranau, offrymid <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, deisyfiad neu ddefosiwn.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrymau<\/span> arbennig i dawelu Horagalles neu i ofyn am ei gymorth.<\/p>\n\n<p>Roedd yr arfer shamanaidd yn ganolog i grefydd y S\u00e1mi. Gallai&#8217;r noaidi, gyda chymorth ei ddrwm a thrwy deithiau trans defodol, gysylltu \u00e2&#8217;r duwiau, gan gynnwys Horagalles. Yn ffynonellau&#8217;r cenhadon, cyflwynir yr arfer hwn yn aml fel \u00abhud diafol\u00bb, ac erlidiwyd hi&#8217;n systematig yn yr 17eg a&#8217;r 18fed ganrif.<\/p><p>Mae H\u00e5kan Rydving wedi dogfennu yn \u00abThe End of Drum-Time\u00bb sut y llosgwyd neu y meddiannwyd drwmau&#8217;r S\u00e1mi yn y cyfnod hwn, gan arwain at golled enfawr o dreftadaeth ddiwylliannol grefyddol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cf8ed3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7cf8ed3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1298de4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1298de4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cristnogeiddio a Diarddel<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fbc340 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3fbc340\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dechreuodd Cristnogeiddio&#8217;r S\u00e1mi yn yr 11eg a&#8217;r 12fed ganrif gyda&#8217;r ymdrechion cenhadol cyntaf, ymddwysodd yn drwm yn yr 16eg a&#8217;r 17eg ganrif, a daeth i ben gyda diarddel helaeth y grefydd cyn-Gristnogol o fywyd cyhoeddus yn y 18fed ganrif a dechrau&#8217;r 19eg ganrif.<\/p><p>Mae H\u00e5kan Rydving wedi olrhain camau&#8217;r broses hon yn fanwl. Defnyddiodd awdurdodau gwladwriaethol-eglwysig Sweden, Norwy, y Ffindir a Rwsia gosbau, meddiannu drwmau a bedydd gorfodol i atal y ffydd draddodiadol.<\/p>\n\n<p>Yn y cyfnod diarddel hwn, adnabuwyd Horagalles yn aml \u00e2 diafol Cristnogol neu \u00e2 \u00abSatan\u00bb. Roedd yr adnabyddiaeth hon yn rhan o strategaeth genhadol i farcio&#8217;r grefydd hen fel un ddemonig.<\/p><p>Roedd hi&#8217;n gyffredin hefyd adnabod Horagalles \u00e2 Sant Olaf, sant-frenin Norwyaidd, a ystyrid, fel Horagalles, yn ymladdwr yn erbyn trolliau a chewri, ac a allai felly weithredu fel pont eiconograffig rhwng yr hen grefydd a&#8217;r newydd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc98dbf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dc98dbf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00a74a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"00a74a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyflwr yr Ymchwil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4374957 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4374957\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dechreuodd astudiaeth fodern o grefydd y S\u00e1mi yn ail hanner y 19eg ganrif, ac mae wedi ymwahanoli&#8217;n amlwg yn yr 20fed a&#8217;r 21ain ganrif. Daw cyfraniadau pwysig gan H\u00e5kan Rydving, Juha Pentik\u00e4inen, Louise B\u00e4ckman, Anna-Leena Siikala, Ernst Manker a Phebe Fjellstr\u00f6m.<\/p><p>Gyda&#8217;i gilydd, maent wedi datblygu darlun cynhwysfawr o grefydd y S\u00e1mi, sy&#8217;n ystyried amrywiaeth y traddodiadau rhanbarthol, y camystumiadau a ddaw o ffynonellau cenhadol, a&#8217;r anawsterau o ail-lunio&#8217;r hanes.<\/p>\n\n<p>Mae dadl ganolog yn ymwneud \u00e2 graddfa dylanwad crefydd Sgandinafaidd. Tra bod ymchwiliadau h\u0177n yn gweld Horagalles fel cymar S\u00e1mi pur i Thor, mae gwaith mwy diweddar yn pwysleisio traddodiad S\u00e1mi annibynnol ac yn gweld y dylanwad Sgandinafaidd fel haen dros gysyniad h\u0177n o dduw taran S\u00e1mi. Cynrychiolir y safbwynt hwn yn bennaf gan Anna-Leena Siikala, sy&#8217;n cyfeirio at gyfochrogion Ffino-Ugroaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2eae97c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2eae97c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6f1672 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c6f1672\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ffynonellau cenhadol allweddol o'r 17eg a'r 18fed ganrif<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df3246d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df3246d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r cam pwysicaf o safbwynt beirniadaeth ffynonellau yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddo gwybodaeth a naratifau dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad<\/span> Horagalles yn perthyn i&#8217;r 17eg a&#8217;r 18fed ganrif, pan wnaeth cenhadon a swyddogion o Sweden a Denmarc-Norwy gofnodi crefydd y S\u00e1mi yn systematig am y tro cyntaf.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Cyhoeddodd Johannes Schefferus ei \u00abLapponia\u00bb yn Frankfurt yn 1673, disgrifiad daearyddol a gomisiynwyd gan Ganghellor Sweden, Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, sy&#8217;n cyflwyno byd y duwiau mewn pennod ar wah\u00e2n, \u00abDe Lapponum Diis\u00bb, ac yn rhestru Horagalles (ar ffurf \u00abThoragalles\u00bb) fel y prif un o&#8217;r duwiau taranau y cyfeirir atynt fel \u00abStoorjunkare\u00bb.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Roedd Schefferus yn dibynnu ar adroddiadau gan bregethwyr Swedaidd fel Olaus Petri Niurenius, Samuel Rheen, Olaus Graan a Johannes Tornaeus, y dyfynnodd o&#8217;u llawysgrifau&#8217;n rhannol yn uniongyrchol. Cyfieithwyd \u00abLapponia\u00bb yn gyflym i nifer o ieithoedd Ewropeaidd (Saesneg 1674, Almaeneg 1675, Ffrangeg 1678), a lluniodd hi ganfyddiad ethnograffig crefydd y S\u00e1mi yn Ewrop am ganrif gyfan.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Yn ardal Norwy-Denmarc, datblygodd llawysgrifau&#8217;r cenhadwr Thomas von Westen (1682 i 1727) yn gyfochrog, a arweiniodd genhadaeth systematig yn ardaloedd S\u00e1mi gogledd Norwy fel \u00abApostol y Laplandwyr\u00bb.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Cynullodd ei ddisgyblion Isaac Olsen, Hans Skanke (gyda&#8217;r \u00abEpitomes Historiae Missionis Lapponicae Pars Prima\u00bb, a gwblhawyd yn 1728), Jens Kildal a Johan Randulf gorff eang o adroddiadau llawysgrif, a elwir yn \u00abLawysgrif N\u00e6r\u00f8y\u00bb (Randulf) a \u00abLlawysgrif Kildal\u00bb.<\/span><\/p><p>Ni golygwyd y ffynonellau hyn yn llawn tan yr 20fed ganrif, gan Reidar Th. Christiansen a Karl Bernhard Wiklund. Maent yn darparu&#8217;r disgrifiadau manylaf o&#8217;r arferion offrymu gwirioneddol: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddwyd i'r sanctaidd trwy weithred grefyddol, ac yn cael ei ddyrchafu felly o'r cyffredin.\" tabindex=\"0\">cysegrwyd<\/span> ychen du i&#8217;r duw taran ar ddechrau&#8217;r haf, hongiwyd cangau rhisgl bedw ar ffurf mellt mewn safleoedd sanctaidd, a derbyniodd cerrig \u00absieidi\u00bb offrymau braster a gwaed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e674e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e674e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15f8ed9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"15f8ed9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Peintio drymiau mewn ymchwil gymharol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58eb664 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58eb664\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Y ffynhonnell eiconograffig ganolog ar gyfer Horagalles yw&#8217;r darluniau cysylltiedig ag ef ar y drymiau \u00abgoavddis\u00bb, drymiau shamanaidd yr arbenigwyr \u00abnoaidi\u00bb S\u00e1mi. Cofnododd Ernst Manker, yn ei ddau gyfrol enfawr \u00abDie lappische Zaubertrommel. Eine ethnologische Monographie\u00bb (Stockholm 1938 a 1950), ryw saith deg drwm sydd wedi goroesi, a&#8217;u catalogio yn eiconograffig.<\/span><\/p><p>Ar tua thraean o&#8217;r drymiau hyn, gwelir ffigur canolog gyda dwy forthwyl (neu forthwyl a ffon), a nodir fel Horagalles yn arysgrifau ffynhonnell y drymiau ac yng nghyfnodolion y clerigwyr a fu&#8217;n atafaelu&#8217;r drymiau. Ceir darlun neilltuol o gyfoethog ar \u00abDrwm Bindal\u00bb (Stockholm, Nordiska Museet) ac ar \u00abDrwm S\u00f8r-Fron\u00bb (Oslo, Norsk Folkemuseum).<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Dangosodd H\u00e5kan Rydving yn \u00abThe End of Drum-Time. Religious Change Among the Lule Saami, 1670s to 1740s\u00bb (Uppsala 1995) nad yw&#8217;r peintiadau ar y drymiau i&#8217;w darllen fel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y duwiau mewn crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> statig, ond yn hytrach fel diagramau amrywiol yn \u00f4l rhanbarth, a lliwiwyd yn fywgraffyddol gan bob \u00abnoaidi\u00bb unigol, ac sy&#8217;n adlewyrchu byd delweddau a newidiodd yn sylweddol yn ystod y cyfarfyddiadau cynnar-fodern \u00e2 Christnogaeth.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Cadarnhaodd Juha Pentik\u00e4inen (\u00abShamanism and Northern Ecology\u00bb, Berlin 1996) ac Anna Westman (cyfrol gasgliadol \u00abS\u00e1pmi.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Becoming a Nation\u00bb, Stockholm 2007) y ddadl hon drwy gyfeirio at ddrymiau diweddarach a adroddiadau cyd-destunol o Inari a Pite-Lappmark.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Mae Konsta Kaikkonen, yn ei erthyglau ers 2017 (yn arbennig \u00abS\u00e1mi Religious Source Material\u00bb, 2020), wedi tynnu sylw at y gwyriadau critigol-ffynhonnell a gododd o arfer atafaelu&#8217;r clerigwyr: cafodd llawer o drymiau eu labelu ar gyfer \u00abcyffes\u00bb, ac fel hyn yn cael eu trefnu gan y cofnodwyr yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y duwiau mewn crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">bantheon<\/span> a drefnwyd yn ddiwinyddol.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f38d8f6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f38d8f6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5565be6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5565be6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Derbyniad Cyfoes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53521d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a53521d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn yr 20fed a&#8217;r 21ain ganrif, mae hunaniaeth S\u00e1mi, gan gynnwys elfennau crefyddol, wedi dod yn destun adfywiad diwylliannol eang. Mae&#8217;r ieithoedd S\u00e1mi yn cael eu meithrin, mae&#8217;r grefft draddodiadol o wneud drymiau&#8217;n cael ei hymarfer eto, a chaiff yr hen dduwiau eu trafod eto o leiaf fel treftadaeth ddiwylliannol.<\/p><p>Ni fu adfywiad crefyddol swyddogol i gwlt Horagalles, ond yn y celf a&#8217;r llenyddiaeth S\u00e1mi gyfoes, ymddengys fel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> o hunaniaeth ddiwylliannol.<\/p>\n\n<p>Yn niwylliannau mwyafrifol y Ffindir, Norwy a Sweden, mae Horagalles yn llai adnabyddus na Thor ac Odin, ond mae wedi ennill mwy o welededd yn y degawdau diwethaf oherwydd y diddordeb cynyddol yn niwylliant S\u00e1mi.<\/p><p>Mae amgueddfeydd fel Amgueddfa Siida yn Inari, y Nordnorsk-Vitenskapsmuseum yn Troms\u00f8, ac Amgueddfa \u00c1jtte yn Jokkmokk yn cyflwyno crefydd S\u00e1mi a&#8217;i duwiau i gynulleidfa ehangach. Mae&#8217;r amlygrwydd diwylliannol hwn yn rhan o ymdrech ehangach \u00f4l-drefedigaethol i ymgodymu \u00e2 gorthrwm hanesyddol traddodiad S\u00e1mi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3263,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Horagalles","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Horagalles \u2013 Duw Taran y Sami | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Horagalles (Hora Galles) yw duw taran y Sami ac amddiffynnwr tiroedd pori'r ceirw. Perthyn i Thor: morthwyl, bwa a drwm siamanaidd.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"1","wesen_kultur":"sami","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-191675","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Horagalles \u2013 Duw Taran y Sami | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Horagalles (Hora Galles) yw duw taran y Sami ac amddiffynnwr tiroedd pori&#039;r ceirw. 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