{"id":191664,"date":"2026-09-07T07:26:47","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:26:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191664"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"tsongkhapa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/tsongkhapa\/","title":{"rendered":"Tsongkhapa"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191664\" class=\"elementor elementor-191664 elementor-3052 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff07ec5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ff07ec5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2587cd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d2587cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2283551 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2283551\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c119749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c119749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsongkhapa, sylfaenydd yr ysgol Gelug<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f77872 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f77872\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Roedd Tsongkhapa Lobsang Dragpa (1357 hyd 1419) yn ysgolhaig Tibetaidd, yn ddiwygiwr mynachaidd ac yn sylfaenydd traddodiad Gelug (\u00abYsgol y Rhinweddol\u00bb), sef y llif crefyddol a gwleidyddol amlycaf ym Bwdhaeth Tibetaidd ers y 17. ganrif.<\/p><p>O&#8217;r ysgol hon y tarddodd llinach y Dalai Lamaod a&#8217;r Panchen Lamaod. Ystyrir Tsongkhapa un o systemwyr pwysicaf hanes Bwdhaeth Tibetaidd, ac fe luniodd draddodiad ysgolheigaidd trwy ei waith eang a thrwy sefydlu mynachlog Ganden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab9f544 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ab9f544\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c85aa6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"c85aa6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duw \/ Duwies: Grym goruchaf personol ym mhantheon diwylliant, gyda meysydd cyfrifoldeb clir \u2014 grymoedd natur, tynged, rhyfel, ffrwythlondeb. Addolir trwy gwltiau, offrymau a sefydliadau teml.\">Duw<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/tibet\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Traddodiad Bwdhaidd-Tibetaidd a Bon \u2014 Yidam, Dharmapala, byd y Naga.\">Tibet<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9c56ca e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c9c56ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16d86f7 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"16d86f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-473c36f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"473c36f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07c53db iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"07c53db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193239\" alt=\"Tsongkhapa - Duwiau o&apos;r traddodiad Tibetaidd, darluniadol-hanesyddol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec5b4e8 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ec5b4e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c96e6c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c96e6c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-238d336 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"238d336\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hanes bywyd a bywgraffiad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54cceea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"54cceea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ganed Tsongkhapa yn ranbarth Amdo yn nwyrain Tibet, yn Qinghai heddiw. Adnabyddir ei fangre eni fel Tsongkha, a rhoddwyd iddo&#8217;r llysenw \u00aby g\u0175r o Tsongkha\u00bb yn sgil hynny. Cyflawnodd ei astudiaethau crefyddol cyntaf mewn mynachlog gyfagos o linachau nyingma a kadampa.<\/p><p>Yn 16 oed teithiodd i ganol Tibet i astudio yn y mynachlogydd mawr, Sangphu a Nethang. Dros y tri degawd nesaf symudodd rhwng nifer o fynachlogydd a dysgodd gan athrawon o bob traddodiad pwysig o&#8217;r cyfnod.<\/p>\n\n<p>Mae Robert Thurman, yn \u00abLife and Teachings of Tsong Khapa\u00bb (1982), wedi olrhain gyrfa Tsongkhapa yn fanwl gan ddangos bod ei bolisi addysgol wedi anelu&#8217;n fwriadol at integreiddio pob traddodiad astudio a fodolai ar y pryd.<\/p><p>Ei brif athro ar gyfer astudiaethau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth, testun addysgu ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> oedd Drakpa Gyaltsen, ac ar gyfer astudiaethau tantrig, Khedrup Je a Gyaltsab Je yn bennaf. Athro pwysig arall oedd y meistr Sakya, Rendawa Shy\u00f6nnu Lodr\u00f6, a&#8217;i hyfforddodd yn arbennig mewn athroniaeth Madhyamaka. Fe luniodd y sylfaen addysgol eang hon broffil diweddarach yr ysgol Gelug.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f64bbb4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f64bbb4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f9ab83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0f9ab83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rhaglen grefyddol-athronyddol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bbbea1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9bbbea1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nod rhaglen athronyddol Tsongkhapa oedd cyfuniad caeth o&#8217;r traddodiad ysgolheigaidd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth, testun addysgu ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> a&#8217;r ymarfer tantrig.<\/p><p>Mynnodd fod y ddwy lwybr i&#8217;w cwblhau mewn trefn benodol: yn gyntaf, seiliau&#8217;r rheol fynachaidd (Vinaya), yna athroniaeth <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth, testun addysgu ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> systematig yn \u00f4l safonau Madhyamaka a Pramana, ac yn olaf y cychwyniadau a&#8217;r arferion tantrig. Daeth y drefn raddol hon yn sail i ddiwygiad astudiol Gelug ac yn norm i addysg fynachaidd Tibetaidd ddiweddarach.<\/p>\n\n<p>Ei waith pwysicaf yw&#8217;r \u00abLam Rim Chenmo\u00bb, \u00abCwrs Mawr y Llwybr Graddol i Oleuedigaeth\u00bb, a gwblhawyd yn 1402, sy&#8217;n darlunio llwybr ysbrydol Bodhisattva mewn tri cham (cymhelliad isel, canolig ac uwch).<\/p><p>Mae Donald Lopez a Joshua Cutler wedi cyfieithu&#8217;r gwaith i&#8217;r Saesneg mewn nifer o gyfrolau ac wedi egluro ei sail athronyddol. Ystyrir hwn yn werslyfr canolog i draddodiad Gelug ac fe&#8217;i cofir ac fe&#8217;i esbonnir yn y mynachlogydd hyd heddiw.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-157b82d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"157b82d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b04173 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b04173\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dehongli Madhyamaka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8154cdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8154cdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ym maes athroniaeth, mae Tsongkhapa yn adnabyddus yn bennaf am ei ddehongliad o ysgol Madhyamaka Nagarjuna. Cynhaliodd safbwynt a elwir \u00abprasangika-madhyamaka\u00bb, a wrthodai bob datganiad cynnwys am y realiti eithaf, ac a ddatblygodd yr athrawiaeth am \u00abwagedd\u00bb (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) yn ddeialogol gyson.<\/p><p>Ei brif waith yn y maes hwn yw \u00abEglurder y Meddwl\u00bb (\u00abdgongs pa rab gsal\u00bb), lle derbyniodd draddodiad esboniadaeth y Madhyamika Indiaidd, Candrakirti, a&#8217;i amddiffyn yn erbyn dehongliadau gwahanol.<\/p>\n\n<p>Mae Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n, yn \u00abA Dose of Emptiness\u00bb (1992), wedi dangos bod dealltwriaeth Madhyamaka Tsongkhapa yn wahanol o ran pwyntiau tyngedfennol i ddarlleniadau Tibetaidd cynharach. Yn benodol, gwrthododd y syniad y gellid deall gwagedd fel absoliwt annibynnol, cadarnhaol.<\/p><p>Achosodd y safbwynt hwn wrthwynebiad o blith yr ysgolion Nyingma a Sakya, a gyhuddodd ef o negyddoldeb rhy gaeth. Parhaodd y \u00abddadl wagedd\u00bb a esgorwyd gan hyn i lywio athroniaeth Tibetaidd am ganrifoedd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3deba7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3deba7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea81549 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ea81549\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gweithiau tantrig<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0b27c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0b27c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ar wah\u00e2n i&#8217;r astudiaethau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth, testun addysgu ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, roedd Tsongkhapa yn ysgolhaig ac yn ymarferydd pwysig o&#8217;r yogaau tantrig uchaf. Ei waith \u00absngags rim chen mo\u00bb (\u00abCwrs Mawr y Mantraau\u00bb, 1405) yw&#8217;r cydymaith tantrig i&#8217;r \u00abLam Rim Chenmo\u00bb.<\/p><p>Trefnodd yr arferion tantrig yn bedwar dosbarth (Kriya-, Carya-, Yoga-, Anuttarayoga-Tantra), ac ar gyfer pob un rhoddodd y gofynion, y dulliau a&#8217;r canlyniadau. Daeth y trefniant systematig hwn yn sail i addysg tantra Gelug.<\/p>\n\n<p>Roedd Tsongkhapa hefyd yn esboniwr pwysig o&#8217;r Guhyasamaja-Tantra, a ystyriai fel Anuttarayoga-Tantra mwyaf canolog. Roedd tantraau Chakrasamvara a Yamantaka hefyd yn feysydd i&#8217;w waith esboniadaeth ddwys. Mae Christian Wedemeyer, yn ei astudiaethau ar Aryadeva a Candrakirti, wedi dangos sut y cysylltodd Tsongkhapa draddodiad tantra ag athroniaeth Madhyamaka i greu cysyniad cyfansawdd unedig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b335914 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b335914\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd96f2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cd96f2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sefydlu mynachlog Ganden a'r weddi fawr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a857d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a857d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn 1409 dechreuodd Tsongkhapa y \u00abMonlam Chenmo\u00bb, \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfeiriad ieithyddol dynolryw at dduwdod.\" tabindex=\"0\">Gweddi<\/span> Fawr Lhasa\u00bb, g\u0175yl fynachaidd 21 diwrnod a gynhaliwyd yn flynyddol dros Flwyddyn Newydd Tibetaidd, ac a ddaeth \u00e2 miloedd o fynachod a lleygwyr ynghyd.<\/p><p>Sefydlodd yr \u0175yl hon fudiad diwygiol Tsongkhapa fel grym gweladwy ym mywyd crefyddol Tibet. Yn yr un flwyddyn sefydlodd fynachlog Ganden ar fynydd i&#8217;r dwyrain o Lhasa, a ddaeth yn fam-fynachlog i draddodiad Gelug.<\/p>\n\n<p>O fewn ychydig flynyddoedd dilynodd sefydliadau Drepung (1416 gan Jamyang Choje, disgybl Tsongkhapa) a Sera (1419 gan Sakya Yeshe, disgybl arall). Tyfodd y tair mynachlog hyn, \u00abtair sedd yr ysgolheictod\u00bb, i fod y cyfansoddiadau mynachaidd mwyaf o Fwdhaeth Tibetaidd, ac ar eu hanterth roeddent yn gartref i sawl mil o fynachod yr un.<\/p><p>Mae Per S\u00f8rensen, yn ei waith ar hanes mynachaidd Tibet, wedi dangos bod ton sefydlu ysgol Gelug yn gynnar yn y 15. ganrif wedi dwyn ailffurfio economaidd a gwleidyddol i ganol Tibet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68a198a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"68a198a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31e0675 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31e0675\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Diwygio'r drefn fynachaidd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83c8358 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83c8358\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rhoddodd Tsongkhapa bwys arbennig ar gadw&#8217;n gaeth at y Vinaya, y rheol fynachaidd. Beirniadodd y cymysgu cyffredin yn ei oes rhwng rheol fynachaidd ac ymarfer tantrig, a mynnodd fod y mynachod yn byw&#8217;n ddiwair ac yn cadw at y rheolau bwyd traddodiadol.<\/p><p>Enillodd y llymder hwn iddo&#8217;r llysenw \u00abyr ail Fwdha\u00bb (\u00absangs rgyas gnyis pa\u00bb), a ddefnyddir hyd heddiw yn nhraddodiad Gelug.<\/p>\n\n<p>Roedd y diwygiad hwn yn ymwneud hefyd \u00e2 threfn astudio. Cyflwynodd Tsongkhapa gylchred sefydlog o brif astudiaethau: Vinaya, Abhidharma, Pramana, Madhyamaka a Prajnaparamita. Roedd pob astudiaeth yn para blynyddoedd lawer ac yn cael ei chloi gan ddadleuon ac arholiadau.<\/p><p>Arweiniodd y system \u00abarholiadau Geshe\u00bb a sefydlwyd ganddo yn y pen draw at \u00abGeshe Lharampa\u00bb, gradd academaidd uchaf ysgol Gelug. Mae Donald Lopez, yn \u00abThe Madman&#8217;s Middle Way\u00bb (2006), wedi archwilio arwyddoc\u00e2d epistemig a sefydliadol y diwygiad hwn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29b3008 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29b3008\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-890b427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"890b427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marwolaeth ac \u00d4l-fywyd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fb4c24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1fb4c24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bu farw Tsongkhapa yn 1419 ym Mynachlog Ganden. Cadwyd ei gorff wedi&#8217;i falmio yno mewn stupa, ac ystyriwyd y lle yn un o&#8217;r canolfannau pererindod pwysicaf ym mwdhaeth Tibet hyd nes dinistrio&#8217;r fynachlog yn y Chwyldro Diwylliannol.<\/p><p>Casglwyd ei waith mewn 18 cyfrol a&#8217;i gyhoeddi yn yr 17. ganrif fel corpws cyflawn yn rhifyn enwog Lhasa. Yn y canrifoedd dilynol, ysgrifennodd ysgolheigion lawer esboniadau ar ei weithiau; y \u00abLam Rim Chenmo\u00bb yn unig sydd wedi ysgogi dros 100 o esboniadau Tibetaidd.<\/p>\n\n<p>Dydd Tsongkhapa, y 25ain diwrnod o&#8217;r 10fed mis Tibetaidd, a elwir \u00abGanden Ngamch\u00f6\u00bb, a gaiff ei ddathlu hyd heddiw gyda gwyliau mawr o lampau menyn. Ym mwdhaeth Tibetaidd fodern, nid yw ei ffigwr wedi&#8217;i gyfyngu i ysgol Gelug; mewn traddodiadau eraill hefyd, mae&#8217;n cael ei werthfawrogi fel ysgolhaig o bwys, hyd yn oed lle na dderbynnir ei safbwyntiau athronyddol.<\/p><p>Mae Geoffrey Samuel wedi nodi bod Tsongkhapa, fel ffigwr sefydliadol allweddol ym mwdhaeth Tibet, yn dal safle sylfaenol tebyg i eiddo Thomas Aquinas yn y traddodiad Catholig neu Maimonides ym Iddewiaeth rabinaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91d3352 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"91d3352\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-432921e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"432921e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Derbyniad Rhyngwladol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d15be08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d15be08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn Tibetoleg y Gorllewin a&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y wyddoniaeth sy'n astudio crefyddau'n gymharol a heb ymrwymiad ffydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">astudiaethau crefydd<\/span>, mae Tsongkhapa wedi cael ymchwil dwys ers gwaith Giuseppe Tucci yn hanner cyntaf yr 20fed ganrif.<\/p><p>Mae David Snellgrove, Robert Thurman, Donald Lopez, Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n a Jan-Ulrich Sobisch wedi archwilio ei waith mewn nifer o astudiaethau sylfaenol. Heddiw mae \u00abLam Rim Chenmo\u00bb Tsongkhapa ar gael yn gyfan mewn cyfieithiad Saesneg, ac mae detholiad o destunau tantrig ar gael mewn rhifynnau critigol.<\/p>\n\n<p>Yn alltudiaeth fodern Tibet, mae Tsongkhapa yn ffigwr adnabod ar gyfer traddodiad Gelug ac yn warant o barhad sefydliadol. Mae&#8217;r 14eg Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, wedi tanlinellu perthnasedd Tsongkhapa i ymarfer bwdhaidd cyfoes mewn nifer o ddarlithoedd a llyfrau, yn enwedig yn ei esboniadau ar y \u00abLam Rim Chenmo\u00bb.<\/p><p>Y tu hwnt i&#8217;r derbyniad bwdhaidd penodol, mae Tsongkhapa wedi cael sylw yn athroniaeth academaidd Ewrop ac America fel un o&#8217;r systemyddion mwyaf arwyddocaol nad ydynt yn Orllewinol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d55238 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8d55238\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9b9305 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f9b9305\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Corpws Testunol a Hanes Golygu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80b5746 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"80b5746\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae \u00abgsung &#8216;bum\u00bb Tsongkhapa (\u00abGweithiau Cyflawn\u00bb) yn cynnwys, yn rhifyn traddodiadol Tashilhunpo, ddeunaw cyfrol sy&#8217;n cynnwys tua 210 o weithiau a llythyrau annibynnol.<\/p><p>Ynghyd \u00e2&#8217;r \u00abLamrim Chenmo\u00bb (\u00abLlwybr Mawr o Gamau tuag at Oleuedigaeth\u00bb, 1402) a&#8217;r \u00abNgakrim Chenmo\u00bb (\u00abLlwybr Mawr o Gamau&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sillaf neu fformwla sanctaidd a adroddir dro ar \u00f4l tro mewn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mantra<\/span>\u00bb, 1405), mae&#8217;r \u00abDrang-nges legs-bshad snying-po\u00bb (\u00abHanfod Gwahaniaethu&#8217;r Darpariaethol a&#8217;r Diffiniol\u00bb, 1408), y \u00abRigs pa&#8217;i rgya mtsho\u00bb (\u00abCefnfor Dadleuo\u00bb, esboniad ar M\u016blamadhyamakak\u0101rik\u0101 N\u0101g\u0101rjuna), a&#8217;r \u00abLhag mthong chen mo\u00bb (testun cyfryngol ar fewnwelediad o&#8217;r Lamrim Chenmo) yn cyfrif ymhlith y testunau mwyaf dylanwadol.<\/p><p>Mae Robert A. F. Thurman, yn \u00abTsongkhapa&#8217;s Speech of Gold in the Essence of True Eloquence\u00bb (Princeton 1984), wedi cyflwyno cyfieithiad Saesneg cyflawn o&#8217;r \u00abDrang-nges legs-bshad snying-po\u00bb gydag ymgyrch eang o hanes crefyddol; mae Jos\u00e9 Ignacio Cabez\u00f3n, yn \u00abA Dose of Emptiness\u00bb (Albany 1992), wedi darparu cyfieithiad o esboniad mKhas-grub-rje ar ddysgeidiaeth Madhyamaka Tsongkhapa.<\/p>\n<p>Mae dadansoddiad testunol beirniadol gweithiau Tsongkhapa wedi symud ymlaen yn sylweddol yn y degawdau diwethaf drwy&#8217;r \u00abSera Jey Library\u00bb a&#8217;r \u00abTibetan Buddhist Resource Center\u00bb (TBRC, prosiect digido gan E. Gene Smith ers 1999).<\/p><p>Mae Donald S. Lopez Jr., yn \u00abThe Madman&#8217;s Middle Way\u00bb (Chicago 2006) ac yn ei erthyglau ar hermeneutig Gelug, wedi dangos bod techneg esbonio Tsongkhapa yn arloesol o ran dulliau: cyfunodd y dull Prasa\u1e45gika Indiaidd Candrak\u012brti gyda dadansoddiad epistemolegol manwl yn null Dharmak\u012brti, a chreu drwy hynny hybrid a fowldiodd sgolastigiaeth Gelug ddiweddarach hyd i&#8217;r ugeinfed ganrif.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e02b96 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e02b96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5134f5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5134f5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y Ddadl am \u00absvatantra\u00bb<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ce88a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ce88a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un o&#8217;r dadleuon dysgeidiaethol canolog a gyflwynodd Tsongkhapa i hanes meddyliol Tibet yw&#8217;r cwestiwn a oedd rhesymau rhesymegol annibynnol (svatantra-anum\u0101na, Tib. \u00abrang rgyud\u00bb) yn dderbyniol o fewn Madhyamaka, ynteu a ddylid defnyddio dim ond casgliadau canlyniadol (prasa\u1e45ga). Ymgymerodd Tsongkhapa \u00e2 safbwynt Prasa\u1e45gika llym yn olyniaeth Buddhap\u0101lita a Candrak\u012brti, yn erbyn safbwynt Bh\u0101vaviveka a ddarllenwyd fel svatantrika.<\/p><p>Datblygwyd y safbwynt hwn yn y \u00abLhag mthong chen mo\u00bb a&#8217;r \u00abRigs pa&#8217;i rgya mtsho\u00bb. Ymatebodd yr ysgolion dilynol yn wahanol: gwrthwynebodd athrawon Sakya, Gorampa Sonam Senge (1429 hyd 1489) a Shakya Chogden (1428 hyd 1507), Tsongkhapa yn ffyrnig, a chreodd hyn y ddadl athronyddol fewnol Tibetaidd bwysicaf yn y 15fed a&#8217;r 16eg ganrif.<\/p>\n<p>Mae Cabez\u00f3n a Geshe Lobsang Dargyay, mewn nifer o erthyglau a gasglwyd yn \u00abScholasticism\u00bb (Albany 1998), wedi ail-lunio llinellau dadleuo&#8217;r ddadl hon. Mae Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n, yn \u00abFreedom from Extremes\u00bb (Somerville 2007), wedi cyfieithu prif waith Gorampa, \u00ablTa ba&#8217;i shan &#8216;byed\u00bb (\u00abGwahaniaethu Barnau\u00bb), a&#8217;i gymharu \u00e2 safbwynt Tsongkhapa.<\/p><p>Mae Janet Gyatso, yn \u00abJournal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies\u00bb (cyf. 27, 2004), wedi dangos nad oedd y ddadl yn aros yn bur academaidd, ond ei bod ynghlwm hyd i&#8217;r 17eg ganrif \u00e2 chanlyniadau gwleidyddol ar gyfer statws canolfannau mynachaidd unigol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b68be83 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b68be83\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fd2180 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4fd2180\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y Berthynas \u00e2 Thraddodiad B\u00f6n ac Ysgolion Cynharach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55c1090 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55c1090\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nid oedd rhaglen ddiwygio Tsongkhapa yn doriad llwyr \u00e2 chrefyddoldeb Tibetaidd cyfredol, ond yn hytrach yn ad-drefniad o fewn traddodiadau a oedd eisoes yn bodoli.<\/p><p>Mabwysiadodd elfennau sylweddol o ysgol kadampa, a oedd yn deillio o&#8217;r athro Indiaidd Atisha yn yr 11eg ganrif, a&#8217;u hintegreiddio i gysyniad athronyddol a tantrig ehangach. O ran y grefydd B\u00f6n, y traddodiad Tibetaidd cyn-Fwdhaidd, cadwodd bellter pendant, heb erlid ei chynrychiolwyr.<\/p>\n\n<p>Hyd yn oed tuag at yr nyingma-pa a&#8217;r kagy\u00fc-pa, a gadwodd lawer o linachau tantrig meistri Indiaidd a Thibetaidd h\u0177n, ni ddangosodd elyniaeth wleidyddol. Y begynadleoli diweddarach rhwng traddodiadau Gelug a Nyingma-pa neu.<\/p><p>Kagy\u00fc-pa yw canlyniad gwrthdaro gwleidyddol yr 17eg ganrif yn hytrach nag etifeddiaeth Tsongkhapa ei hun. Mae Klaus-Dieter Mathes wedi tanlinellu&#8217;r gwahaniaeth hwn droeon yn ei astudiaethau ar hanes Bwdhaeth Tibet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3272,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tsongkhapa","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tsongkhapa \u2013 Sylfaenydd yr Ysgol Gelug | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tsongkhapa (1357-1419) yw sylfaenydd ysgol Gelug Tibet, tad ysbrydol y Dalai Lamaod. Athrawiaeth Lamrim, tri phrif agwedd a'i arwyddoc\u00e2d.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-191664","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tsongkhapa \u2013 Sylfaenydd yr Ysgol Gelug | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tsongkhapa (1357-1419) yw sylfaenydd ysgol Gelug Tibet, tad ysbrydol y Dalai Lamaod. 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