{"id":191663,"date":"2026-09-07T07:26:47","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:26:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191663"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"brenin-gesar","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/brenin-gesar\/","title":{"rendered":"Y Brenin Gesar"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191663\" class=\"elementor elementor-191663 elementor-3051 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87d2ada e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"87d2ada\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac6fc8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2ac6fc8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-422fa97 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"422fa97\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d166bc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d166bc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y Brenin Gesar, epig arwrol Tibetaidd<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10ce150 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"10ce150\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Saif y Brenin Gesar yng nghanol epig arwrol Tibetaidd fwyaf toreithiog, sy&#8217;n parhau i hyd heddiw i gael ei llafarganu ar lafar gan gantorion. Y Brenin Gesar o Ling (Tibetaidd: Gling Ge-sar rgyal-po) yw&#8217;r llywodraethwr mythaidd yn epig genedlaethol Tibet ac ystyrir ef fel prif ffigwr arwrol traddodiad naratif Canolbarth Asia.<\/p><p>Gyda dros filiwn o linellau mydryddol yn ei fersiynau cyflawn, mae epig Gesar yn debygol o fod yr epig byw hwyaf yn y byd, ac yn 2009 fe&#8217;i cofrestrwyd ar restr UNESCO o Dreftadaeth Ddiriaethol y Byd. Erys yn cael ei llafarganu hyd heddiw gan gantorion proffesiynol yn Tibet, Mongolia, Buryatia, Ladakh a Bhutan, mewn amryw fersiynau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b0985e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0b0985e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebc04dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"ebc04dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duw \/ Duwies: Grym goruchaf personol ym mhantheon diwylliant, gyda meysydd cyfrifoldeb clir \u2014 grymoedd natur, tynged, rhyfel, ffrwythlondeb. Addolir trwy gwltiau, offrymau a sefydliadau teml.\">Duw<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/tibet\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Traddodiad Bwdhaidd-Tibetaidd a Bon \u2014 Yidam, Dharmapala, byd y Naga.\">Tibet<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7b6fe9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a7b6fe9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1c2f54 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"e1c2f54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__e1c2f54\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__e1c2f54\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__e1c2f54\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77063d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"77063d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5da61ab iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5da61ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193240\" alt=\"Gesar - Duwiau o&apos;r Traddodiad Tibet, darluniad hanesyddol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_gesar.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ea962f e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7ea962f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fdeb0d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4fdeb0d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd6b83c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cd6b83c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sail y Ffynonellau a Hanes y Testun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c6ed28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c6ed28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Daw&#8217;r tystiolaethau ysgrifenedig hynaf o epig Gesar o&#8217;r 14eg i&#8217;r 16eg ganrif, ond mae&#8217;n debygol bod y traddodiad llafar yn ymestyn yn \u00f4l yn llawer pellach.<\/p><p>Yn ei waith \u00abRecherches sur l&#8217;\u00e9pop\u00e9e et le barde au Tibet\u00bb (1959), dadansoddodd R. A. Stein gymhlethdod hanes y testun a dangosodd fod yr epig yn bodoli mewn nifer fawr o fersiynau rhanbarthol, sydd ar brydiau&#8217;n gwahaniaethu&#8217;n fawr o&#8217;i gilydd. Mae&#8217;r ffurf ganoneiddiedig, sy&#8217;n dal i gael ei chadw yn llyfrgelloedd mynachlogaidd Tibetaidd heddiw, fel arfer yn cynnwys rhwng 30 a 120 cyfrol.<\/p>\n\n<p>Yn eu gwaith ar hanes a daearyddiaeth Tibet, mae Per S\u00f8rensen ac Andreas Gruschke wedi archwilio cysylltiad yr epig \u00e2 mannau daearyddol pendant yn Nwyrain Tibet (Kham, Amdo) ac yn y rhanbarthau ffiniol \u00e2 Sichuan, Qinghai a Gansu.<\/p><p>Cysylltir teyrnas Ling, lle y llywodraetha Gesar, \u00e2&#8217;r ardal hanesyddol o gwmpas rhan uchaf yr Afon Felen, er nad oes modd cadarnhau adnabyddiaeth hanesyddol bendant. Yn ei astudiaethau ar draddodiad Mongolaidd Gesar, archwiliodd Klaus Sagaster y llwybr trosglwyddo&#8217;r epig i&#8217;r paithau Mongolaidd a&#8217;r modd y cafodd ei addasu yno.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-508239c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"508239c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60f77a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"60f77a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Adeiladwaith y Cynnwys<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30e3a51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"30e3a51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r epig yn agor gyda phenderfyniad nefol i anfon arwr bodhisattva i&#8217;r ddaear i achub gwlad Ling, sy&#8217;n cael ei bygwth gan gythreuliaid. Genir Gesar yn fab i&#8217;r duw Brahma a&#8217;r ferch ddynol Gogmo.<\/p><p>Ei enw daearol yw Joru, ac mae ei blentyndod wedi ei nodweddu gan waradwydd a chamddealltwriaeth. Dim ond wedi ennill ras geffylau yn erbyn pob disgwyliad y caiff ei gydnabod fel Brenin Ling, ac y mae&#8217;n derbyn ei enw brenhinol, Gesar.<\/p>\n\n<p>Mae prif rannau&#8217;r epig yn cynnwys 18 \u00abgoresgyniad\u00bb a elwir (\u00abdgra &#8216;dul\u00bb), lle y mae Gesar yn ymladd yn erbyn cythreuliaid, teyrnasedd a brenhinoedd gwrthwynebus, ac yn dwyn eu tiriogaethau o dan ddylanwad Bwdhaeth.<\/p><p>Ymhlith yr episodau mwyaf adnabyddus mae goresgyniad Hor (yn y gogledd), goresgyniad Mon (yn y de), goresgyniad Jang (yn y dwyrain), a&#8217;r goresgyniad terfynol o&#8217;r gaer haearn ar y ffin Tsieineaidd. Yn y diwedd, dychwel Gesar i&#8217;r nefoedd, gydag addewid i ddychwelyd fel achubwr mewn cyfnod apocalyptaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b972b1e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b972b1e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf6e3e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf6e3e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Haenau Hanesyddol a Mythaidd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f188d66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f188d66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn \u00abCivilized Shamans\u00bb (1993), dadansoddodd Geoffrey Samuel haenu hanes crefyddol epig Gesar a gwahaniaethodd rhwng tri phrif haen. Yn yr haen Bon cyn-Bwdhaidd, ymddengys Gesar fel brenin dwyfol \u00e2 nodweddion shamanaidd. Yn yr haen Fwdhaidd, caiff ei fowldio fel bodhisattva ac amddiffynnwr y Dharma. Mewn haen ddiweddarach, sy&#8217;n benodol i draddodiadau Gelugpa a Nyingmapa yn rhannol, cysylltir ef \u00e2 Padmasambhava a chydag arferion Tantrig.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r haenu hwn yn esbonio&#8217;r tensiynau sydd i&#8217;w gweld o fewn y fersiynau a drosglwyddwyd.<\/p>\n\n<p>Yr adnabyddiaeth hanesyddol o Gesar \u00e2&#8217;r Cesar Tsieineaidd (trwy gyfryngiad Persaidd ac Uighuraidd \u00abKesar\u00bb) yw hen ddamcaniaeth Stein ac eraill, sy&#8217;n cael ei chynnal gan gyfatebiaethau seiniol, ond nid gan dystiolaeth hanesyddol glir.<\/p><p>Mae ymchwilwyr eraill, gan gynnwys Lauran Hartley a Pema Bhum, yn lleoli craidd hanesyddol Gesar yn hytrach mewn brenin lleol Tibetaidd real o&#8217;r 11eg neu 12fed ganrif, a gafodd ei ddyrchafu i ffigwr chwedlonol. Nid oes eglurhad terfynol wedi ei sefydlu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6f9b6d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f6f9b6d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8280c51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8280c51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ffurfiau Llafarganu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2aef01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2aef01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Llafargenir yr epig gan gantorion proffesiynol, a elwir yn draddodiad Tibetaidd \u00absgrung-mkhan\u00bb neu \u00abgling-pa\u00bb. Maent yn honni&#8217;n aml na ddysgasant yr epig, ond eu bod wedi&#8217;i dderbyn mewn breuddwydion neu weledigaethau.<\/p><p>Mae rhai cantorion yn perthyn i linach o \u00abgludwyr penglog\u00bb, sy&#8217;n derbyn yr epig gan ysbrydion mewn lleoliad ymuniaethol penodol. Mae ymchwil gan Hu Jinpu, Yang Enhong a Lauran Hartley wedi dogfennu&#8217;r arfer diwylliannol hwn yn fanwl.<\/p>\n\n<p>Gall hyd llafarganu fersiwn gyflawn ymestyn dros nifer o wythnosau. Cenir episodau unigol dros gyfnod o 2 i 12 awr.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r cantorion, benywod a gwrywod, yn defnyddio hetiau traddodiadol, drymiau a ffliwtiau esgyrn, ac maent yn sefyll mewn llinach gyda hen draddodiadau bardaidd Canolbarth Asia, a gymherir gan ymchwilwyr \u00e2&#8217;r \u00abmanaschis\u00bb Kyrgyzstan (epig Manas) a&#8217;r \u00aby\u00f6r\u00f6\u00f6lchis\u00bb Mongolia. Mae Klaus Sagaster a Walther Heissig wedi ymchwilio&#8217;n systematig i&#8217;r cysylltiadau rhwng y traddodiadau bardaidd hyn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59a4dd6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"59a4dd6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d787b8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d787b8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Arwyddoc\u00e2d Crefyddol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9ca0a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9ca0a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn y grefydd Tibetaidd, nid ffigwr llenyddol yn unig yw Gesar, ond ffigwr sanctaidd sy&#8217;n cael ei addoli&#8217;n weithredol mewn rhai llinachau. Yn arbennig yn ysgol nyingma-pa a mewn rhai llinachau kagy\u00fc, ystyrir Gesar yn amlygiad rhyfelgar o Padmasambhava ac yn amddiffynnydd y ddysgeidiaeth.<\/p><p>I&#8217;w anrhydeddu, cynhelir arferion amddiffynnol (gsol-kha) a rhwymau (llosgi sang). Mae Donald Lopez, yn \u00abPrisoners of Shangri-La\u00bb (1998), wedi amlinellu r\u00f4l Gesar yn y grefydd Tibetaidd fodern ac wedi dangos sut y caiff ei ddefnyddio gan symudiadau gwleidyddol fel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> cenedlaethol.<\/p>\n\n<p>Mae Robert Thurman, yn ei waith ar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau am dduwiau a drosglwyddwyd mewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">fytholeg<\/span> Tibetaidd, wedi tynnu sylw at amlochredd ffigwr Gesar: mae&#8217;n cyfuno r\u00f4l arwr rhyfelgar, amddiffyniad sanctaidd, cof cymdeithasol a hunaniaeth wleidyddol. Yn rhwymau&#8217;r mynachlogydd, portreadir Gesar yn aml fel marchog wynebgoch \u00e2 gwaywffon a chleddyf, ynghyd \u00e2&#8217;i geffyl gwyn Kyang Bu a&#8217;i 30 arwr.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9cc33 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"df9cc33\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06d0e8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"06d0e8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lledaeniad tu hwnt i Tibet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c839d05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c839d05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nid yw Epig Gesar wedi&#8217;i gyfyngu i Tibet, ond mae wedi ymledu i wastadedd Mongolia, i ranbarth Buryat wrth Lyn Baikal, i barth ieithyddol Tuva ac i gymunedau ieithyddol Monguor, Salar a Yugur ar ffiniau&#8217;r ymerodraeth Tsieineaidd.<\/p><p>Yn Mongolia, gelwir yr epig \u00abGeser khaan\u00bb ac fe&#8217;i cyfieithwyd yn y 17eg a&#8217;r 18fed ganrif i fersiwn Mongolaidd cyflawn. Mae&#8217;r amrywiad Buryat yn dwyn nodweddion shamanaidd ac yn wahanol yn glir i&#8217;r brif fersiwn Tibetaidd sy&#8217;n dwyn nodweddion Bwdhaidd.<\/p>\n\n<p>Mae Walther Heissig, mewn nifer o gyfrolau, wedi astudio traddodiad Gesar Mongolaidd a Buryat ac wedi dangos sut y cymerodd y stori liw lleol arbennig ym mhob rhanbarth. Yn Ladakh, cyflwynir yr epig yn Tibetaidd ac mewn dafodieithoedd lleol, ac mae&#8217;n gysylltiedig \u00e2 safleoedd pererindod lleol. Mae cofrestriad UNESCO yn 2009 yn cydnabod y natur draws-genedlaethol hon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-073fee5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"073fee5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-568986a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"568986a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Derbyniad a gwaith ymchwil modern<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-192990c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"192990c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn Weriniaeth Pobl Tsieina, cafodd Epig Gesar ei ddogfennu&#8217;n systematig ers y 1950au a&#8217;i olygu mewn degau o gyfrolau. Fodd bynnag, mae gwaith y casglwyr a&#8217;r golygyddion wedi cynhyrchu tueddiadau moderneiddio yn ogystal, megis pennu \u00abfersiwn safonol\u00bb nad yw&#8217;n adlewyrchu amrywiaeth y traddodiad llafar. Mae Lauran Hartley a Pema Bhum wedi dogfennu ac ystyried yn feirniadol y duedd hon.<\/p>\n\n<p>Yn yr ymchwil Ewropeaidd ac Americanaidd, mae Gesar wedi bod yn faes allweddol i Tibetoleg a Mongoleg ers Stein a Heissig. Mae gwaith cyfredol ar ganeuwyr, ar strwythurau llenyddol, ar ymchwil epig gymharol ac ar swyddogaeth gyfoes ar gael gan, ymhlith eraill, Solomon Mowtschanetz, Yang Enhong a Robin Kornman.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r cyfieithiad Saesneg o rannau mawr o&#8217;r epig, wedi&#8217;i olygu gan Robin Kornman a&#8217;i d\u00eem o dan y teitl \u00abThe Epic of Gesar of Ling\u00bb (2012), wedi ymestyn y derbyniad rhyngwladol yn sylweddol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e24dbe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e24dbe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e78f666 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e78f666\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Camddefnydd gwleidyddol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8c80fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a8c80fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Epig Gesar wedi cyflawni gwahanol swyddogaethau gwleidyddol yn y canrifoedd diwethaf. Yn niwedd cyfnod Qing, ystyriwyd yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> o hunaniaeth Tibetaidd, ac yn gyfnod y Weriniaeth fel mynegiant o frawdgarwch Mongolaidd-Tibetaidd.<\/p><p>Yn Weriniaeth Pobl Tsieina, cyflwynir Gesar yn swyddogol fel \u00abarwr y teulu amlgenhedloedd Tsieineaidd\u00bb, rhywbeth y mae deallusion Tibetaidd fel Tsering Shakya wedi&#8217;i feirniadu fel ymgais at feddiannu. Yn India ac ymhlith yr alltudion Tibetaidd, mae Gesar yn gwasanaethu fel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> cenedlaethol o wrthwynebiad i ddiflaniad diwylliannol.<\/p>\n\n<p>Mae&#8217;r epig hefyd yn berthnasol yn wleidyddol o fewn crefyddau Tibetaidd. Mae&#8217;r nyingma-pa a rhai llinachau kagy\u00fc yn pwysleisio Gesar fel amddiffynnydd pobl Tibet, tra bod y traddodiad gelug-pa, y mae&#8217;r Dalai Lama yn perthyn iddo, yn trin yr epig yn fwy pellenig, gan ei fod yn cadw llawer o elfennau cyn-Fwdhaidd.<\/p><p>Mae Geoffrey Samuel wedi dadansoddi&#8217;r llinellau tensiwn hyn fel mynegiant nodweddiadol o luosogrwydd mewnol crefydd Tibetaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4695fd2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4695fd2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b02e27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1b02e27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Traddodiad canu a chyfansoddi llafar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ce5353 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ce5353\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rhennir cyflwynwyr Epig Gesar yn arferiad Tibetaidd yn nifer o gategor\u00efau: \u00abbabs sgrung\u00bb (canwyr sy&#8217;n dod o weledigaethau neu drans), \u00abthos sgrung\u00bb (canwyr clywed, a ddysgodd trwy wrando), \u00abdgongs sgrung\u00bb (dysgwyr trwy drosglwyddo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod anghorfforol sydd ag effaith yn cael ei briodoli iddo yn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">ysbrydol<\/span>) a \u00abbrda sgrung\u00bb (canwyr arwydd, sy&#8217;n gweithio gyda chymorth ysgrifenedig).<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r dosbarthiad hwn yn ymddangos eisoes yn adroddiadau cynnar Rolf Alfred Stein yn \u00abL&#8217;\u00e9pop\u00e9e tib\u00e9taine de Gesar dans sa version lama\u00efque de Ling\u00bb (Paris 1956) yn ogystal ag yn \u00abRecherches sur l&#8217;\u00e9pop\u00e9e et le barde au Tibet\u00bb (Paris 1959).<\/p><p>Mae Stein yn dogfennu yno hanesion bywyd caneuwyr unigol, y rhai a brofodd fel arfer, yn ieuenctid, salwch difrifol neu bennod drans, ac ar ei \u00f4l y dywedwyd bod penodau&#8217;r epig wedi \u00abddod i&#8217;r amlwg\u00bb.<\/p><p>Cadarnhawyd yr arsylwad hwn gan Yang Enhong (\u00abA Comparative Study of the Singing Styles of Mongolian and Tibetan Geser\/Gesar Artists\u00bb, 2002) a Lauran Hartley ar gyfer caneuwyr cyfoes taleithiau Qinghai a Sichuan.<\/p>\n<p>Mae Geoffrey Samuel, yn \u00abCivilized Shamans. Buddhism in Tibetan Societies\u00bb (Washington 1993) ac yn ei gasgliad diweddarach \u00abTantric Revisionings\u00bb (Aldershot 2005), wedi dangos bod y mathau o ganwyr yn cysylltu deipolegol \u00e2 phatrymau cychwyniad shamanaidd, heb fod mewn cysylltiad llinachol uniongyrchol \u00e2 arbenigedd B\u00f6n.<\/p><p>Mae hyd cyflwyniad cyfartalog pennod gyflawn o&#8217;r epig, yn \u00f4l cofnodion Stein, rhwng chwe ac deuddeg awr; amcangyfrifir bod yr epig cyflawn yn ei 120 pennod a drosglwyddwyd hyd heddiw yn cynnwys, yn \u00f4l amcangyfrifon Donald Lopez a Yang Enhong, tua miliwn o benillion, gan ei wneud yn un o&#8217;r epigau llafar mwyaf eang yn y byd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56fff50 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"56fff50\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7005d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d7005d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Derbyniad Mongolaidd, Buryat a Ladakhi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-302d3e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"302d3e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cafodd fersiwn Mongolaidd yr epig, \u00abGeser Khan\u00bb, ei drosglwyddo ar draws Mongolia a Bwriatia yn gyfochrog \u00e2&#8217;r traddodiad Tibetaidd, ac mae&#8217;n bodoli mewn sawl fersiwn lawysgrifol. Y bwysicaf yw \u00abArgraffiad Pren Beijing\u00bb o 1716, a gyhoeddwyd o dan y Ymerawdwr Kangxi, ac sy&#8217;n gosod diwylliant llys Mongolaidd mewn perthynas amddiffynnol \u00e2 chymhlethdod Geser. Mae Walther Heissig, yn \u00abGeser-Studien.<\/p><p>Untersuchungen zu den Erz\u00e4hlstoffen in den neuen Kapiteln des mongolischen Geser-Zyklus\u00bb (Wiesbaden 1983) yn ogystal ag mewn sawl cyfrol o&#8217;r gyfres \u00abAsiatische Forschungen\u00bb, wedi dangos bod y fersiynau Mongolaidd yn hepgor rhai episodau Tibetaidd ac yn hynny o beth yn cynnwys chwedlau arwrol Mongolaidd lleol yn eu lle (Cleddyf Geser, y frwydr yn erbyn y Mangus Deuddeg Pen).<\/p><p>Datblygodd cantorion Bwriataidd (\u00ab\u00fclgershin\u00bb) draddodiad epig eu hunain ohono, lle daw Geser yn fab i&#8217;r nefoedd o banth\u00e9on steppe gogleddol.<\/p>\n<p>Yn Ladakh, mae ffurf naratif ar wah\u00e2n yn hysbys, a olygwyd o dan y teitl \u00abKesar Saga\u00bb gan August Hermann Francke mewn sawl cyfrol o&#8217;r \u00abAsiatic Society of Bengal\u00bb (1905 i 1909). Roedd Francke, cyn hynny, wedi treulio dros ddeng mlynedd yn Khalatse a Leh yn casglu fersiynau llafar, ac wedi&#8217;u cyhoeddi mewn trawslythrennu Tibetaidd gyda chyfieithiad Saesneg.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r golygiad hwn yn werthfawr yn feirniadol o safbwynt ffynonellau, gan ei fod yn dogfennu ardal ymylol orllewinol y traddodiad, lle nad yw Geser wedi&#8217;i ymgorffori&#8217;n llwyr o hyd yn fframwaith dysgeidiaeth Bwdhaidd, ond yn cadw nodweddion arwr solar a brenhinol cyn-Fwdhaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd96ac9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd96ac9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be9da4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"be9da4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symbolaeth a chynrychiolaeth eiconograffig<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6868e04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6868e04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn y traddodiad darluniadol, portreadir Gesar fel marchog rhyfelgar, yn aml gydag arfwisg haearn, gwaywffon, bwa, helm bluog, ac ar geffyl mor gyflym \u00e2&#8217;r gwynt.<\/p><p>Mae ei geffyl gwyn Kyang Bu, sydd o darddiad nefol, yn rhan sylfaenol o&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y ddysgeidiaeth am gynnwys delweddau a'u hystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">eiconograffeg<\/span>. Mewn thangkas, ymddengys Gesar weithiau yng nghanol mandala, wedi&#8217;i amgylchynu gan ei 30 arwr a phedwar brenin y cyfeiriadau nefol. Cofnodwyd y darluniau hyn mewn niferoedd mwy ers y 17eg ganrif.<\/p>\n\n<p>Mae&#8217;r cysylltiad \u00e2&#8217;r pedwar brenin nefol yn rhoi i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y ddysgeidiaeth am gynnwys delweddau a'u hystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">eiconograffeg<\/span> Gesar ddimensiwn cosmolegol sy&#8217;n mynd y tu hwnt i&#8217;w swyddogaeth arwrol yn unig. Mae Andreas Gruschke wedi dangos yn ei waith ar gelfyddyd Amdo fod y thangkas a&#8217;r peintiadau wal am Gesar yn amrywio&#8217;n fawr yn \u00f4l rhanbarth, a bod mynachlogydd dwyrain Tibet wedi datblygu traddodiad darluniadol arbennig o gyfoethog.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3271,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Y Brenin Gesar","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Y Brenin Gesar \u2013 Epig Arwrol Tibetaidd | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Y Brenin Gesar o Ling yw arwr epig hiraf y byd: Tibet, Mongolia, Bhutan. Ymgnawdoliad Padmasambhava, nawddsant y rhyfelwyr.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-191663","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Y Brenin Gesar \u2013 Epig Arwrol Tibetaidd | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Y Brenin Gesar o Ling yw arwr epig hiraf y byd: Tibet, Mongolia, Bhutan. 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