{"id":191653,"date":"2026-09-07T07:26:47","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:26:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191653"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"padmasambhava","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/padmasambhava\/","title":{"rendered":"Padmasambhava"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191653\" class=\"elementor elementor-191653 elementor-3039 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52e9a7d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"52e9a7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56d75fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"56d75fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf05bfb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bf05bfb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26a6dac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"26a6dac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padmasambhava, sylfaenydd Bwdhaeth Tibet<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a21472 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a21472\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn \u00f4l <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddiad gwybodaeth a naratifau dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad<\/span> Tibet, ystyrir Padmasambhava fel y meistr tantra a sicrhaodd sefydlogrwydd parhaol Bwdhaeth yn Tibet ac a sefydlodd nifer o ddefodau amddiffynnol. Gelwir Padmasambhava (\u00abyr un a aned o&#8217;r lotws\u00bb), yn Tibeteg fel arfer Guru Rinpoche neu Padmakara, y sylfaenydd canolog Bwdhaeth Vajrayana Tibet.<\/p><p>Mae <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddiad gwybodaeth a naratifau dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">traddodiad<\/span> yn ei gysylltu \u00e2 throsglwyddo tantra Indiaidd i Tibet yn ddiwedd yr 8fed ganrif. Yn yr ysgol Tibetaidd hynaf, y Nyingma, cyfrifir ef yn \u00abail Fwdha\u00bb. O safbwynt hanes crefydd, mae ei fodolaeth hanesyddol yn destun dadl, a mae&#8217;r darlun a drosglwyddwyd wedi&#8217;i lywio&#8217;n drwm gan chwedloniaeth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc4c9fa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cc4c9fa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-695667b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"695667b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duw \/ Duwies: Grym uchaf wedi ei bersonoli mewn panth\u00ebon diwylliant, gyda meysydd cyfrifoldeb clir \u2014 grymoedd natur, tynged, rhyfel, ffrwythlondeb. Addolir trwy gwltiau, offrymau a sefydliadau teml.\">Duw<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/bwdhaeth\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Traddodiad Bwdhaidd gyda Bodhisattvau, duwiau gwarcheidiol, ysbrydion newynog a wardeiniaid uffern.\">Bwdhaeth<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13f9eb5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13f9eb5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-411777f elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"411777f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__411777f\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__411777f\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__411777f\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08182e7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"08182e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-864be76 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"864be76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193234\" alt=\"Padmasambhava - Duwiau o&apos;r traddodiad Bwdhaidd, darluniadol-hanesyddol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5748d05 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5748d05\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11a7ae0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"11a7ae0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-882952f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"882952f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cefndir hanesyddol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df1a168 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df1a168\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r ychydig ffynonellau cyfoes yn cyfeirio at athro tantrig Indiaidd neu o darddiad Oddiyana, a wahoddwyd i Tibet yn amser y Brenin Trisong Detsen (a deyrnasodd o.tua 755 i 797).<\/p><p>Yn ymchwil heddiw, mae Oddiyana fel arfer yn cael ei uniaethu \u00e2 Dyffryn Swat yn Pacistan heddiw, neu ag Odisha yn Nwyrain India. Roedd angen tantrigwr ar y brenin gan fod yr athro mynachaidd Indiaidd Shantarakshita wedi wynebu gwrthwynebiad gan yr ysbrydion lleol pan geisiodd godi mynachlog Tibetaidd gyntaf, Samye.<\/p><p>Dywedir mai Padmasambhava a orchfygodd yr ysbrydion hyn, a&#8217;u integreiddio i&#8217;r system Fwdhaidd fel duwiau amddiffynnol. Traddodiadol dyddir sylfaeniad Samye i 779. Mae David Snellgrove a Hugh Richardson (\u00abA Cultural History of Tibet\u00bb, Llundain 1968) yn ystyried y craidd hanesyddol hwn yn gredadwy, tra&#8217;n priodoli&#8217;r addurniadau mytholegol niferus i chwedloniaeth ddiweddarach.<\/p>\n<p>Y ffynonellau mwyaf manwl, y Padma Thang Yig (Cronicl Padma) a&#8217;r Pema Kathang, a drosglwyddwyd fel \u00abdestunau trysor\u00bb (terma) gan ysgol y darganfyddwyr trysor (tert\u00f6n). Cawsant eu \u00abdatgelu\u00bb yn bennaf yn y 14eg ganrif gan Orgyen Lingpa, ac yn yr 17eg ganrif gan ddarganfyddwyr trysor eraill.<\/p><p>Mae dibynadwyaeth hanesyddol y testunau hyn yn gyfyngedig, ond roedd eu dylanwad crefyddol yn enfawr. Mae Janet Gyatso, yn \u00abApparitions of the Self\u00bb (Princeton 1998), wedi archwilio&#8217;r traddodiad terma fel ffurf unigryw o awdurdodi crefyddol, lle mae gweledigaethau, cuddiad ac ailddarganfyddiad yn cyflawni swyddogaethau canonaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1e027c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f1e027c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0260798 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0260798\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Genedigaeth y Lotws<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ebd706 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ebd706\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn \u00f4l y naratif traddodiadol, ni aned Padmasambhava o fam, ond ymddangosodd fel plentyn wyth mlwydd oed ar flodyn lotws yng nghanol Llyn Dhanakosha yng ngwlad Oddiyana.<\/p><p>Daeth y Brenin Indrabhuti, a oedd ar y pryd yn ddi-blant ac yn chwilio am emau, o hyd i&#8217;r plentyn a&#8217;i fabwysiadu fel ei fab. Mae&#8217;r naratif hwn yn cyferbynnu&#8217;n drawiadol \u00e2 genedigaeth ddynol Shakyamuni, ac yn tanlinellu statws eithriadol y ffigwr.<\/p><p>O safbwynt astudiaethau crefydd, gellir darllen y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Elfen gynnwys sy'n ailymddangos mewn celf neu naratif.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiff<\/span> hwn fel elfen nodweddiadol o hagiograffi tantrig, sy&#8217;n gosod tarddiad \u00abgoruwchnaturiol\u00bb yr athro yn uwch na ffeithioldeb bywgraffiadol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2be71c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a2be71c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b10303 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b10303\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wyth Amlygiad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6317e37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6317e37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r traddodiad yn cyfrif wyth amlygiad prif o Padmasambhava, sy&#8217;n cynrychioli ei weithgareddau amrywiol mewn gwahanol gyfnodau bywyd neu sefyllfaoedd goleuedigaeth.<\/p><p>Ymysg y rhain: Guru Padma Gyalpo (yr un brenhinol), Guru Loden Chokse (y gwybodus perffaith), Guru Pema Jungne (yr un a aned o&#8217;r lotws), Guru Padmasambhava (amlygiad heddwch), Guru Shakya Senge (Llew y Shakya, ar ffurf mynach), Guru Senge Dradok (Llew Taranllyd, mewn dadl \u00e2 heretigiaid), Guru Nyima Ozer (Pelydryn Haul, fel iogi mewn mynwentydd), Guru Dorje Drol\u00f6 (ffurf lidiog ar deigres hedegog).<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r Wyth hyn yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y casgliad o ysgrythurau sanctaidd a gydnabyddir yn awdurdodol gan grefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">ganon<\/span> systematig, sy&#8217;n trefnu amrywiaeth fytholegol bucheddau Padmasambhava.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-708cb59 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"708cb59\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b7d36b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b7d36b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y Pum Cydymaith<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2616577 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2616577\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae r\u00f4l bwysig yn nhraddodiad Padmasambhava i&#8217;w bum \u00abcydymaith doethineb\u00bb (yum). Y mwyaf adnabyddus yw Yeshe Tsogyal, brenhines Tibetaidd a ystyrir yn brif ddisgybl a chariad iddo, a Mandarava, tywysoges Indiaidd. Yeshe Tsogyal yw&#8217;r awdur neu&#8217;r crynhoydd o nifer o destunau terma a ddarganfuwyd yn ddiweddarach.<\/p><p>Ni ysgrifennwyd ei buchedd (\u00abLady of the Lotus-Born\u00bb) yn y ffurf a adnabyddir heddiw hyd yr 17eg ganrif. Mae ymchwilwyr yn dadlau ynghylch pa un a oedd yn berson hanesyddol neu&#8217;n bersonoliad crefyddol.<\/p><p>Mae Janet Gyatso, yn \u00abWomen in Tibet\u00bb (Bloomington 2005), yn dadlau dros ddarlleniad gwahaniaethol sy&#8217;n gosod Yeshe Tsogyal fel ffigwr sy&#8217;n debygol o fod hanesyddol ond a lywiwyd yn gryf yn lenyddol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f50750 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1f50750\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fe3315 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4fe3315\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y Testunau Trysor (terma)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39a3df7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"39a3df7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dywedir bod Padmasambhava, yn ystod ei arhosiad yn Tibet, wedi cuddio nifer o destunau dysgeidiaeth ar gyfer oesau i ddod. Gellir rhannu&#8217;r \u00abtrysorau\u00bb hyn (terma) yn ddeunyddiol (ter) a meddyliol (gongter). Mae&#8217;r rhai deunyddiol wedi&#8217;u cuddio mewn ogofau, creigiau, delwau neu gyrsiau d\u0175r, ac maent yn cael eu hailddarganfod gan ddarganfyddwyr trysor rhagordeiniedig (tert\u00f6n) mewn cyfnodau bywyd penodedig ymlaen llaw.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r rhai meddyliol wedi&#8217;u argraffu mewn \u00abgwladwriaeth feddyliol\u00bb arbennig, a gellir eu gweld yn uniongyrchol. Mae&#8217;r cysyniad hwn wedi caniat\u00e1u i genedlaethau diweddarach lledhalogi testunau dysgeidiaeth newydd fel rhai a ddaw&#8217;n uniongyrchol o Padmasambhava, heb bosibilrwydd o wiriad testunol beirniadol.<\/p><p>O safbwynt gwyddonol, mae&#8217;r traddodiad terma yn enghraifft o draddodiad testunol crefyddol \u00abagored\u00bb, sy&#8217;n sefyll yn wrthgyferbyniol i&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn perthyn i gorff ysgrythurau a gydnabyddir yn awdurdodol gan grefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">ganonaidd<\/span> gaeedig o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddiad gwybodaeth a naratifau dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad<\/span> tantra Indiaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-801c16e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"801c16e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e817ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7e817ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dysgeidiaeth ac Ymarfer Vajrayana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ad8fb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ad8fb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y cynnwys addysgu a briodolir i draddodiad Padmasambhava sy&#8217;n cynnwys yn bennaf y \u00abPerffeithrwydd Mawr\u00bb (Dzogchen), sef y gangen drosglwyddo a ystyrir fel system addysgu uchaf ysgol Nyingma. Yn ogystal, mae nifer o dantras yoga uwch yn perthyn i gorpws Padmasambhava, megis Tantra Vajrakilaya.<\/p><p>Y ffurf ymarferol yw&#8217;r \u00abGuru Yoga\u00bb (Lama Yoga), lle mae disgyblion yn dychmygu Padmasambhava fel ymgnawdoliad o holl Fwdhau, Bodhisattvau ac athrawon. Mae&#8217;r mantra gwraidd saith sillaf, \u00abom ah hum vajra guru padma siddhi hum\u00bb, yn gyffredin iawn ym mhob ymarfer Nyingma a hyd yn oed yn ysgolau eraill Tibet nad ydynt yn Nyingma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38cfb39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"38cfb39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ada09d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7ada09d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lledaeniad y tu allan i Tibet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7f838d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7f838d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Padmasambhava yn cael ei anrhydeddu&#8217;n gyfartal yn ranbarthau Tibetaidd Bhutan, Sikkim, Ladakh a llwyfandir Mongolia. Yn Bhutan ef yw&#8217;r ffigwr crefyddol canolog, ac mae mynachlog Taktsang (\u00abNyth y Teigr\u00bb) ar lethr serth Dyffryn Paro, yn \u00f4l traddodiad, yn nodi&#8217;r fan lle bu&#8217;n myfyrio ar deigres.<\/p><p>Ystyrir bod ei diwedd bywyd wythfed ym \u00abMynydd Copr-liw\u00bb (Zangdok Palri) yn dir pur, sy&#8217;n bodoli ochr yn ochr \u00e2 Sukhavati Amitabha ac a ystyrir yn nod ailenedigaeth ymarferwyr ar ddiwedd bywyd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-150951a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"150951a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb7dc95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bb7dc95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trafodaeth astudiaethau crefyddol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d8b2c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d8b2c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nid oes modd ateb yn derfynol y cwestiwn faint o&#8217;r darlun a drosglwyddwyd sy&#8217;n seiliedig ar berson hanesyddol. Mae Robert Mayer a Cathy Cantwell wedi dangos mewn nifer o weithiau (\u00abThe Padmasambhava Cycle\u00bb, Oxford 2013) fod lledaeniad cwlt Padmasambhava mewn cydberthynas agos \u00e2 chyfnodau o gynnwrf gwleidyddol yn Tibet.<\/p><p>Yn gyfnodau o wanhau grym canolog, cynyddodd pwysigrwydd Padmasambhava, gan y gallai, fel noddwr amddiffynnol trawslleoliol Tibet, greu hunaniaeth y tu hwnt i strwythurau dynast\u00efaidd. Mae&#8217;r swyddogaeth hon yn rhannol yn egluro pam y cafodd traddodiad Padmasambhava ledaeniad mor eang yn ystod y \u00abcanrifoedd tywyll\u00bb yn dilyn cwymp Ymerodraeth Yarlung yn y 9. ganrif.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fba3c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4fba3c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca67a71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ca67a71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ffynonellau a llenyddiaeth bellach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfcc19c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfcc19c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Ffynonellau cynradd: Padma Thang Yig (Cronicl Padma), a briodolir i Orgyen Lingpa; Pema Kathang; Bardo Th\u00f6dol (Llyfr Marw Tibet, a briodolir i Padmasambhava yn ei golofon); Tantra Vajrakilaya.<\/p>\n<p>Llenyddiaeth eilaidd: David Snellgrove a Hugh Richardson, \u00abA Cultural History of Tibet\u00bb, Llundain 1968; David Snellgrove, \u00abIndo-Tibetan Buddhism\u00bb, Llundain 1987; Janet Gyatso, \u00abApparitions of the Self\u00bb, Princeton 1998; Cathy Cantwell a Robert Mayer, \u00abThe Padmasambhava Cycle\u00bb, Oxford 2013; Robert Buswell a Donald Lopez, \u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014; Klaus-Josef Notz, \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 2002.<\/p>\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000<\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f489c6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f489c6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50de9c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"50de9c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Samye a'r \u00abTri Gem\u00bb<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a016ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a016ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Mynachlog Samye, tua 50 cilometr i&#8217;r de-ddwyrain o Lhasa, yn fynachlog Diwbetaidd gyntaf ac fe&#8217;i hystyrir yn draddodiadol yn waith Padmasambhava, Shantarakshita a&#8217;r brenin Trisong Detsen.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r triawd hwn (&#8220;tri gem&#8221;, ston pa gsum) yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn perthyn i gorff ysgrythurol a gydnabyddir yn swyddogol gan grefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">ganonaidd<\/span> yng nghof crefyddol Tibet, ac mae&#8217;n cynrychioli cyfuniad o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arferion sy'n ceisio dylanwadu ar drefn pethau drwy weithredoedd neu fformwl\u00e2u arbennig.\" tabindex=\"0\">hud<\/span> tantrig (Padmasambhava), disgyblaeth fynachaidd (Shantarakshita) a grym brenhinol (Trisong Detsen).<\/p><p>Cynlluniwyd y fynachlog yn dilyn patrwm mynachlog Odantapuri yn India, ac mae ei chynllun yn ffurfio <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagram crwn sy'n cynrychioli'r cosmos mewn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span> gyda <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu ragor o dduwiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> Mynydd Meru yn y canol, pedair prif gapel yn y prif gyfeiriadau a mur amgylchynol gyda 108 o stwpaod.<\/p><p>Fe&#8217;i hadferwyd sawl gwaith wedi iddi gael ei dinistrio dro ar \u00f4l tro, yn ddiweddaraf yng ngwrthryfel 1959. Penderfynodd &#8220;Cyngor Samye&#8221; enwog (792 i 794) o blaid ffurf Indiaidd Bwdhaeth yn hytrach na&#8217;r ffurf Tsieineaidd, gan bennu cyfeiriad Bwdhaeth Tibet yn hirdymor tuag at draddodiad tantrig India.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8734ab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e8734ab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb26340 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb26340\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y llinellau trosglwyddo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fd23e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fd23e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae llinellau addysgu Padmasambhava (man ngag) yn ymrannu&#8217;n dair prif gangen. Mae&#8217;r \u00abllinell hir\u00bb (ring brgyud) yn mynd o Padmasambhava trwy&#8217;r prif ddisgyblion hanesyddol hyd heddiw drwy drosglwyddiad llafar di-dor. Mae&#8217;r \u00abllinell fer\u00bb (nye brgyud) yn dod trwy ddarganfyddwyr trysor (tert\u00f6n), sy&#8217;n sefydlu cyswllt uniongyrchol \u00e2 Padmasambhava mewn gweledigaethau, gan fyrhau&#8217;r llwybr trosglwyddo.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r \u00abllinell weledigaeth bur\u00bb (dag snang brgyud) yn un lle mae athrawon yn cael cyfarwyddiadau uniongyrchol drwy weledigaeth bur. Mae&#8217;r strwythur teiran hwn yn adeiladwaith Tibetaidd nodedig sy&#8217;n integreiddio gweledigaethau, darganfyddiadau trysor a throsglwyddiad llafar mewn un system. Mae ysgolion Karma Kagy\u00fc, Sakya, Gelug ac yn arbennig Nyingma i gyd yn meithrin eu llinellau Padmasambhava eu hunain.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd8cb80 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd8cb80\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f063a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f063a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yr ugain Sad-Mahasiddha<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6733e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6733e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dywedir bod Padmasambhava yn athro i ugain \u00abMahasiddha\u00bb, hynny yw, ioga tantrig a oedd wedi cyrraedd y sylweddoliad uchaf. Fe&#8217;u rhennir yn gyffredinol yn ddwy garfan, y \u00abrhai allanol\u00bb (disgyblion yn Tibet) a&#8217;r \u00abrhai mewnol\u00bb (cyd-ddisgyblion yn India). Mae&#8217;r garfan gyntaf yn cynnwys Yeshe Tsogyal, Vairochana, Nyak Jnanakumara, Drogmi Palgi Yeshe a ioganwyr Tibetaidd hanesyddol eraill o&#8217;r 8. a&#8217;r 9. ganrif, sydd wedi eu dogfennu&#8217;n dda.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r garfan hon wedi ei chadarnhau&#8217;n weddol dda o safbwynt hanes crefydd, ac mae testunau cache Dunhuang (8. i 10. ganrif), a ddaeth o ogof\u00e2u Dunhuang, yn cadarnhau rhai o&#8217;r enwau hyn. Mae Janet Gyatso a Sam van Schaik wedi dadansoddi&#8217;r berthynas rhwng darganfyddiadau Dunhuang a hagiograffi Tibetaidd diweddarach mewn nifer o astudiaethau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8c4b2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a8c4b2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d67f8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d67f8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padmasambhava a'r Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d615a27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d615a27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r \u00abLlyfr Marw Tibet\u00bb (Bardo Th\u00f6dol), a briodolir i Padmasambhava yn ei golofon, yn un o&#8217;r gweithiau mwyaf adnabyddus o lenyddiaeth grefyddol Tibetaidd yn y Gorllewin.<\/p><p>Yn \u00f4l y farn draddodiadol, cafodd ei gyfansoddi gan Padmasambhava, ei guddio gan Yeshe Tsogyal, a&#8217;i ailddarganfod fel terma gan Karma Lingpa yn y 14. ganrif. O safbwynt academaidd, mae&#8217;r briodoliad i Padmasambhava yn ansicr, gan fod y testun yn ei ffurf bresennol yn gasgliad o ddiwedd y 14. ganrif.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;n disgrifio&#8217;r camau y mae&#8217;r ymwybyddiaeth yn eu profi ar \u00f4l marwolaeth, ac yn rhoi cyfarwyddiadau ar sut y gall y sawl sy&#8217;n marw, neu&#8217;r teulu, gynorthwyo&#8217;r ymwybyddiaeth ar ei thaith trwy&#8217;r cyflyrau canolradd (bardo).<\/p><p>Cafodd cyfieithiad Saesneg cyntaf Walter Yeeling Evans-Wentz (Rhydychen 1927) ddylanwad mawr ar ysbrydolrwydd y Gorllewin, ond nid yw&#8217;n gyfredol yn ffilolegol mwyach. Cynhyrchodd Robert Thurman argraffiad Saesneg modern a dibynadwy yn 1994.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b544069 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b544069\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fcc070 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5fcc070\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y ffurf ffyrnig Dorje Drol\u00f6<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8569b80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8569b80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un o&#8217;r wyth ymffurfiad pennaf Padmasambhava, Guru Dorje Drol\u00f6, sydd wedi cael sylw arbennig yn y grefyddoldeb Tibetaidd modern. Mae&#8217;r ffurf ffyrnig hon yn dangos Padmasambhava yn marchogaeth teigres feichiog yn hedfan, \u00e2 chroen coch tywyll, tri llygad, ac arf phurpa fajra.<\/p><p>Daw&#8217;r patrwm eiconograffig o&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddiad gwybodaeth a naratifau ar draws cenedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad llafar<\/span> fod Padmasambhava, ar yr olwg hon, wedi sefydlu mynachlog Paro Taktsang (&#8220;Nyth y Teigr&#8221;) yn Bhutan, a adeiladwyd ar lethr creigiog serth uwchben Dyffryn Paro.<\/p><p>Mae addoliad Dorje Drol\u00f6 yn arbennig o gyffredin yn Bhutan ac yn nhaleithiau dwyreiniol Tibet. Mae&#8217;n cynrychioli&#8217;r grym trawsffurfiol y mae Padmasambhava&#8217;n troi grymoedd gelyniaethus yn geidwaid amddiffynnol yn ei rym.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65d51bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"65d51bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79206f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"79206f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y Padma bka' thang fel prif ffynhonnell<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04fb02e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"04fb02e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y &#8220;Padma bka&#8217; thang&#8221; (Llyfr Geiriau Padmasambhava) yw&#8217;r hagiograffi manylaf o&#8217;r meistr. Fe&#8217;i darganfuwyd gan Orgyan Lingpa yn y 14. ganrif fel terma (testun trysor cudd) ac mae&#8217;n cynnwys 108 pennod, a&#8217;r rhain yn disgrifio genedigaeth, gweithgarwch dysgu, gweithredoedd rhyfeddol a ffarwelio Padmasambhava. Mae ymchwil Anne-Marie Blondeau a Matthew Kapstein wedi archwilio haenu testunol y ffynhonnell hon.<\/p><p>Er bod haenau h\u0177n yn deillio o&#8217;r 11. i&#8217;r 12. ganrif, mae llawer o&#8217;r naratifau rhyfeddol yn ychwanegiadau gan linachau terma diweddarach. Mae&#8217;r ffynhonnell gyfochrog &#8220;Pema Kathang Yiges Cinma&#8221; (Saith Pennod) gan Sangye Lingpa (14. ganrif) yn cynnig haen naratif arall. Caiff y ddau destun eu llafarganu&#8217;n litwrgaidd hyd heddiw yn yr Himalaya Gorllewinol ac yn Sikkim, yn arbennig yn ystod gwyliau Tsechu yn Bhutan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5afb269 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5afb269\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a47ed18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a47ed18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yr wyth ymffurfiad yn fanwl<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcab2b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcab2b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yr wyth ymffurfiad o Padmasambhava (gu ru mtshan brgyad) yw: Guru Tsokye Dorje (a anwyd yn y lotws), Guru Shakya Senge (ar ffurf mynach), Guru Padmasambhava (yn balas Indrabhuti), Guru Padmakara (yng nghyfnod ymarfer), Guru Dorje Drolo (ffurf ffyrnig), Guru Nyima \u00d6zer (mewn disgleirdeb Bwdhaidd), Guru Senge Dradok (Llais y Llew), a Guru Loden Choksey (terfynwr bywyd).<\/p><p>Mae pob ymffurfiad yn perthyn i gyfnod dysgeidiaeth a phwyslais ymarfer penodol. Cafodd y strwythur wythplyg hwn ei godeiddio yn y 12. ganrif ac mae&#8217;n safonol mewn peintiadau muriau temlau Tibetaidd. Nid cyd-ddigwyddiad yw ei fod yn cyfateb i&#8217;r wyth bodhisattva mawr y Mahayana. Mae Roger Jackson wedi dehongli&#8217;r gyfatebiaeth strwythurol hon fel mewnddiwyllianu bwriadol o&#8217;r cynllun bodhisattva Indiaidd i&#8217;r ddysgeidiaeth guru Tibetaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c91bea2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c91bea2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b57c1c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b57c1c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yeshe Tsogyal fel ysgrifenyddes ac athrawes gyd-weithredol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd743ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dd743ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Yeshe Tsogyal (tua 757 i 817), cymar ysbrydol a phrif ddisgybl Padmasambhava, yn cael ei hystyried fel ysgrifenyddes prif destunau&#8217;r terma. Dywedir iddi, gyda&#8217;i gallu cofio, ysgrifennu holl ddysgeidiaethau Padmasambhava a&#8217;u cuddio&#8217;n rhannol yn greigiau, mewn llynnoedd, ac yn llif meddwl ei ymgorfforiadau dyfodol.<\/p><p>Mae Janet Gyatso (&#8220;Apparitions of the Self&#8221;, Princeton 1998) wedi dadansoddi r\u00f4l Yeshe Tsogyal fel esiampl i&#8217;r dosbarth diweddarach o ferched tert\u00f6n.<\/p><p>Datgelwyd ei hagiograffi &#8220;Mkha&#8217; &#8216;gro ye shes mtsho rgyal gyi rnam thar&#8221; gan Taksham Nuden Dorje fel terma, ac mae&#8217;n un o&#8217;r rhai bywgraffiadau merched manwl prin yng llenyddiaeth grefyddol Tibetaidd. Mae&#8217;n cyfuno elfennau bywgraffyddol \u00e2 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y ddysgeidiaeth wybodus am Dduw a chred crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">theoleg<\/span> weledigaethol, ac felly mae&#8217;n dal safle arbennig yn hanes llenyddiaeth Tibet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d06cb12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d06cb12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c0f880 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c0f880\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y traddodiad terma a'r cwestiwn dilysrwydd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53b9b83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53b9b83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae traddodiad y terma, sef colofn ganolog ysgol Nyingma, yn seiliedig ar y gred fod Padmasambhava a Yeshe Tsogyal wedi cuddio dysgeidiaethau a fyddai&#8217;n cael eu hailddarganfod yn ddiweddarach gan &#8220;ddarganfyddwyr trysor&#8221; (tert\u00f6n) rhagderfynedig.<\/p><p>Cynhyrchodd y traddodiad hwn haen unigryw o lenyddiaeth Fwdhaidd o&#8217;r 11. ganrif hyd y 20. ganrif. Trafodir cwestiwn y dilysrwydd o fewn y traddodiad ei hun ac mewn ymchwil fodern.<\/p><p>Mae Janet Gyatso, yn &#8220;Apparitions of the Self&#8221;, wedi dadlau bod angen gwahaniaethu testunau terma yn &#8220;terma daear&#8221; (sa gter, gwrthrychau materol wedi&#8217;u darganfod) a &#8220;terma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod anghorfforol y priodolir dylanwad iddo yn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">ysbryd<\/span>&#8221; (dgongs gter, datguddiadau gweledigaethol).<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r ddwy gategori yn gofyn am ddulliau ffilolegol a gwyddonol gwahanol. Mae Ronald Davidson (&#8220;Tibetan Renaissance&#8221;, New York 2005) wedi gosod y traddodiad terma yng nghyd-destun ehangach ffurfiant hunaniaeth Tibetaidd, a ddechreuodd yn yr 11. ganrif ar \u00f4l chwalfa Ymerodraeth Yarlung.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e00aa18 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e00aa18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59e7d49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"59e7d49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padmasambhava a dysgeidiaethau'r Bardo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4394f85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4394f85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Colofn ganolog i draddodiad Padmasambhava yw dysgeidiaeth y bardo, y cyflwr canolradd rhwng marwolaeth ac aileni. Mae&#8217;r &#8220;Bardo Th\u00f6dol&#8221; (Rhyddhad trwy Wrando yn y Cyflwr Canolradd, a elwir yn y Gorllewin fel &#8220;Llyfr Tibetaidd y Meirw&#8221;) yn cael ei drosglwyddo fel terma Padmasambhava, wedi ei ddarganfod gan Karma Lingpa yn y 14. ganrif.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r testun yn disgrifio chwe chyfnod bardo, lle mae gan yr ymwybyddiaeth y cyfle i gymryd y camau olaf tuag at ryddhad.<\/p><p>Mae Bryan Cuevas (&#8220;The Hidden History of the Tibetan Book of the Dead&#8221;, Rhydychen 2003) wedi ail-lunio hanes y testun yn fanwl, ac wedi dangos nad ddaeth y gwaith yn hysbys yn y Gorllewin nes cyfnod Walter Y. Evans-Wentz (1927) a&#8217;r cyfieithiad gan Kazi Dawa Samdup a gynorthwyodd hynny.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r derbyniad Gorllewinol hwn wedi arwain at ei draddodiad ei hun o ddehongli&#8217;r bardo, nad yw bob amser yn gyfaddas \u00e2&#8217;r ymarfer traddodiadol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-542e57d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"542e57d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02bd3e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"02bd3e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y pum Brenin Tert\u00f6n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6707d89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6707d89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r traddodiad Tibetaidd yn adnabod pum &#8220;Brenin Tert\u00f6n&#8221; (gter ston rgyal po lnga), a ystyrir fel y darganfyddwyr trysor pwysicaf: Nyangrel Nyima \u00d6zer (1124 i 1192), Guru Ch\u00f6wang (1212 i 1270), Dorje Lingpa (1346 i 1405), Padma Lingpa (1450 i 1521), a Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo (1820 i 1892).<\/p><p>Gyda&#8217;i gilydd, maent wedi ailddarganfod miloedd o destunau a thraddodiadau ymarfer. Mae&#8217;r cyfrifiad yn amrywio yn y ffynonellau, a rhai ysgolion yn ychwanegu enwau eraill fel Sangye Lingpa, Ratna Lingpa neu Orgyen Lingpa. Nid yw&#8217;r llinach tert\u00f6n hon yn ei gweld ei hun fel dilyniant apostolaidd, ond yn hytrach fel dilyniant o ailddarganfyddwyr rhagderfynedig, y bu eu karma, ers cyfnod Padmasambhava, wedi ei gyfeirio at y swyddogaeth hon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d745c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0d745c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-957a0b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"957a0b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cwestiynau a Ofynnir yn Aml<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d276cda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d276cda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ai oedd Padmasambhava yn berson hanesyddol?<\/strong> Mae&#8217;r craidd hanesyddol yn gredadwy: athro tantra o India neu Ganol Asia a ddaeth i Tibet yn niwedd yr 8fed ganrif. Fodd bynnag, mae&#8217;r fywgraffiad addurnedig wedi&#8217;i lliwio&#8217;n drwm gan chwedloniaeth, ac yn y rhan fwyaf o&#8217;i fanylion nid yw&#8217;n bosibl ei wirio&#8217;n hanesyddol.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Beth yw terma?<\/strong> \u00abTrysorau\u00bb, testunau dysgeidiaeth neu wrthrychau y dywedir yn \u00f4l y traddodiad fod Padmasambhava wedi&#8217;u cuddio, ac a ddarganfyddir yn ddiweddarach gan ddarganfyddwyr trysor rhagordeiniedig (tert\u00f6n). Maent yn rhan bwysig o draddodiad dysgeidiaeth Nyingma.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Beth mae <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sillaf neu fformwla sanctaidd a adroddir yn ailadroddus mewn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mantra<\/span> Padmasambhava yn ei olygu?<\/strong> Mae \u00abOm ah hum vajra guru padma siddhi hum\u00bb yn golygu yn ei hanfod \u00abom ah hum, Athro Diemwnt Lotws, caniat\u00e2 wireddiad, hum\u00bb. Mae&#8217;n un o&#8217;r mantras pwysicaf mewn Bwdhaeth Tibetaidd ac fe&#8217;i adroddir yn ymarfer Guru Yoga.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ble mae Padmasambhava&#8217;n byw heddiw yn \u00f4l y traddodiad?<\/strong> Yn fyd pur y \u00abMynydd Copr-liw\u00bb (Zangdok Palri), sy&#8217;n bodoli&#8217;n gyfochrog \u00e2&#8217;r byd dynol. Mae ymarferwyr yn gobeithio ailenedigaeth yno ar ddiwedd eu bywyd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3277,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Padmasambhava","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Padmasambhava \u2013 Meistr Tantra Tibet | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche), y meistr tantrig a aned o'r lotws, ddaeth \u00e2 Bwdhaeth i Tibet yn yr 8fed ganrif. Term\u00e2u a thraddodiad Nyingma.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-191653","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Padmasambhava \u2013 Meistr Tantra Tibet | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche), y meistr tantrig a aned o&#039;r lotws, ddaeth \u00e2 Bwdhaeth i Tibet yn yr 8fed ganrif. 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