{"id":191652,"date":"2026-09-07T07:26:47","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:26:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191652"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"ksitigarbha","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/ksitigarbha\/","title":{"rendered":"Ksitigarbha"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191652\" class=\"elementor elementor-191652 elementor-3038 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e868ac8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e868ac8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe78d0d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fe78d0d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a4c167 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3a4c167\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e09f43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5e09f43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ksitigarbha, Bodhisattva yr Uffernau<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a54a838 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a54a838\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Ksitigarbha (Sansgrit \u00abCesail y Ddaear\u00bb) yn ffigwr Bodhisattva canolog ym Mahayana a Bwdaeth Dwyrain Asia. Mae&#8217;n adnabyddus am ei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Addewid crefyddol difrifol i dduw.\" tabindex=\"0\">lw<\/span> i beidio \u00e2 chymryd Bwdadod llawn nes bod pob bod byw wedi&#8217;i ryddhau o barthau&#8217;r uffern.<\/p><p>Yn Tsieina fe&#8217;i gelwir yn Dizang, yn Japan yn Jizo, yng Nghorea yn Jijang Bosal. Ei gysylltiad arbennig \u00e2&#8217;r meirw, \u00e2&#8217;r daith drwy&#8217;r bydoedd rhyngol, ac ag amddiffyn plant sy&#8217;n ei wneud yn un o&#8217;r ffigyrau Bodhisattva mwyaf poblogaidd yn Nwyrain Asia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a44f4a2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a44f4a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1765563 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"1765563\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duw \/ Duwies: Grym uchaf wedi ei bersonoli mewn panth\u00ebon diwylliant, gyda meysydd cyfrifoldeb clir \u2014 grymoedd natur, tynged, rhyfel, ffrwythlondeb. Addolir trwy gwltiau, offrymau a sefydliadau teml.\">Duw<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/bwdhaeth\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Traddodiad Bwdhaidd gyda Bodhisattvau, duwiau gwarcheidiol, ysbrydion newynog a wardeiniaid uffern.\">Bwdhaeth<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3325e6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3325e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90cd16e elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"90cd16e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__90cd16e\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__90cd16e\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__90cd16e\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0b2456 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f0b2456\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c4716c iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6c4716c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193237\" alt=\"Ksitigarbha - Duwiau o&apos;r traddodiad Bwdhaidd, yn arddull hanesyddol-ddarluniadol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0214908 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0214908\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0b1329 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d0b1329\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc79855 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dc79855\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ffynonellau Sansgrit a Sutrau<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f19d17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f19d17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y ffynhonnell bwysicaf yw&#8217;r Ksitigarbha-Bodhisattva-Purvapranidhana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdaeth, testun dysgu ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, a elwir yn fyr yn Dizang-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdaeth, testun dysgu ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>. Dim ond mewn cyfieithiad Tsiein\u00ebeg o&#8217;r 7fed ganrif y mae&#8217;n bodoli, a&#8217;i darddiad Indiaidd wedi&#8217;i golli neu erioed wedi bodoli.<\/p><p>Mae Robert Buswell a Donald Lopez (\u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014) yn barnu bod y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdaeth, testun dysgu ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> yn debygol o fod yn gyfansoddiad a ddaeth i fodolaeth yng Nghanolbarth Asia neu Tsieina, un sy&#8217;n cyfuno symbolau Bodhisattva h\u0177n i mewn i athrawiaeth newydd.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdaeth, testun dysgu ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> yn disgrifio bodolaethau blaenorol lluosog Ksitigarbha, lle gwnaeth, fel merch neu fel Brahmin, dyngu droeon <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Addewid crefyddol difrifol i dduw.\" tabindex=\"0\">lw<\/span> i ryddhau&#8217;r uffernau. Mae&#8217;r pennill canolog yn dweud yn ei hanfod: \u00abCyhyd nad yw&#8217;r uffernau&#8217;n wag, ni fyddaf yn Bwda; cyhyd nad yw pob bod byw wedi&#8217;i ryddhau, ni af i mewn i Nirvana.\u00bb<\/p>\n<p>Gwaith arall, byrrach, yw&#8217;r Dasakra-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdaeth, testun dysgu ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> o Ksitigarbha. Mae&#8217;n trafod y deg olwyn y mae&#8217;r Bodhisattva&#8217;n eu troi i atal dirywiad moesol y cyfnodau diwethaf. Mae&#8217;r ddau destun wedi&#8217;u gwreiddio&#8217;n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn perthyn i gorff testunol swyddogol grefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">ganonaidd<\/span> yng nghasgliadau Tripitaka Dwyrain Asia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe85b6b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fe85b6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac0183d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac0183d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Swyddogaeth yn y Pantheon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d06f78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8d06f78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn y Mahayana Tsieineaidd, mae Dizang yn un o&#8217;r pedwar Bodhisattva mawr, ynghyd ag Avalokiteshvara (Guanyin), Manjushri (Wenshu) a Samantabhadra (Puxian). Mae pob un o&#8217;r pedwar hyn yn gysylltiedig \u00e2 mynydd sanctaidd yn Tsieina, a Dizang \u00e2 Jiuhua Shan yn Anhui. Mae&#8217;r traddodiad hwn o&#8217;r pedwar mynydd wedi&#8217;i gofnodi ers y 9fed ganrif ac yn parhau i lunio tirwedd bererindod Bwdhaidd Tsieineaidd hyd heddiw.<\/p><p>Yn swyddogaethol, mae Ksitigarbha&#8217;n rhannu r\u00f4l y Bodhisattva tosturi ag Avalokiteshvara, gyda phwyslais arbennig ar y bydoedd sy&#8217;n bodoli tu hwnt i fywyd dynol. Tra bod Avalokiteshvara&#8217;n amddiffyn bodau yn y byd hwn, mae Ksitigarbha&#8217;n gweithredu yn y pum parth arall o&#8217;r chwe pharth bodolaeth, yn arbennig yn barthau&#8217;r uffern (naraka) ac yn eu plith yr ysbrydion newynog (preta).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a88e1a2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a88e1a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2848bc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2848bc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eiconograffeg<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5f7b92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5f7b92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fel arfer caiff Ksitigarbha ei ddarlunio fel mynach, gwahaniaeth trawiadol o&#8217;i gymharu \u00e2&#8217;r rhan fwyaf o Bodhisattvau eraill sy&#8217;n gwisgo tlysau brenhinol. Mae&#8217;n cario&#8217;r Khakkhara, ffon mynach \u00e2 modrwyau clychau, sydd i fod i agor gatiau uffern ac i ddychryn ymaith y pryfetach oddi arno, rhag i&#8217;r mynach niweidio unrhyw greadur byw.<\/p><p>Yn ei law chwith, mae&#8217;n dal Cintamani, y gem dyheu, sy&#8217;n dwyn goleuni i&#8217;r parthau tywyll. Mae ei ben wedi&#8217;i eillio&#8217;n llwyr fel mynach a ordeiniwyd yn llawn. Mae eiconograffi Jizo yn Japan wedi mabwysiadu&#8217;r strwythur sylfaenol hwn ac wedi&#8217;i symleiddio ar yr un pryd; mae cerfluniau carreg bychain ar ymyl y ffordd yn ffurf grefyddol werinol nodedig sy&#8217;n deillio o&#8217;r cynsail canonaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2620dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a2620dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb2e2e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb2e2e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jiuhua Shan a Chwedl Kim<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e17f5b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e17f5b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mynydd Jiuhua yn nhalaith Anhui yw prif ganolfan addoli Dizang ers yr 8fed ganrif. Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif adeiladol, fel arfer am fywyd seintiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">chwedl<\/span> yn cysylltu&#8217;r mynydd \u00e2 thywysog Cor\u00ebaidd o&#8217;r enw Kim Gyo-gak (Tsiein\u00ebeg: Jin Qiaojue), a ddaeth i Tsieina fel mynach tua 720 ac a fu&#8217;n byw bywyd asgetig ar y mynydd.<\/p><p>Dywedir iddo farw&#8217;n 99 oed; canfuwyd ei gorff heb bydru ar \u00f4l tri blynyddoedd, a ystyriwyd fel arwydd o&#8217;i oleuedigaeth yn \u00f4l y ddealltwriaeth Fwdhaidd. Fe&#8217;i addolwyd fel ymgnawdoliad Ksitigarbha.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r person hanesyddol yn anodd ei sefydlu&#8217;n feirniadol o ran ffynonellau, ond mae&#8217;r deunydd archeolegol a llenyddol yn awgrymu craidd real. Mae Hans Steininger (\u00abBuddhistische Pilgerst\u00e4tten Chinas\u00bb, Wiesbaden 1976) wedi ail-lunio&#8217;n fanwl sut ddaeth y gwt hwn i fodolaeth ar Jiuhua Shan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a107da e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7a107da\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-125645b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"125645b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jizo yn Japan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f38ebe1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f38ebe1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn Japan, mae Jizo wedi datblygu mewn cyfeiriad ei hun, un sy&#8217;n mynd ymhell tu hwnt i&#8217;r fframwaith canonaidd clasurol i ddod yn dduwdod werinol plant, teithwyr, menywod beichiog, a phobl sy&#8217;n marw.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r addoliad Mizuko-Jizo, sy&#8217;n adnabyddus iawn heddiw, yn cyfeirio at \u00abblant d\u0175r\u00bb (mizuko), hynny yw plant a fu farw drwy enedigaeth farw, camesgoriad, neu erthyliad. Datblygiad modern o&#8217;r 20fed ganrif ydyw, yn benodol ar \u00f4l 1948, pan gyfreithlonwyd erthylu yn Japan.<\/p><p>Mae William LaFleur wedi dangos yn \u00abLiquid Life. Abortion and Buddhism in Japan\u00bb (Princeton 1992) nad oes gan y ffurf hon wreiddyn canonaidd, ond yn hytrach ei bod yn gymhlethdod cyfoes sy&#8217;n cyfuno galar, cynigion masnachol gan demlau, a symboliaeth Fwdhaidd.<\/p><p>Yn wrthgyferbyniad i hyn, mae&#8217;r cerfluniau Jizo hen, sy&#8217;n sefyll ar gyffyrdd ffyrdd, ym mylchau&#8217;r mynyddoedd, ac ym mynwentydd, wedi bod yn gyffredin yn Japan ers y 12fed ganrif, ac maent i fod i amddiffyn teithwyr a&#8217;r meirw fel ei gilydd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f37fc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"93f37fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cd22f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3cd22f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y Deg Brenin Uffern<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-442474d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"442474d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn nhraddodiad crefyddol gwerin Tsieina, mae Ksitigarbha yn gysylltiedig yn agos \u00e2 system y deg brenin uffern (shidian yanjun). Mae&#8217;r rhain yn cynrychioli&#8217;r deg llys canolradd y mae&#8217;r enaid yn mynd trwyddynt ar \u00f4l marwolaeth. Nid barnwr yw Ksitigarbha ei hun, ond y ffigwr sy&#8217;n dod \u00e2 thosturi a chymorth ym mhob un o&#8217;r meysydd hyn.<\/p><p>Mae \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth, testun dysgeidiaeth ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> y Deg Brenin\u00bb (Shiwang jing), sy&#8217;n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Y tu allan i'r canon a gydnabyddir yn swyddogol.\" tabindex=\"0\">apocryffaidd<\/span> o&#8217;r 9. ganrif, yn disgrifio&#8217;r cyd-drefniant hwn. Mae Stephen Teiser wedi olrhain datblygiad y byd-syniad hwn o gyfuniad elfennau Bwdhaidd, Daoaidd a Chonffiwsaidd yn ei waith \u00abThe Scripture of the Ten Kings\u00bb (Honolulu 1994).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5afb81 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e5afb81\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ae3159 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ae3159\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litwrgi a Defod<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abac0ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"abac0ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae <span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Trefn sefydlog gwasanaeth crefyddol cymuned ffydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">litwrgi<\/span> Ksitigarbha yn cynnwys llafarganu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth, testun dysgeidiaeth ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> Dizang, yn enwedig yn y cyfnod ar \u00f4l marwolaeth. Ystyrir y cyfnod pontiol saith deg saith diwrnod (Tsiein\u00ebeg: zhongyin), sydd ar gael i&#8217;r enaid yn \u00f4l dysgeidiaeth Fwdhaidd cyn ei ailenedigaeth, fel y cyfnod pan fo Dizang yn gweithredu ar ei ffurf fwyaf uniongyrchol.<\/p><p>Mae aelodau&#8217;r teulu yn llafarganu&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth, testun dysgeidiaeth ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, yn offrymu arogldarth, ac yn trosglwyddo&#8217;r teilyngdod (punya) a gynhyrchir felly i&#8217;r ymadawedig. Mae&#8217;r deuddeg diwrnod coffa blynyddol, pan anrhydeddir Dizang yn arbennig, wedi&#8217;u pennu yn \u00f4l calendr lleuad Tsieina; mae ei brif \u0175yl yn disgyn ar y 30. diwrnod o&#8217;r 7. mis lleuad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38727b6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"38727b6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3434ad5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3434ad5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyd-destun hanesyddol-grefyddol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65ca3ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65ca3ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dangosodd Robert Buswell yn \u00abThe Formation of Ch&#8217;an Ideology in China and Korea\u00bb (Princeton 1989) sut y daeth <span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol tuag at dduw neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">cwlt<\/span> Ksitigarbha yn elfen gyfryngu rhwng athrawiaeth Fwdhaidd ac addoli hynafiaid Tsieineaidd. Ni allai Bwdhaeth ymsefydlu&#8217;n barhaol yn Tsieina ond am ei bod yn cynnig atebion i&#8217;r cwestiwn o dynged y meirw.<\/p><p>Mae Dizang yn cyfuno dysgeidiaeth Fwdhaidd karma ac ailenedigaeth \u00e2&#8217;r angen Tsieineaidd am amddiffyniad ac eiriolaeth dros hynafiaid. Yn y swyddogaeth gyfryngu hon y mae un o brif resymau ei boblogrwydd rhyfeddol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c335c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c335c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd98313 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dd98313\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ffynonellau a llenyddiaeth bellach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae558d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ae558d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Ffynonellau cynradd: Ksitigarbha-Bodhisattva-Purvapranidhana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth, testun dysgeidiaeth ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> (Dizang-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth, testun dysgeidiaeth ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>); Dasakra-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth, testun dysgeidiaeth ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> Ksitigarbha; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth, testun dysgeidiaeth ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> y Deg Brenin (Shiwang jing).<\/p>\n<p>Llenyddiaeth eilaidd: Stephen Teiser, \u00abThe Scripture of the Ten Kings\u00bb, Honolulu 1994; William LaFleur, \u00abLiquid Life.<\/p><p>Abortion and Buddhism in Japan\u00bb, Princeton 1992; Robert Buswell, \u00abThe Formation of Ch&#8217;an Ideology in China and Korea\u00bb, Princeton 1989; Hans Steininger, \u00abBuddhistische Pilgerst\u00e4tten Chinas\u00bb, Wiesbaden 1976; Robert Buswell a Donald Lopez, \u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014; Klaus-Josef Notz, \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 2002.<\/p><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd3d36b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bd3d36b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13f3cf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13f3cf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jiuhua Shan fel Canolfan Bererindod<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcb5fa1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dcb5fa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Jiuhua Shan yn nhalaith Anhui yn cynnwys naw copa mynydd sydd wedi&#8217;u lleoli&#8217;n agos at ei gilydd, ac y dywedir bod eu si\u00e2p yn atgoffa rhywun o flodyn lotws.<\/p><p>Ar y mynydd heddiw mae dros saith deg o fynachlogydd a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir ar gyfer addoli un neu ragor o dduwiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> weithredol wedi&#8217;u gwasgaru, a&#8217;r hynaf yn dyddio&#8217;n \u00f4l i&#8217;r 8. ganrif. Sefydlwyd y brif fynachlog Huacheng Si ym 401 fel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Cysegrle sanctaidd wedi'i gysegru i addoli duw.\" tabindex=\"0\">gysegrle<\/span> pur i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Traddodiad crefyddol-athronyddol Tsieineaidd sy'n canolbwyntio ar y Dao, y Ffordd.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoaeth<\/span>, a&#8217;i throi&#8217;n fynachlog Fwdhaidd tua 781.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r tymor pererindota blynyddol yn cyrraedd ei anterth yn y seithfed mis lleuad (sy&#8217;n cyfateb i \u0174yl y Drychiolaethau), pan fydd dros filiwn o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Person sy'n gwneud taith wedi'i hysgogi gan grefydd i le sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">bererinion<\/span> yn ymweld \u00e2&#8217;r mynydd. Nodwedd arbennig yw&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Gweithred a drosglwyddwyd, a ailadroddir yn rheolaidd o fewn cymuned.\" tabindex=\"0\">arferiad<\/span> o offrymu arogldarth ar gyfer gwahanol ymadawedigion wrth y gwahanol demlau ar hyd y ffordd i fyny.<\/p><p>Mae llwybr pererindod cyflawn yn cynnwys gorsafoedd ar gyfer y rhieni, y neiniau a theidiau, perthnasau eraill, a&#8217;r \u00abysbrydion newynog\u00bb heb deulu, na all neb arall offrymu bwyd defodol iddynt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de3b676 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"de3b676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85b530d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"85b530d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyrff Mwmiedig fel Creiriau<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8258b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8258b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nodwedd hynod o gwlt Jiuhua yw&#8217;r cyrff mymiedig o fynachod uchel eu safle, a addolir fel \u00abBwdhau cnawdol\u00bb (rou shen pusa). Ystyrir corff y tywysog Cor\u00ebaidd Kim Gyo-gak, a fu&#8217;n byw ar y mynydd yn \u00f4l y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif adeiladol, gan amlaf am fywyd seintiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">chwedl<\/span>, fel y corff crair cyntaf o&#8217;r math hwn.<\/p><p>Hyd at yr 20. ganrif, adnabuwyd sawl dwsin o fynachod mymiedig o&#8217;r fath ym mynyddoedd Jiuhua; roedd rhai&#8217;n dyddio o gyfnod Tang, eraill o gyfnodau Ming a Qing, a hyd yn oed ychydig o ddiwedd y 19. a dechrau&#8217;r 20. ganrif.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r arferiad hwn yn eithriadol o safbwynt ethnograffeg grefyddol, gan iddo gyfuno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Y ddysgeidiaeth wyddonol am Dduw ac am ffydd crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddiwinyddiaeth<\/span> ailenedigaeth Fwdhaidd \u00e2 syniadau Tsieineaidd am y corff anfarwol, sy&#8217;n tarddu&#8217;n fwy o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegyn\" data-tooltip=\"Traddodiad crefyddol-athronyddol Tsieineaidd sy'n canolbwyntio ar y Dao, y Ffordd.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ddaoaeth<\/span>. Mae Bernard Faure wedi archwilio&#8217;r arferiad hwn mewn sawl astudiaeth am hanes Bwdhaeth Tsieineaidd, gan ddadansoddi ei synchretiaethau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22bf0c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"22bf0c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-436cae8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"436cae8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ymarfer Jizo yn Japan Fodern<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29b3aef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29b3aef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn Japan, mae Jizo wedi ennill lle arbennig o eang yn niwylliant bob dydd. Mae&#8217;r cerfluniau carreg bach, sy&#8217;n sefyll ar ymyl ffyrdd, mewn mynwentydd ac o amgylch teml, yn cael eu haddurno&#8217;n rheolaidd gan drigolion lleol \u00e2 bibiau coch, capiau neu deganau.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r addurniad hwn yn arwydd o ofal y gymuned. Yn Tokyo drefol, ceir tiroedd teml lle mae cannoedd o gerfluniau Mizuko-Jizo wedi&#8217;u gosod.<\/p><p>Caiff y rhain eu gofalu amdanynt gan rieni sy&#8217;n galaru am blant na anwyd neu a fu farw&#8217;n gynnar, yn aml am flynyddoedd lawer. Astudiodd William LaFleur a Helen Hardacre, yn annibynnol ar ei gilydd, agweddau economaidd a chymdeithasol yr arferiad hwn.<\/p><p>Maent yn gweld yma waith galaru pwysig, ond hefyd economi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu ragor o dduwiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> sydd wedi&#8217;i masnacheiddio i ryw raddau, lle mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu ragor o dduwiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">temlau<\/span> yn elwa&#8217;n sylweddol o werthu cerfluniau a defodau coffa blynyddol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fe866f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3fe866f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3356a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c3356a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ksitigarbha a G\u0175yl yr Ysbrydion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90b7018 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90b7018\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>G\u0175yl yr Ysbrydion, sy&#8217;n digwydd ar y 15fed diwrnod o&#8217;r 7fed mis lloerol (yn Taiwan ac ar y tir mawr fel arfer ym mis Awst heddiw), yw un o gyfnodau g\u0175yl bwysicaf China ac mae&#8217;n gysylltiedig&#8217;n agos \u00e2 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd o addoliad crefyddol ar gyfer duw neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwlt<\/span> Ksitigarbha.<\/p><p>Trwy gydol y seithfed mis lloerol, ystyrir bod y pyrth rhwng y bydoedd yn agored, ac y gall y meirw a&#8217;r ysbrydion newynog fynd i mewn i fyd y byw.<\/p><p>Mae teuluoedd yn gosod byrddau offrwm gyda bwyd, thus ac arian papur, wedi&#8217;u bwriadu i&#8217;r hynafiaid a&#8217;r ysbrydion diamddiffyn. Mae <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un dduw neu fwy.\" tabindex=\"0\">temlau<\/span> yn cynnal litwrg\u00efau arbennig yn y cyfnod hwn, lle adroddir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth, testun dysgeidiaeth ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> Dizang, er mwyn rhyddhau&#8217;r bodau o&#8217;r uffernau.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r cysylltiad rhwng G\u0175yl yr Ysbrydion a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd o addoliad crefyddol ar gyfer duw neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwlt<\/span> Dizang wedi&#8217;i ddogfennu er cyfnod Tang, pan gyrhaeddodd y ddefodau eu penllanw yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trefn benodol gwasanaeth crefyddol cymuned ffydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">litwrgi<\/span> \u00abYulanpen Hui\u00bb (Cynulliad Ullambana), sy&#8217;n seiliedig ar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth, testun dysgeidiaeth ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> Ullambana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f51568 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f51568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7325a99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7325a99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sutra Dasheng Daji Dizang Shilun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b77a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b77a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ochr yn ochr \u00e2&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn yr Hind\u0175aeth a'r Bwdhaeth, testun addysgu ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> adnabyddus am <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adduned grefyddol ddifrifol a wneir i dduw.\" tabindex=\"0\">addunedau<\/span> gwreiddiol y Bodhisattva Ksitigarbha (Dizang pusa benyuan jing), mae \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn yr Hind\u0175aeth a'r Bwdhaeth, testun addysgu ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> Deg Olwyn y Bodhisattva Ksitigarbha\u00bb (Dasheng Daji Dizang Shilun jing, Taisho 411) yn waith athrawiaethol canolog.<\/p><p>Cyfieithwyd ef gan Xuanzang yn y flwyddyn 651 o&#8217;n hoes ni. Mae&#8217;n cynnwys y sail ddiwinyddol dros safle Dizang o fewn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm duwiau crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> Mahayana, ac yn pwysleisio ei swyddogaeth fel \u00abPuryn y deg gweithred\u00bb.<\/p><p>Mae ymchwil Zhiru Ng (\u00abThe Making of a Savior Bodhisattva\u00bb, Honolulu 2007) yn dangos bod y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn yr Hind\u0175aeth a'r Bwdhaeth, testun addysgu ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> hwn yn cynrychioli haen Indiaidd h\u0177n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y ddysgeidiaeth wyddonol am Dduw a chred crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddiwinyddiaeth<\/span> Ksitigarbha, tra bod <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn yr Hind\u0175aeth a'r Bwdhaeth, testun addysgu ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> Benyuan yn ddatblygiad Tsieineaidd diweddarach, a gyfansoddwyd yn \u00f4l pob tebyg yn ystod cyfnod Sui neu ddechrau cyfnod Tang, ac nad yw&#8217;n deillio&#8217;n glir o wreiddiol Indiaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2531f9b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2531f9b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a4e916 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a4e916\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y Chwe Llwybr Aileni a Chyfrifoldeb Ksitigarbha<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7355a58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7355a58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn nhraddodiad Dwyrain Asia, Ksitigarbha yw&#8217;r Bodhisattva sy&#8217;n derbyn cyfrifoldeb dros bob un o&#8217;r chwe llwybr aileni (duwiau, hanner-duwiau, dynion, anifeiliaid, ysbrydion newynog, bodau uffern) yn y cyfnod rhwng Bwdha Shakyamuni a dyfodiad Maitreya yn y dyfodol. Mae&#8217;r cyfrifoldeb hwn yn cael ei drosglwyddo iddo gan Bwdha Shakyamuni yn olygfa Pariwarta o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth, testun dysgeidiaeth ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> Benyuan.<\/p><p>O ganlyniad litwrg\u00efaidd, gelwir ar Ksitigarbha fel cyfryngwr rhwng y meysydd bodolaeth. Yn neuaddau&#8217;r temlau caiff felly ei ddarlunio&#8217;n aml wedi&#8217;i grwpio \u00e2&#8217;r \u00abDeg Brenin y Byd Isod\u00bb (Shi Wang), cyfluniad a safonwyd yn China yn y 9fed ganrif, ac a barhaodd i ddylanwadu ar arferion angladdol heddiw trwy Japan a Corea.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db7b191 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db7b191\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ead0df8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ead0df8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cerfluniau Roku-Jizo yn Japan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4247ee8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4247ee8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ar fynwentydd a chroesffyrdd Japan ceir grwpiau o chwe cherflun Jizo (Roku-Jizo), pob un yn cynrychioli un o&#8217;r chwe llwybr aileni. Mae&#8217;r arfer hwn yn tarddu o gyfnod Heian (9fed i&#8217;r 12fed ganrif) a chafodd ei boblogeiddio gan ysgol Tendai.<\/p><p>Mae Hank Glassman (\u00abThe Face of Jizo\u00bb, Honolulu 2012) wedi archwilio datblygiad cerfluniau Roku-Jizo fel ffenomen socioleg grefyddol, ac wedi dangos bod yr arfer sy&#8217;n ymddangos yn unffurf yn dangos amrywiadau rhanbarthol sylweddol.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r cerfluniau&#8217;n cario priodoleddau gwahanol: staff Khakkhara (i ddeffro bodau uffern), gem dymuniadau (Cintamani), rholyn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth, testun dysgeidiaeth ar ffurf gryno.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>, blaguryn lotws. Yng Kyoto, mae gorsafoedd Roku-Jizo ar gyrion y ddinas hyd heddiw&#8217;n destun defodau pererindod sy&#8217;n fframio g\u0175yl flynyddol Roku-Jizo-Meguri.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fb8a91 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3fb8a91\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb04ed6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eb04ed6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mizuko-Kuyo a Diwydiant y Defodau Galar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0a53cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0a53cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r arfer Mizuko-Kuyo (defodau coffa ar gyfer ffetysau a babanod a fu&#8217;n farw&#8217;n gynnar) wedi datblygu yn Japan yn rhan sefydlog o litwrgi&#8217;r teml, yn bennaf ar \u00f4l 1948, yng nghyd-destun cyfreithloni erthyliad. Ystyrir Jizo yn nawddsant y meirw heb waredigaeth, yn enwedig y plant nad oeddent wedi cyrraedd eu haeddfedrwydd karmig eu hunain.<\/p><p>Mae William LaFleur (\u00abLiquid Life\u00bb, Princeton 1992) wedi disgrifio&#8217;r drafodaeth foeseg-grefyddol ynghylch Mizuko-Kuyo fel cyfraniad pwysicaf arfer crefyddol Japan modern i fiobetheg.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r dimensiwn masnachol yn sylweddol: mae <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad sydd wedi'i neilltuo i addoli un duw neu fwy.\" tabindex=\"0\">temlau<\/span> fel Hase-dera yn Kamakura yn cynnwys miloedd o gerfluniau bach o Jizo, a roddwyd gan rieni. Mae&#8217;r feirniadaeth o&#8217;r masnacheiddio yn cael ei mynegi o fewn y cyrff Bwdhaidd eu hunain, heb i&#8217;r arfer leihau&#8217;n sylweddol o ganlyniad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b92766 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5b92766\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2068be5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2068be5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ksitigarbha yn y Vajrayana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8ac0c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8ac0c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn Bwdhaeth Tibet, mae Ksitigarbha (Sai Nyingpo) yn ymddangos yn llai amlwg nag yn Dwyrain Asia. Mae&#8217;n perthyn i&#8217;r gr\u0175p o wyth Bodhisattva mawr (rgyal sras chen po brgyad), ond ni chaiff ei addoli&#8217;n aml fel gwrthrych ymarfer canolog. Nid oes gan draddodiad Tibet addoliad tebyg i Tara ar ei gyfer.<\/p><p>Yn y cyfluniadau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagram cylchol sy'n cynrychioli'r cosmos yn yr Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mandala<\/span>, er enghraifft yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagram cylchol sy'n cynrychioli'r cosmos yn yr Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mandala<\/span> Garbhadhatu a Vajradhatu, mae gan Ksitigarbha le sefydlog yn y sector gorllewinol. Mae Yael Bentor (\u00abConsecration of Images and Stupas in Indo-Tibetan Tantric Buddhism\u00bb, Leiden 1996) wedi dadansoddi safle <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagram cylchol sy'n cynrychioli'r cosmos yn yr Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mandala<\/span> Ksitigarbha yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trefn sefydlog gwasanaeth crefyddol cymuned ffydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">litwrgi<\/span> Tibet ddiweddarach yn systematig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96aa37a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"96aa37a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-254f540 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"254f540\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ysgol Jiuhua a'i thraddodiad litwrgaidd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d99b4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d99b4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Mynydd Jiuhua yn Anhui wedi bod yn brif ganolfan gwlt Ksitigarbha yn China ers diwedd cyfnod Tang. Mae&#8217;r traddodiad litwrgaidd wedi datblygu ffurf gerddoriaeth ei hun, a elwir \u00abJiuhua-Yinyue\u00bb, sy&#8217;n cyfuno mawl Bwdhaidd \u00e2 melod\u00efau gwerin lleol. Cydnabu UNESCO y traddodiad hwn yn 2008 fel treftadaeth ddiwylliannol anwladwriaethol China.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r mynachlogydd ar y mynydd yn cynnal casgliad tapiau eu hunain o&#8217;r litwrg\u00efau, a ailadeiladwyd yn systematig ers yr 1980au. Mae dinas y mynachlog heddiw yn cynnwys dros wyth deg o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad sydd wedi'i neilltuo i addoli un duw neu fwy.\" tabindex=\"0\">temlau<\/span> a chelloedd. Y cyfnod pererindod canolog yw&#8217;r 30ain diwrnod o&#8217;r seithfed lloer, pen-blwydd Ksitigarbha, pan fydd rhanbarth Anhui yn croesawu cannoedd o filoedd o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Person sy'n gwneud teithiaeth wedi'i ysgogi'n grefyddol i le sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">bererinion<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f161d5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f161d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f87a44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f87a44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cwestiynau a Ofynnir yn Aml<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba2ceb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba2ceb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Beth sy&#8217;n gwahaniaethu Ksitigarbha ac Avalokiteshvara?<\/strong> Mae&#8217;r ddau yn Bodhisattvas o dosturi, ond mae ganddynt bwyslais gwahanol. Mae Avalokiteshvara yn helpu bodau byw yn y byd hwn, tra bod Ksitigarbha yn helpu bodau yn yr uffernau a&#8217;r teyrnasoedd ysbrydion. Fel arfer, portreadir Avalokiteshvara mewn addurniadau brenhinol, tra portreadir Ksitigarbha fel mynach \u00e2 phen wedi&#8217;i eillio.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pam mae Ksitigarbha yn cael ei gysylltu \u00e2 phlant yn Japan?<\/strong> Mae&#8217;r cysylltiad \u00e2 phlant, yn enwedig plant na aned yn farw (mizuko), yn ddatblygiad Japaneaidd a ellir ei brofi o&#8217;r 12fed ganrif ymlaen, ac a ehangwyd yn fawr yn yr 20fed ganrif. Nid oes iddo sail ganonaidd yn y sutrau cynnar, ond mae&#8217;n fynegiant diwylliannol-benodol o swyddogaeth amddiffynnol Bwdhaidd.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Beth yw <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Lle sanctaidd wedi'i neilltuo i addoli duw.\" tabindex=\"0\">cysegrle<\/span> pwysicaf Ksitigarbha?<\/strong> Jiuhua Shan yn dalaith Anhui, China, yw&#8217;r prif gysegrle. Mae&#8217;n un o bedwar mynydd sanctaidd Bwdhaeth Tsieina.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sillaf neu fformwla sanctaidd sy'n cael ei hadrodd dro ar \u00f4l tro yn yr Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> a briodolir i Ksitigarbha?<\/strong> Y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sillaf neu fformwla sanctaidd sy'n cael ei hadrodd dro ar \u00f4l tro yn yr Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> safonol yw \u00abom ha ha ha vismaye svaha\u00bb, ac fe&#8217;i adroddir yn bennaf mewn arfer encil a mewn defodau ar gyfer y meirw.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3274,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Ksitigarbha","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Ksitigarbha \u2013 Bodhisattva yr Uffernau | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Mae Ksitigarbha (Siapaneaidd: Jizo) yn Bodhisattva nad yw'n gadael uffern nes bod pob bod byw wedi'i ryddhau. 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