{"id":191539,"date":"2026-09-07T07:26:27","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:26:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191539"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"khormusta-duw-nefol-mongolaidd","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/khormusta-duw-nefol-mongolaidd\/","title":{"rendered":"Khormusta \u2013 Duw Nefol Uchaf y Mongoliaid"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191539\" class=\"elementor elementor-191539 elementor-2639 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta, Prif Dduw Bwdhaidd-Tengraidd y Mongoliaid<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormusta (Mongoleg <em>Qormusta Tngri<\/em>, Tibetaidd <em>brGya-byin<\/em>) yw, yn y Tengriaeth Mongolaidd ac yn ei ffurf Fwdhaidd ddiweddarach, y pennaf o&#8217;r 99 Tengri nefol ac arweinydd y 33 Tengri gwyn gorllewinol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Cr\u00ebwr traddodiad Siberia \/ Tengriaeth.\">Cr\u00ebwr<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/shamaniaeth-siberia-tengriaeth\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytholeg traddodiad Siberia \/ Tengriaeth.\">Siberia \/ Tengriaeth<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Prif dduwdod.\">Prif dduwdod<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-khormusta-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-khormusta-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-khormusta-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193349\" alt=\"Khormusta \u2013 Duw o&apos;r traddodiad Sibiraidd-Tengriaidd, darluniadol yn hanesyddol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-khormusta elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-khormusta elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ystyrir Khormusta yn brif dduw <strong>Bwdhaidd-Tengraidd<\/strong> yn y synthesau crefyddol Mongolaidd a Thibetaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dosbarthiad a Phroffil Byr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Khormusta yn ffigwr sydd wedi&#8217;i ddogfennu&#8217;n arbennig o dda yng nghrefydd Mongolaidd hwyr.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;n ffurfio pont rhwng tri haen: yr Indo-Iranaidd Ahura Mazda (Pahlaveg <em>Hormizd<\/em>), y Bwdhaidd Indra (Sansgrit <em>\u015aakra Dev\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 Indra<\/em>), a&#8217;r Hen Dwrceg-Mongolaidd <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/tengri-duw-nefoedd-tengriaid\/\">Tengri<\/a>. Yn llenyddiaeth naratif yr Hanes Cudd ac yn y testunau epig diweddarach (Epig Geser Khan), ymddengys fel &#8220;Tad y 33 Duw yn y Gorllewin&#8221; a beirniad y gwrthdaro nefol.<\/p><p>Yng nghyd-destun y <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/shamaniaeth-siberia-tengriaeth\/\">draddodiad Tengraidd Siberaidd<\/a>, mae&#8217;n nodi&#8217;r trawsnewid o&#8217;r Tengri anffurfiedig i&#8217;r byd duwiau Bwdhaidd personol. O safbwynt hanes crefydd, mae&#8217;n enghraifft ddysgeidiaethol o sut mae <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfuniad o gredoau neu dduwiau o wahanol draddodiadau crefyddol.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncretiaeth<\/span> grefyddol yn gweithredu.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Mae&#8217;r llenyddiaeth ymchwil ar Khormusta yn anghyffredin o ddwys, o&#8217;i gymharu \u00e2 llawer o ffigyrau Tengri eraill. Mae <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) gan Walther Heissig yn hanfodol yma, yn ogystal \u00e2 gweithiau Klaus Sagaster a Christopher Atwood. Esbonnir y dwysedd hwn gan ei swyddogaeth bontio: mae astudio Khormusta hefyd yn astudio crefydd Iranaidd, Indiaidd a Mongolaidd yn eu cyswllt \u00e2&#8217;i gilydd.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enw ac Etymoleg<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Deilliodd yr enw o&#8217;r Berseg Ganol <em>Hormizd \/ Ohrmazd<\/em>, hynny yw, o brif dduw Iran Zoroastraidd (Ahura Mazda). Mae&#8217;n debyg fod y trosglwyddo wedi digwydd rhwng y 7fed a&#8217;r 9fed ganrif drwy lwybrau masnach Sogdaidd i Ganol Asia.<\/p><p>Yn y byd ieithyddol Mongolaidd, mae&#8217;r enw&#8217;n cael ei ategiad Tengri (<em>Qormusta Tngri<\/em>), a thrwy hyn caiff y prif dduw Iranaidd ei ymgorffori i mewn i system nefol Mongolaidd, enghraifft glasurol o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfuniad o gredoau neu dduwiau o wahanol draddodiadau crefyddol.\" tabindex=\"0\">syncretiaeth<\/span> grefyddol.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Mae hanes ieithyddol a chrefyddol manwl gywir hyn yn gymhleth: mae&#8217;n debygol fod Manicheaid Sogdaidd a Zoroastraidd yn nhrefi oasis Canol Asia (Turfan, Khotan, Samarkand) yn gyfryngwyr. Mae Hans-Joachim Klimkeit wedi ail-lunio&#8217;r llwybrau cyfryngu hyn yn fanwl yn <em>Die Seidenstra\u00dfe<\/em> (1988).<\/span><\/p><p>Yn gyfieithiadau Tibetaidd, ymddengys Khormusta fel <em>brGya-byin<\/em> neu <em>dBang-po brGya-byin<\/em>, sy&#8217;n cyfateb i&#8217;r Indiaidd \u015aakra Dev\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 Indra, &#8220;Indra o&#8217;r Mil Enw&#8221;. Mae&#8217;r uniaethiad hwn wedi&#8217;i integreiddio yn derfynol i mewn i&#8217;r system duwiau Bwdhaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disgrifiad ac Eiconograffeg<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn gelfyddyd Mongolaidd sydd wedi&#8217;i llywio gan Fwdhaeth, ymddengys Khormusta fel ffigwr brenhinol coronog ar orsedd lotws, gyda&#8217;r bollt daran (vajra, Mongoleg <em>otschir<\/em>) yn ei law dde, a&#8217;r goeden ddymuniadau yn ei law chwith. Mae&#8217;n reidio ar yr eliffant tri-phen Airavata, sy&#8217;n ei uniaethu&#8217;n eiconograffigol yn derfynol \u00e2&#8217;r Bwdhaidd Indra.<\/p><p>Yn yr haenau Mongolaidd cyn-Fwdhaidd, cyn belled ag y gellir eu hail-lunio, roedd ei ddarluniad yn llai penodol; ymddangosai&#8217;n fwy fel &#8220;Brenin ymhlith y 99 Tengri&#8221; mewn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddo gwybodaeth a naratifau dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad<\/span> llafar nag mewn mathau delweddol sefydlog. Mae Bwdhaeiddio Mongolia ers y 13eg ganrif, ac yn arbennig ers yr 16eg\/17eg ganrif, wedi sefydlu&#8217;r eiconograffeg dantrig gyfredol.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Mae Klaus Sagaster wedi catalogio traddodiad delweddol Khormusta yn gyson yn <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971). Sylw diddorol yw bod ffurfiau gwerin Mongolaidd yn aml yn dangos eiconograffeg gymysg: rhyfelwr coronog gyda vajra, ond ar geffyl gwyn yn lle eliffant, arwydd o addasiad gwerin y ffurf Fwdhaidd safonol.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Chwedlau mytholegol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn Epig Geser Khan (fersiynau Mongolaidd a Thibetaidd), Khormusta yw&#8217;r ffynhonnell y mae&#8217;r arwr Geser yn cael ei anfon i&#8217;r ddaear ohoni, i adfer trefn i fyd sydd wedi mynd o&#8217;i le oherwydd ysbrydion niweidiol. Mae Khormusta yn gweithredu yma fel comisiynydd nefol, ac yn ymgymryd \u00e2&#8217;r swyddogaeth a fyddai&#8217;n perthyn i Indra mewn epigau Indiaidd.<\/p><p>Mae naratif arall yn disgrifio&#8217;r rhyfel rhwng y 33 Tengri gwyn gorllewinol a&#8217;r 44 Tengri du dwyreiniol dan y Khan du <em>Atai Ulan<\/em>; mae Khormusta yn ennill drwy greu&#8217;r bollt daran, sy&#8217;n sicrhau&#8217;r drefn gosmig. Mae&#8217;r naratif brwydr ddeuoliaethol hon yn dangos olion Zoroastraidd amlwg.<\/p><p>Yn yr Hanes Cudd y Mongoliaid (1240), nid yw Khormusta yn cael ei enwi&#8217;n uniongyrchol; ond mae&#8217;r traddodiad diweddarach yn uniaethu&#8217;r fformwla &#8220;M\u00f6ngke Tengri&#8221; mewn mannau ag ef. Mae Igor de Rachewiltz wedi trafod yr uniaethiad diweddarach hwn yn feirniadol yn ei sylwebaeth Brill (2004).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cwlt ac Addoliad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Roedd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol ar gyfer duwdod neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">cwlt<\/span> Khormusta wedi&#8217;i wreiddio&#8217;n hanesyddol yn llys Mongolaidd ers cyfnod Yuan. Cafodd ei integreiddio&#8217;n systematig gan Khubilai Khan o fewn defod y llys Bwdhaidd Tibetaidd. Yn yr 17eg a&#8217;r 18fed ganrif, o dan ddylanwad ysgol Gelug, daeth yn amddiffynnydd mynachlogydd sawl banerlu.<\/p><p>Ar lefel y werin, dengys Khormusta yn rhwymedigaethau Ovoo fel prif dderbynnydd deisebau; offrymir arogldarth (Mongoleg <em>sang<\/em>) iddo yn oriau cynnar y bore, ac mae&#8217;r geiriau &#8220;Qormusta Tngri \u00f6ber\u00f6\u00f6&#8221; (&#8220;Khormusta ei hun&#8221;) yn agor llawer o alwadau. Mae Caroline Humphrey wedi disgrifio hyn yn fanwl yn <em>Shamans and Elders<\/em> (1996).<\/p><p>Ym Mongolia gyfoes, mae Khormusta yn bresennol yn bennaf o fewn Bwdhaeth fynachaidd; mae rhai mynachlogydd (Gandan yn Ulaanbaatar) yn cynnal litwrg\u00efau Khormusta blynyddol. Mae hefyd yn rhan o repertoire rhai grwpiau neo-Dengraidd, sydd fodd bynnag yn ei fygythio i raddau fel &#8220;gorfrydfawr Fwdhaidd&#8221;.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ymarfer amddiffynnol ac elfennau apotrop\u00e4ig<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wedi&#8217;i ddisgrifio o safbwynt gwyddor grefydd: mae&#8217;r arfer amddiffynnol yng nghymhlethdod Khormusta wedi&#8217;i blethu&#8217;n gl\u00f2s \u00e2 chysyniad Bwdhaidd yr \u201ewyth duw mawr\u201c a mandalau amddiffynnol tantrig. Elfennau apotropaig cyffredin yw llosgi rhincys ferain, hongian <em>khadag<\/em> (clytiau bendith glas) ac adrodd testun <em>Sang<\/em>. Ystyrir Khormusta yn ffynhonnell golau gyffredinol, nid yn dduw amddiffynnol arbenigol yn erbyn afiechydon penodol.<\/p><p>Ffurf arbennig yw&#8217;r <em>Khormusta-Sang<\/em>, testun litwrgaidd i buro t\u0177 ac aelwyd, sydd wedi goroesi mewn nifer o argraffiadau Mongolaidd (Beijing, Urga) er y 17eg ganrif. Cynhyrchodd Klaus Sagaster argraffiad critigol.<\/p><p>Yn arfer gwerin, nid yw Khormusta yn ymddangos fel derbynnydd uniongyrchol dymuniad am amddiffyniad; mae pobl yn tueddu i droi at ei negeswyr neu at rymoedd Yer-Sub sydd ynghlwm \u00e2 lleoedd penodol. Mae&#8217;r strwythur cyfryngu hwn yn nodweddiadol o grefydd Mongolaidd ac yn cyfateb yn deipolegol i&#8217;r arfer Catholig o gyfarch sant yn hytrach na Duw yn uniongyrchol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cymariaethau mewn diwylliannau eraill<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cysylltiedig yn uniongyrchol ag Ahura Mazda (Iran), Indra (India), \u015aakra (Bwdhaeth), duwiau canolfan Heng-O (Tsieina). Yn Siberia ei hun mae&#8217;n weddol gyfochrog ag <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/ulgen-duw-golau-altaiaid\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a>, gyda&#8217;r gwahaniaeth bod Khormusta yn cael ei bersonoli&#8217;n glir yn Fwdhaidd-tantrig.<\/p><p>Cymhariaeth ddiddorol arbennig yw&#8217;r uniaethiad \u00e2&#8217;r Yuanshi Tianzun Tsieineaidd o&#8217;r traddodiad Taoaidd, sy&#8217;n ymddangos mewn nifer o synchretiaethau Mongolaidd-Tsieineaidd. Mae Encyclopedia Christopher Atwood yn trafod yr uniaethiad hwn fel enghraifft o&#8217;r \u201eduwdod uchel haenog lluosog\u201c.<\/p><p>Mewn cymhariaeth ehangach, mae Khormusta yn enghraifft ddysgu deipolegol nodedig o \u201edduwiau mudol\u201c sy&#8217;n cadw eu hachyddiaeth eu hunain ar draws ffiniau iaith a chrefydd lluosog. Mae duwiau mudol o&#8217;r fath yn anarferol o brin i gael eu dogfennu mor drylwyr \u00e2 Khormusta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Derbyniad a Ymchwil Gyfoes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Mae Khormusta yn destun ymchwil Mongoleg gan Walther Heissig, Klaus Sagaster (<em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em>, 1971), Christopher Atwood (<em>Encyclopedia of Mongolia<\/em>, 2004) a&#8217;r ysgol Rwsiaidd gan N. L. \u017dukovskaja. Yn Fwdhaeth Mongolia gyfoes, mae&#8217;n parhau i fod yn fyw; yn ysgrifau neo-Tengristaidd, ar y llaw arall, caiff ei ymyleiddio ambell waith fel \u201egorfwdhaidd\u201c.<\/span><\/p><p>Mae cyfeiriadedd ymchwil arbennig yn ymwneud \u00e2 thraddodiad Khormusta-Geser fel ffurf epig lafar ac ysgrifenedig. Cyfeiriwyd yn Ewrop am gerdd epig Geser Khan gyntaf gan Bruno Gallinucci ym 1716, ac fe&#8217;i cyfieithwyd yn systematig er 1839 (Schmidt); mae ymchwil Walther Heissig wedi taflu golau newydd ar ei berthynas \u00e2 Khormusta.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Yn Mongolia gyfoes, mae Khormusta yn cael ei alw eto fel \u201eduwdod uchel Mongolaidd\u201c mewn seremon\u00efau swyddogol y wladwriaeth ar achlysur pen-blwydd 800 mlynedd Chinggis Khan (2006), enghraifft o sut mae hanes crefydd a gwleidyddiaeth hunaniaeth yn plethu yn yr 21ain ganrif.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dadleuon ymchwil a chwestiynau agored<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r ddadl ymchwil bwysicaf yn ymwneud \u00e2 threfn yr haenau: A oedd Khormusta yn wreiddiol yr Hormizd Iranaidd, wedi&#8217;i gynnwys yn system Tengri, ac yn olaf wedi&#8217;i uniaethu ag Indra gan Fwdhaeth? Neu a oes haen hynafol frodorol y plethwyd yr enw Iranaidd iddi&#8217;n ddiweddarach?<\/p><p>Mae ail ddadl yn troi o gwmpas y syniad o&#8217;r \u201e99 Tengri\u201c: A yw&#8217;r rhif hwn yn frodorol Mongolaidd neu wedi&#8217;i fewnforio o Fwdhaeth? Dadleuodd Walther Heissig dros wreiddyn cyn-Fwdhaidd; mae ymchwil diweddarach (P. K. Kozin) yn codi amheuon.<\/p><p>Yn olaf: sut mae Khormusta yn ymwneud \u00e2 chrefydd shamanaidd Siberia? Ymhlith y Bwriatiaid mae&#8217;n ymddangos yn gryf, ond ymhlith y Tuviaid a&#8217;r Altaiaid ni bron. Mae&#8217;r anghymesuredd daearyddol hwn yn ddadlennol o safbwynt hanes crefydd ac yn haeddu ymchwiliad systematig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta yng nghrefydd Mongolia Fewnol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae safle Khormusta yn Mongolia Fewnol (heddiw talaith Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina) yn haeddu astudiaeth arbennig. Yma mae&#8217;r dylanwad Bwdhaidd ar ei gryfaf, ac ar yr un pryd mae dylanwadau Tsieineaidd-Taoaidd yn dod i&#8217;r fei. Yn nifer o fynachlogydd Mongolia Fewnol (er enghraifft Wudangzhao) mae Khormusta wedi&#8217;i uniaethu \u00e2&#8217;r Yu-Huang Shangdi Taoaidd, sef triphlyg <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfuno syniadau neu dduwiau o wahanol draddodiadau crefyddol.\" tabindex=\"0\">synchretiaeth<\/span> sydd bron heb ei ail yn hanesyddol.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Mae Christopher Atwood, yn ei <em>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire<\/em> (2004), wedi ail-lunio&#8217;r uniaethiad lluosog hwn ac wedi dangos sut y daeth Khormusta yn bont rhwng tri byd-olwg crefyddol, Iranaidd-Zoroastraidd, Indiaidd-Fwdhaidd a Tsieineaidd-Taoaidd. Mae&#8217;r swyddogaeth bontio hon yn unigryw yn wyddonol.<\/span><\/p><p>Yng ngwleidyddiaeth hunaniaeth Mongolaidd gyfoes, caiff Khormusta ei ddathlu weithiau fel \u201esynchretydd nodedig\u201c, ac ei feirniadu dro arall fel \u201egorleoliad Bwdhaidd ar y Tengri dilys\u201c. Mae&#8217;r ddwy farn yn amlwg o safbwynt hanes crefydd ac yn ddadlennol o safbwynt gwleidyddol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ffynonellau a chysylltiad \u00e2'r hyb diwylliannol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bydd unrhyw un a fyn astudio cymhlethdod Khormusta yn ei ehangder yn dod o hyd, ar y dudalen drosolwg <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/shamaniaeth-siberia-tengriaeth\/\">Traddodiad Siberiaidd-Tengristaidd<\/a>, i&#8217;r croesgyfeiriadau pwysicaf at ffigurau cysylltiedig fel <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/tengri-duw-nefoedd-tengriaid\/\">Tengri<\/a> (haen hynafol), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/ulgen-duw-golau-altaiaid\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a> (cyfochrogedd de-Siberiaidd) ac <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/asbuiga-ysbryd-amddiffynnol-meirch-buryat\/\">Asbuiga<\/a> (haen ysbryd cynorthwyol is).<\/p><p>Mae <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) gan Walther Heissig a <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971) gan Klaus Sagaster yn weithiau safonol hanfodol. O ran traddodiad Geser Khan, mae cyfrol Brill gan Walther Heissig (1983) yn ganolog.<\/p><p>Mae <em>Kategorii i simvolika tradicionnoj kul&#8217;tury mongolov<\/em> (1988) gan N. L. \u017dukovskaja yn cynnig y synthesis Rwsiaidd pwysicaf. Mae gwaith ethnograffig Caroline Humphrey o&#8217;r 1990au a&#8217;r 2000au yn ychwanegu dyfnder cyfoes i&#8217;r darlun.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta yn nhraddodiad Geser Khan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae r\u00f4l Khormusta yng ngherdd epig Geser Khan, un o&#8217;r epigau arwrol llafar mwyaf aruthrol Canolbarth Asia, yn haeddu astudiaeth fanwl. Mae&#8217;r epig ar gael mewn fersiynau Mongolaidd, Tibetaidd a Bwriataidd; yn nodweddiadol mae&#8217;n cynnwys sawl mil o benillion ac fe&#8217;i cenir dros nifer o nosweithiau perfformio.<\/p><p>Ym mhob fersiwn, Khormusta yw&#8217;r comisiynwr nefol sy&#8217;n anfon yr arwr Geser i&#8217;r ddaear i adfer trefn i fyd sydd wedi ei daflu o gydbwysedd gan endidau niweidiol. Mae&#8217;r swyddogaeth naratifol hon yn cyfateb yn deipolegol i r\u00f4l Indra yn straeon Avat\u0101ra Indiaidd.<\/p><p>Golygodd Walther Heissig gerdd epig Geser Khan yn feirniadol mewn nifer o gyfrolau; ei gyfrol Brill (1983) yw&#8217;r argraffiad safonol. Yn yr 21ain ganrif mae&#8217;r epig yn cael dadeni yn Mongolia Fewnol, lle caiff ei feithrin fel elfen ganolog o hunaniaeth ddiwylliannol Mongolaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Myfyrdod methodolegol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wrth astudio Khormusta, mae sawl problem fethodolegol yn codi. Yn gyntaf: mae&#8217;r haenu crefyddol lluosog (Iranaidd, Indiaidd, Mongolaidd, Tsieineaidd) yn ei gwneud yn anodd sefydlu achyddiaeth glir. Mae ieithyddiaeth hanesyddol yn cynnig rhai cliwiau, ond mae llawer o&#8217;r trosiadau&#8217;n parhau i fod yn ddyfaliadau.<\/p><p>Yn ail: mae&#8217;r haen Fwdhaidd wedi&#8217;i dogfennu&#8217;n dda (testunau mynachaidd, eiconograffeg), ond ni ellir ailadeiladu&#8217;r haen cyn-Fwdhaidd ond yn anuniongyrchol. Mae model haenu Walther Heissig yn cael ei ddiwygio&#8217;n rhannol heddiw.<\/p><p>Yn drydydd: mae&#8217;r arfer cyfoes o Khormusta ym Mongolia a Mongolia Fewnol yn digwydd mewn cyd-destunau gwleidyddol a chrefyddol gwahanol; mae disgrifiad unffurf yn broblematig o safbwynt methodolegol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta yng ngwleidyddiaeth hunaniaeth Mongolaidd gyfoes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae gwleidyddiaeth hunaniaeth Mongolaidd gyfoes yn defnyddio Khormusta yn fwriadol fel &#8220;duw goruchaf cosmopolitanaidd&#8221; sy&#8217;n symboleiddio swyddogaeth Mongolia fel pont rhwng Iran, India a Dwyrain Asia. Mae&#8217;r darlleniad hwn yn cael ei hyrwyddo, ymhlith lleoedd eraill, mewn cyhoeddiadau swyddogol gan Weinyddiaeth Ddiwylliant Mongolia er y 2010au.<\/p><p>O safbwynt academaidd, mae&#8217;r wleidyddiaeth hunaniaeth hon yn ddadlennol: mae&#8217;n gwneud Khormusta yn ymgorfforiad o &#8220;gosmopolis Fongolaidd&#8221; lle nad yw plwraliaeth grefyddol yn cael ei gweld fel problem, ond yn hytrach fel cryfder. Mae&#8217;r safbwynt hwn yn gwrthgyferbynnu \u00e2 modelau hunaniaeth undduwiol.<\/p><p>Mae Caroline Humphrey wedi nodi mewn sawl erthygl fod y meddiannu gwleidyddol hwn o Khormusta ei hun yn arfer crefyddol, math o addoliad seciwlar sy&#8217;n cydfodoli \u00e2&#8217;r traddodiad mynachaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta fel esiampl fethodolegol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Khormusta yn esiampl fethodolegol arbennig o eithriadol i&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y wyddoniaeth sy'n astudio crefyddau'n gymharol ac heb ymrwymiad ffydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">wyddor grefydd<\/span>. Dengys sut y gall term crefyddol deithio dros ddwy fileniwm drwy dri chyd-destun ieithyddol a thri chyd-destun crefyddol heb golli ei brif swyddogaethau: duw goruchaf, cr\u00ebwr, gwarantwr trefn y byd. Mae sefydlogrwydd o&#8217;r fath yn anghyffredin o safbwynt ffenomenoleg grefyddol.<\/p><p>Ar yr un pryd, mae ei sylwedd yn newid: daw&#8217;r Khormusta Bwdhaidd-Indiaidd, cyfatebol i Indra, o&#8217;r Hormizd Iranaidd-Zoroastraidd, ac yn y pen draw mae&#8217;n cyfuno \u00e2 chymhlethdod Tengri Mongolaidd-Tengristaidd. Mae&#8217;r dynameg hon o sefydlogrwydd a newid ar yr un pryd yn achos astudio o&#8217;r radd flaenaf o safbwynt anthropoleg grefyddol.<\/p><p>Mae Klaus Sagaster wedi dadansoddi&#8217;r dynameg hon yn <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971) fel achos enghreifftiol o &#8220;drosglwyddo crefyddol&#8221;. Mae Christopher Atwood wedi mireinio&#8217;r canfyddiadau hyn ymhellach yn ei Encyclopedia (2004). I ymchwilwyr ifanc, mae Khormusta yn wrthrych astudio gwerthfawr.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta yn llenyddiaeth fynachaidd Mongolia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae llenyddiaeth fynachaidd Mongolia o&#8217;r 17eg i&#8217;r 19eg ganrif yn haeddu astudiaeth fanylach, gan fod Khormusta yn ymddangos ynddi mewn llu o destunau litwrg\u00efaidd. Mae&#8217;r argraffiadau o Beijing, Urga a Lhasa yn cynnwys testunau canu Khormusta, disgrifiadau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagram cylchol sy'n cynrychioli'r cosmos yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mandala<\/span> Khormusta, a chyfieithiadau o dantras Khormusta o&#8217;r Tibetaidd.<\/p><p>Cyflwynodd Klaus Sagaster yn ei draethawd cymhwyso (1976) argraffiad critigol o&#8217;r prif destunau Mongolaidd am Khormusta. Mae&#8217;r argraffiad hwn heddiw&#8217;n un o&#8217;r adnoddau mwyaf gwerthfawr ym maes astudiaethau crefyddol Mongolaidd, a dylid ei ddefnyddio ar gyfer unrhyw astudiaeth ddifrifol o Khormusta.<\/p><p>Dengys y testunau sut y datblygodd y Khormusta Iranaidd-Fwdhaidd yn wreiddiol yn ffigwr annibynnol yn nhraddodiad mynachaidd Mongolia, gyda&#8217;i litwrgiau, ei arferion a&#8217;i gonfensiynau eiconograffig ei hun.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2047651f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2047651f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2230923b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2230923b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ail-lunio Bwdhaidd o hen dduwdod nefol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp266018fd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp266018fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cafb229 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2cafb229\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r enw <em>Khormusta<\/em> (yn Fongolaidd hefyd <em>Qormusta<\/em>, <em>Khurmasta<\/em>) yn un o&#8217;r tystiolaethau cliriaf fod hanes crefyddol Mongolia nid yn undod cae\u00ebdig, ond yn haenau o wahanol darddiadau wedi&#8217;u gosod ar ben ei gilydd.<\/p><p>Yn ieithyddol, mae&#8217;r enw&#8217;n deillio o&#8217;r Iranaidd <em>Ahura Mazda<\/em>, wedi&#8217;i drosglwyddo drwy&#8217;r Sogdaidd a&#8217;r Uigwraidd. Trwy destunau Maniceaidd a Bwdhaidd Canolbarth Asia, cyrhaeddodd yr enw fyd Twrcaidd-Fongolaidd, lle ymdoddodd i syniad a oedd eisoes yn bodoli am arglwydd nefol goruchaf.<\/p><p>Yn llenyddiaeth Fwdhaidd Mongolia, mae Khormusta yn cyfuno ag Indra, brenin y duwiau ym mhantheon India, a ymddengys yno fel arglwydd nefoedd <em>Trayastrimsha<\/em> ac amddiffynnydd y ddysgeidiaeth.<\/p><p>Trwy hyn, trawsnewidiwyd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir yn ddwyfol mewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">duwdod<\/span> annibynnol yn dywysog dwyfol wedi&#8217;i osod o fewn model cosmig Bwdhaidd, yn uchel ei statws ond eto&#8217;n israddol i&#8217;r Bwdha a&#8217;r Bodhisattvau. Nid sgil-effaith yw&#8217;r trefniant hwn, ond rhywbeth a fwriadwyd yn wleidyddol-grefyddol: roedd lledaeniad Bwdhaeth Tibetaidd er yr 16eg ganrif yn galw am ostwng hen dduwiau nefol yn hierarchaidd yn hytrach na&#8217;u disodli.<\/p><p>Yn feirniadol o safbwynt ffynonellau, mae&#8217;n bwysig nodi bod bron pob tystiolaeth ysgrifenedig am Khormusta yn deillio o gyd-destunau \u00e2 naws Fwdhaidd, er enghraifft o alwadau epig Geser neu o lawysgrifau seremon\u00efol. Ni ellir ond casglu ffigwr cyn-Fwdhaidd y cymeriad yn anuniongyrchol o hyn.<\/p><p>Mae ymchwilwyr fel Walther Heissig wedi nodi bod y naw a deugain neu dri deg tri o Tengri a enwir yn yr epig, gyda Khormusta ar eu blaen, yn cynrychioli systemateiddio eilaidd a ddaeth i fodolaeth, mae&#8217;n debyg, dim ond wrth ddod i gysylltiad \u00e2 chynllun rhifau duwiol Bwdhaidd-Indiaidd.<\/p><p>O ran deall <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddo gwybodaeth a naratifau dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">traddodiad<\/span> Tengristaidd Siberaidd, mae hyn yn golygu: mae Khormusta yn dangos yn glir sut nad system statig oedd <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/shamaniaeth-siberia-tengriaeth\/\">Tengrismus<\/a>, ond maes hydraidd a groesawodd enwau a chysyniadau tramor a&#8217;u cyfuno \u00e2&#8217;i syniadau ei hun. Mae unrhyw un a ddehongla&#8217;r ffigwr hwn yn ynysig fel un hollol Fongolaidd yn colli golwg ar hanes cyfryngu Canolbarth Asia sydd, hyd heddiw, yn parhau&#8217;n weladwy yn ei enw.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Llenyddiaeth (dewis)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Walther Heissig: <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970)<\/li><li>Klaus Sagaster: <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971)<\/li><li>Christopher Atwood: <em>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire<\/em> (2004)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Igor de Rachewiltz: <em>The Secret History of the Mongols<\/em> (Brill, 2004)<\/span><\/li><li>N. L. \u017dukovskaja: <em>Kategorii i simvolika tradicionnoj kul&#8217;tury mongolov<\/em> (1988)<\/li><li>Caroline Humphrey: <em>Shamans and Elders<\/em> (1996)<\/li><li>Roberte Hamayon: <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-khormusta e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-khormusta-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-khormusta-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r <strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">chwedl<\/span><\/strong> ynghylch Khormusta yn cyfuno syniadau nefol tengr\u00efaidd \u00e2 haenau Bwdhaidd; y <strong>ffynonellau<\/strong> pwysicaf yw croniclau Mongolaidd, epigau Geser a thestunau seremon\u00efol dan ddylanwad Tibetaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termau allweddol cysylltiedig: Khormusta Qormusta Tngri Geser-Khan Ahura Mazda Indra prif dduw nefol Mongolaidd.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-khormusta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a thraddodiadau amddiffyn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Mae iWell Guard yn parhau \u00e2&#8217;r traddodiad diwylliannol-hanesyddol o wrthrychau amddiffynnol cludadwy, yn draddodiad <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/shamaniaeth-siberia-tengriaeth\/\">Siberia \/ Tengriaeth<\/a> a llawer o ddiwylliannau eraill ar draws y byd. 41 haen, aur pur, platinwm, arian, wedi&#8217;i gynhyrchu yn yr Almaen. 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Nid yw&#8217;n ddyfais feddygol. Ni roddir unrhyw addewid iach\u00e2d.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Nid <strong>cynnyrch meddygol<\/strong> yw iWell Guard ac nid yw'n disodli triniaeth feddygol na seicotherapiwtig. 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Mytholeg a ffynonellau.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"1","wesen_kultur":"sibirisch-tengrismus","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-191539","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Khormusta \u2013 Prif Dduw Mongolaidd, Mytholeg a Ffynonellau<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Khormusta yw duw nefol uchaf y Mongoliaid, cyfuniad o haenau Iranaidd-Bwdhaidd a Thengraidd. 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