{"id":191536,"date":"2026-09-07T07:26:26","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:26:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191536"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"erlik-khan-rheolwr-byd-isaf-altai","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/erlik-khan-rheolwr-byd-isaf-altai\/","title":{"rendered":"Erlik Khan \u2013 Rheolwr Byd Isaf yr Altai"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191536\" class=\"elementor elementor-191536 elementor-2636 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erlik Khan, Arglwydd Byd Isaf Altaig-Siberia a gwrthwynebydd \u00dclgen<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik Khan yw rheolwr y byd isaf yn nhengriaeth de Siberia, a gwrthwynebydd mytholegol duw&#8217;r goleuni, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/ulgen-duw-golau-altaiaid\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a>. Mae&#8217;n cynrychioli marwolaeth a chlefyd, ac yn cynrychioli hefyd ochr dywyll angenrheidiol a threfnus o&#8217;r byd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bod niweidiol o draddodiad Siberia \/ Tengriaeth.\">Bod niweidiol<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/shamaniaeth-siberia-tengriaeth\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytholeg traddodiad Siberia \/ Tengriaeth.\">Siberia \/ Tengriaeth<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duw'r byd isaf.\">Duw'r byd isaf<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-erlikkhan-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-erlikkhan-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-erlikkhan-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193357\" alt=\"Erlik Khan - Cythreuliaid o draddodiad Tengriaidd Siberia, darluniadol-hanesyddol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik Khan yw duw&#8217;r byd isaf <strong>Altaig-Siberia<\/strong> o&#8217;r tengriaeth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp-erlik-khan elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp-erlik-khan\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp-erlik-khan elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Erlik Khan, <strong>duw byd isaf yr Altai<\/strong>, yn rheoli&#8217;r meirw a&#8217;r byd tanddaearol o fewn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau duwiau a drosglwyddwyd o ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">fytholeg<\/span> tengraidd-shamanaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dosbarthiad a Phroffil Byr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Erlik Khan (a elwir hefyd Erlik, Erklik, Erlig, Erlig Khaan mewn Mongoleg) yn perthyn i haen uchaf duwiau pantheon de Siberia. Yng nghredoau&#8217;r Altai a&#8217;r Tuwiniaid, ef yw arglwydd y byd isaf, nid drygioni pur ond talaith wahanadwy lle trigia&#8217;r meirw ac ysbrydion pla a newyn.<\/p><p>Yn yr haenau diweddarach, ymddengys yn ffigwr dirywiedig-ddrwg, sy&#8217;n deillio&#8217;n bennaf o&#8217;r ail-luniad Bwdhaidd yn fyd Mongolaidd (Erlig Khan \u2248 Yama) a&#8217;r cythreulio cenhadol Cristnogol yn y 18fed\/19eg ganrif.<\/p><p>Yng nghyd-destun <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/shamaniaeth-siberia-tengriaeth\/\">traddodiad tengraidd Siberia<\/a>, mae Erlik yn ffurfio p\u00e2r deuol gyda <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/ulgen-duw-golau-altaiaid\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a>. Ni ddylid deall hyn mewn ystyr foesol, deuoliaeth Manicheaidd, ond yn hytrach fel trefn gyflenwol o uchod ac isod, haf a gaeaf, genedigaeth a marwolaeth. Eglurodd A. V. Anokhin y ddealltwriaeth hon yn ei waith <em>Materialion ar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"System grefyddol lle mae arbenigwyr yn cyfathrebu \u00e2 byd yr ysbrydion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shamaniaeth<\/span> yr Altai<\/em> (1924).<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r drafodaeth astudiaethau crefyddol ynghylch Erlik yn arbennig o gyfoethog gan ei fod yn dangos yn glir sut y gall safbwyntiau cenhadol allanol ystumio crefydd frodorol. Yr hyn a adnabu&#8217;r Altaid fel yr &#8220;Arglwydd Isaf&#8221; trawsnewidiwyd gan gyfieithiadau Rwsiaidd-Uniongred a Bwdhaidd yn &#8220;Diafol&#8221;, achos enghreifftiol clasurol o astudiaethau crefyddol \u00f4l-drefedigaethol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enw ac Etymoleg<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r enw <em>Erlik<\/em> yn hen Dwrceg, ac fel arfer cysylltir ef gan ymchwilwyr \u00e2 <em>er<\/em> (&#8220;dyn, arwr&#8221;); mae tarddiad arall yn ei gysylltu \u00e2 gwreiddyn sy&#8217;n golygu &#8220;dewr, cryf, meistrolgar&#8221;.<\/p><p>Yn Mongoleg daw&#8217;n <em>Erlig Khaan<\/em>; yn yr ail-luniad Bwdhaidd, ymdodda gyda&#8217;r Yama \/ Shinje Indo-Tibetaidd. Disgrifiodd Walther Heissig yr ymdoddiad hwn yn fanwl yn <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970).<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r teitl <em>Khan<\/em> yn ei nodi fel rheolwr; yng nghaneuon shamanaidd yr Altai, gelwir ef hefyd <em>Yer-Tine Khan<\/em>, &#8220;Brenin Dyfnderoedd y Ddaear&#8221;. Yn bwysig: yng nghyd-destun Siberiaidd brodorol ei hun, nid diafol yn ystyr Gristnogol yw Erlik; fodd bynnag, cynigiodd cenhadon Cristnogol y 19eg ganrif (Verbickij ac eraill) y cyfieithiad hwn, ac fe&#8217;i mabwysiadwyd yn ddigwestiwn am gyfnod hir gan ymchwilwyr.<\/p><p>Yn ddiddorol yn ieithyddol yw&#8217;r cysylltiad posibl \u00e2 <em>er-lig<\/em>, &#8220;y gwrol&#8221;, sy&#8217;n nodweddu Erlik fel &#8220;Dyn Mawr&#8221; tu hwnt i farwolaeth. Yn y darlleniad hwn, byddai&#8217;n llai o fod niweidiol ac yn fwy o gynrychiolydd swyddogaeth anthropolegol angenrheidiol: marwolaeth fel rhan o fod yn ddyn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disgrifiad ac Eiconograffeg<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Disgrifir Erlik fel hen \u0175r gwallt-ddu \u00e2 dannedd baedd, crafangau haearn a phastwn wedi&#8217;i wneud o esgyrn asgwrn cefn dynol.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;n marchogaeth ar darw du neu geffyl du; saif ei balas ar lan afon uffernol, lle mae&#8217;n trigo gyda naw mab a naw merch. Mae drwm y siaman Alta\u00efaidd yn ei ddangos yn y drydedd is-ran, yn aml gyda <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> haul gwrthdro.<\/p><p>Disgrifir yr eiconograffeg hon yn glasurol gan Anokhin (1924) ac gan N. Dyrenkova; fe&#8217;i defnyddiwyd yn ddiweddarach gan Mircea Eliade yn <em>Le chamanisme<\/em>. Mae&#8217;r ffurfweddiad Bwdhaidd yn ychwanegu ato hefyd briodoleddau&#8217;r duw indo-Tibetaidd Yama: cyrn byfflo, las\u0175, drych gweithredoedd.<\/p><p>Yng nghasgliadau Amgueddfa&#8217;r Kunstkammer (Sant Petersburg) cedwir sawl darlun Alta\u00efaidd o Erlik, a gatalogiwyd gan L. P. Potapov yn ei waith safonol <em>Altaiskij schamanizm<\/em> (1991). Maent yn dangos sefydlogrwydd eiconograffig nodedig dros 200 mlynedd o hanes casglu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Chwedlau mytholegol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae mytholeg greadigaeth yr Altai yn adrodd sut y mynn <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/ulgen-duw-golau-altaiaid\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a> greu daear o&#8217;r m\u00f4r cyntefig, ac er mwyn gwneud hynny mae&#8217;n gofyn cymorth Erlik ar ffurf aderyn.<\/p><p>Mae Erlik yn plymio, yn dwyn llaid i&#8217;r wyneb, ond yn cadw rhan ohono&#8217;n gudd yn ei geg; o&#8217;r gweddill hwn tardd corsydd, mynyddoedd, ac yn y pen draw Erlik ei hun fel grym annibynnol. Yn ei falchder, mae&#8217;n ceisio wedyn eistedd wrth ochr \u00dclgen, ond caiff ei fwrw allan, ac ers hynny mae&#8217;n rheoli&#8217;r byd isaf.<\/p><p>Mae stori arall yn adrodd sut y mae Erlik yn gwneud y bobl gyntaf yn s\u00e2l trwy &#8220;ddarllen&#8221; esgyrn allan o&#8217;u cyrff. Genwyd y shamaniaid i ddod \u00e2&#8217;r esgyrn hyn yn \u00f4l, chwedl sy&#8217;n seilio&#8217;n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn perthyn i drefn weithredol grefyddol sefydlog.\" tabindex=\"0\">seremon\u00efol<\/span> daith y shaman i&#8217;r byd isaf, ac sy&#8217;n dal lle prototypaidd yn fodel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"System grefyddol lle mae arbenigwyr yn cyfathrebu \u00e2 byd yr ysbrydion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shamaniaeth<\/span> Eliade.<\/p><p>Mae trydedd stori, lai adnabyddus, yn adrodd sut y mae Erlik, mewn dadl am eneidiau&#8217;r meirw, yn negodi gyda negeswyr <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/tengri-duw-nefoedd-tengriaid\/\">Tengri<\/a>: caiff pwy bynnag a fu&#8217;n byw bywyd da ddychwelyd tuag i fyny; erys pwy bynnag a wnaeth ddrwg gydag Erlik. Mae&#8217;r amrywiad moesoli hwn yn debygol o fod yn ffurfiad diweddarach (\u00f4l-Fwdhaidd).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cwlt ac Addoliad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn ystyr gaeth, nid oedd &#8220;addoliad&#8221; o Erlik fel y cyfryw, yn hytrach roedd yna wahaniad seremon\u00efol. Roedd siamaniaid yr Altai yn gwahaniaethu rhwng <em>aq kam<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arbenigwr crefyddol y credir ei fod yn cyfryngu rhwng pobl a byd yr ysbrydion.\" tabindex=\"0\">siaman<\/span> gwyn), a esgynnai at \u00dclgen, a <em>kara kam<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arbenigwr crefyddol y credir ei fod yn cyfryngu rhwng pobl a byd yr ysbrydion.\" tabindex=\"0\">siaman<\/span> du), a ddisgynnai at Erlik.<\/p><p>Ystyrid y ddwy alwedigaeth yn ddilys ac angenrheidiol; mae&#8217;r disgrifiad ethnograffig gan Anokhin yn dangos yn glir bod &#8220;du&#8221; yn golygu &#8220;tuag i lawr&#8221; yn y cyswllt hwn, ac nid &#8220;drwg&#8221; o gwbl.<\/p><p>Pan fyddai pla, marwolaeth sydyn, neu golli plentyn, byddid yn galw&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arbenigwr crefyddol y credir ei fod yn cyfryngu rhwng pobl a byd yr ysbrydion.\" tabindex=\"0\">siaman<\/span> du. Yn y seremoni, cymerai deyrnas Erlik yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn perthyn i drefn benodol o weithredoedd crefyddol.\" tabindex=\"0\">seremon\u00efol<\/span>, negodai ag ef, a dychwelai&#8217;r &#8220;enaid a arweiniwyd i ffwrdd&#8221;. Roedd yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, cais neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">aberthau<\/span> yn ddefaid neu geffylau du; tywalltid y gwaed i&#8217;r ddaear, yn lle ei gyflwyno i&#8217;r haul.<\/p><p>Gyda chyfnod Sofietaidd, diflannodd y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol ar gyfer duwdod neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwlt<\/span> hwn i raddau helaeth; ers y dadeni Alta\u00efaidd yn 1991 mae&#8217;n profi adfywiad gofalus, ond yn llawer llai gweladwy na <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol ar gyfer duwdod neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwlt<\/span> \u00dclgen, gan fod Erlik yn dal i gael ei gysylltu yn yr ymwybyddiaeth fodern \u00e2 &#8220;hud du&#8221;.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ymarfer amddiffynnol ac elfennau apotrop\u00e4ig<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Disgrifir yn wyddonol-grefyddol (heb unrhyw addewid o effaith): roedd arferion apotrop\u00e4ig yn erbyn Erlik yn cynnwys crogi rhubanau gwl\u00e2n gwyn ar drawstiau&#8217;r drws, gosod ffigurau bach o bren (\u201egweision Erlik&#8221;) fel aberth eilyddiol symbolaidd, y tab\u0175 o ynganu enw Erlik yn uchel ar \u00f4l machlud haul, a mygu&#8217;r t\u0177 \u00e2 mor-erin.<\/p><p>Roedd rhai rheolau ymddygiad hefyd wedi&#8217;u lliwio&#8217;n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn atal drwg: yn disgrifio arwyddion a gwrthrychau sydd i fod i gadw dylanwadau niweidiol draw.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotrop\u00e4ig<\/span>: ni chaniateid ymweld \u00e2 chleifion gyda het am y pen, gan fod Erlik yn honedig \u201ecasglu pennau&#8221;; peintiwyd trothwyon drysau \u00e2 golosg, oherwydd honnir bod y du wedi&#8217;i atal yn atal y du, enghraifft glasurol o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arferion sydd am ymyrryd \u00e2 threfn pethau trwy weithredoedd neu fformwl\u00e2u arbennig.\" tabindex=\"0\">hud<\/span> cydymdeimladol yn ystyr James Frazer.<\/p><p>Rhaid deall yr arferion hyn o fewn cyd-destun cysyniad tab\u0175 a phurdeb crefydd de Siberia, sy&#8217;n gwahanu, drwy nifer o reolau manwl, y drefn fydol reoledig oddi wrth y byd isaf. Mae Roberte Hamayon wedi&#8217;u dehongli yn <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990) fel rhan o&#8217;r \u201eeconomi berthynas&#8221;, lle mae salwch a marwolaeth yn cael eu trin fel toriadau yn y drefn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cymariaethau mewn diwylliannau eraill<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn strwythurol gyfochrog \u00e2 hyn mae: Yama yn India Fedig a Bwdhaidd; Hades yng Ngwlad Groeg; Hel yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau duwiau a drosglwyddwyd o fewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">chwedloniaeth<\/span> y Norsemen; Mictlantecuhtli yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y duwiau o fewn crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">bantheon<\/span> Astec; ac Osiris yn ei swyddogaeth fel barnwr y meirw, yn llai fel duw sy&#8217;n marw. Yn Siberia ei hun ceir ffigyrau cyfochrog fel gwrthwyneb <em>Aiy Tojon<\/em>, sef <em>Yer-Khan<\/em> gan yr Iacwtiaid.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r trawsffurfiad Bwdhaidd-Tibetaidd o Erlik i Erlig Khaan = Yama yn destun astudiaeth ar wah\u00e2n gan Walther Heissig (<em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em>, 1970). Dyma ddangos sut y cafodd ffigwr y byd tanddaearol indigenaidd ei gymhathu i&#8217;r Tantriaeth a&#8217;i orchuddio yno \u00e2 haenau priodoleddol newydd.<\/p><p>Sylwadaeth ddiddorol yn ffenomenoleg y grefydd yw bod bron pob system gosmolegol driphlyg (Uchod, Canol, Isod) yn cynnwys duwdod y byd isaf, sydd ar yr un pryd yn ffigwr arswydus ac yn warant o drefn. Nid anomaledd, felly, yw Erlik, ond esiampl ddysgeidiaethol glasurol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Derbyniad a Ymchwil Gyfoes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y diwylliant gwerin a drosglwyddwyd ar lafar, gan gynnwys defodau, chwedlau a chaneuon.\" tabindex=\"0\">ll\u00ean gwerin<\/span> Tuvaidd ac Alta\u00efaidd fodern, mae Erlik yn fwy o ffigwr arswydus na gwrthrych gwlt; yn y dderbyniad boblogaidd (nofelau ffantasi, gemau ar-lein) mae&#8217;n ymddangos ar brydiau fel &#8220;gwrthwynebwr tywyll&#8221;. Ceir disgrifiadau academaidd cadarn gan Andrei Znamenski, Roberte Hamayon, ac yn y casgliad Rwsieg <em>Mify narodov mira<\/em> (Cyf. 2, 1992).<\/p><p>Mae dadl ymchwil bwysig yn troi ar y cwestiwn pa mor fawr o&#8217;r darlun &#8220;tywyll&#8221; cyfoes o Erlik sydd yn ragfwslimaidd\/ragfwdhaidd, a pha faint a gododd fel diafoleiddio cenhadol Cristnogol yn y 18fed a&#8217;r 19eg ganrif. Trosodd Verbickij a chenhadwyr eraill &#8220;Erlik&#8221; yn syml fel &#8220;diafol&#8221; yn eu geiriaduron, ffaith y mabwysiadodd ysgolheictod diweddarach yn ddigwestiwn am gyfnod maith.<\/p><p>Mae <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (Rhydychen 2007) gan Andrei Znamenski wedi ail-lunio hanes yr ystumiad hwn yn gynhwysfawr, ac yn dadlau dros adfer Erlik hanesyddol fel ffigwr trefnu amwys, y tu hwnt i gynlluniau deuolistaidd Cristnogol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dadleuon ymchwil a chwestiynau agored<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae tri chwestiwn ymchwil yn parhau&#8217;n agored. Yn gyntaf: pa ffurf gynharach oedd gan Erlik yn y grefydd broto-Dwrcig cyn cyswllt \u00e2 Bwdhaeth a Christnogaeth? Mae deunydd Anokhin yn awgrymu ei fod yn h\u0177n ac yn fwy annibynnol nag yr awgryma&#8217;r uniaethiad Bwdhaidd \u00e2 Yama.<\/p><p>Yn ail: i ba raddau y mae&#8217;r traddodiad Erlik Altaic yn barhaus \u00e2 thraddodiad <em>abasy<\/em> Iacwtaidd, ac yn anwastad \u00e2 thraddodiad Erlig Khaan Mongolaidd? Mae L. P. Potapov wedi dadlau dros ddamcaniaeth ymrannu yma, a gaiff ei hail-ystyried gan ymchwil ddiweddar.<\/p><p>Yn drydydd: pa ran y mae Erlik yn ei chwarae yn y s\u00een Neo-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"System grefyddol lle mae arbenigwyr yn cyfathrebu \u00e2 byd yr ysbrydion.\" tabindex=\"0\">Shamaniaeth<\/span> Tuvaidd ac Altaic gyfoes, sy&#8217;n datblygu&#8217;n rhannol yn erbyn ac yn rhannol gyda&#8217;r brif ffrwd Rwsiaidd? Mae Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer wedi dangos mewn nifer o erthyglau bod shamaniaid modern yn defnyddio Erlik yn fwriadol i amlygu dewis brodorol yn erbyn symbolaeth Uniongred Rwsiaidd flaenllaw.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y berthynas \u00e2 thraddodiad Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r uniaethu rhwng Erlik a Yama Bwdhaidd yn un o&#8217;r achosion gorau eu dogfennu mewn hanes crefyddol Mongolaidd-Tibetaidd. Dangosodd Walther Heissig yn <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) sut, dros nifer o ganrifoedd, y toddodd Erlik Altaic gyda Yama\/Shinje Indo-Tibetaidd, heb i ddisodliad llwyr ddigwydd.<\/p><p>Yn ei le, cododd cymeriad dwy haenog lle caiff yr haen Altaic neu&#8217;r haen Fwdhaidd ei hactifadu yn dibynnu ar y cyd-destun.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r haenu hwn yn enghraifft ddysgu ardderchog ar gyfer &#8216;Astudiaethau Cyfieithu&#8217; academaidd: sut yn union y caiff cysyniad ei drosglwyddo o un traddodiad i draddodiad arall, pa symudiadau semantig sy&#8217;n anochel, a pha ffurfiau hybrid nodedig a gyfyd o&#8217;r broses gyfieithu?<\/p><p>Achos penodol: yn y <em>Bardo-th\u00f6dr\u00f6l<\/em> Tibetaidd (&#8216;Llyfr y Meirw Tibetaidd&#8217;), ymddengys Yama fel daliwr drych sy&#8217;n dangos i&#8217;r person marw ei weithredoedd yn ystod ei fywyd. Mae&#8217;r syniad hwn yn absennol o gymhlethdod Erlik Altaic brodorol, ond mae&#8217;n bresennol yn y syniad Erlik Mongolaidd hwyr, sy&#8217;n arwydd o&#8217;r haen Fwdhaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s10 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s10h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s10h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ffynonellau a chysylltiad \u00e2'r hyb diwylliannol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s10c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s10c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s10t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s10t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I&#8217;r rhai a hoffai astudio cymhlethdod Erlik yn ei ehangder, mae&#8217;r dudalen drosolwg <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/shamaniaeth-siberia-tengriaeth\/\">Traddodiad Siberaidd-Tengristaidd<\/a> yn cynnig y croesgyfeiriadau pwysicaf i gymeriadau cysylltiedig fel <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/ulgen-duw-golau-altaiaid\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a> a&#8217;r ysbrydion niweidiol isaf o&#8217;r math <em>abasy<\/em>. Mae <em>Materialien zum <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"System grefyddol lle mae arbenigwyr yn cyfathrebu \u00e2 byd yr ysbrydion.\" tabindex=\"0\">Shamaniaeth<\/span> der Altaier<\/em> (1924) gan A. V. Anokhin yn parhau i fod y ffynhonnell gynradd bwysicaf.<\/p><p>O ran y trwytholchi Bwdhaidd, mae <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) gan Walther Heissig ac astudiaethau Klaus Sagaster yn berthnasol. O ran ymdrin yn feirniadol \u00e2 gwyriadau cenhadol, gwaith gorau sydd ar gael yw <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (Rhydychen 2007) gan Andrei Znamenski.<\/p><p>Mae gwaith safonol L. P. Potapov, <em>Altaiskij schamanizm<\/em> (Sant Petersburg 1991), yn cynnig y synthesis Sofietig-Rwsiaidd fwyaf cynhwysfawr ac ni ddylid ei anwybyddu mewn ymchwil ar Erlik.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s11 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s11h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s11h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ffenomenoleg grefyddol y byd tanddaearol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s11c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s11c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s11t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s11t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Erlik yn perthyn i sbectrwm ffenomenolegol-grefyddol duwiau&#8217;r byd tanddaearol, a drafododd Mircea Eliade yn helaeth yn <em>Forgerons et alchimistes<\/em> (1956) ac yn ei lyfr ar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"System grefyddol lle mae arbenigwyr yn cyfathrebu \u00e2 byd yr ysbrydion.\" tabindex=\"0\">Shamaniaeth<\/span>. Yr amwysedd sy&#8217;n nodweddiadol: mae duwiau&#8217;r byd tanddaearol yn cynrychioli&#8217;r maes cysgodol angenrheidiol o&#8217;r drefn gosmig, ac mae disgrifio eu natur yn syml fel &#8216;drwg&#8217; yn colli&#8217;r pwynt.<\/p><p>Nodwedd arbennig o Erlik yw ei swyddogaeth fel achoswr afiechydon a diddymwr afiechydon ar yr un pryd. Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arbenigwr crefyddol y priodolir iddo'r cyfryngu rhwng pobl a byd yr ysbrydion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shaman<\/span> du yn trafod gydag Erlik dros ddychwelyd eneidiau coll, model clasurol o &#8216;negodi shamanaidd&#8217; a ddatblygodd Roberte Hamayon yn wrthgyferbyniad i fodel &#8216;ecstasi&#8217; Eliade.<\/p><p>O safbwynt anthropoleg grefyddol, mae&#8217;r gwahaniad rhwng shamaniaid &#8216;gwyn&#8217; a &#8216;du&#8217; gyda chyfeiriadau duwiau ar wah\u00e2n yn ddiddorol. Ni cheir y strwythur deuol hwn mor glir mewn fawr ddim traddodiadau Siberaidd eraill ag ymhlith yr Altaic a&#8217;r Tuva; yn hanesyddol tebygol iddo godi&#8217;n hwyr, o bosib o dan ddylanwad Bwdhaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s12 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s12h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s12h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Myfyrdod methodolegol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s12c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s12c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s12t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s12t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wrth weithio \u00e2 ffynonellau Erlik, cyfyd nifer o broblemau methodolegol. Yn gyntaf: y ffynonellau hynaf yw cofnodion cenhadon Cristnogol (Verbickij, Chivalkov) o&#8217;r 19eg ganrif, a wnaeth ei uniaethu&#8217;n systematig \u00e2&#8217;r Diafol Cristnogol. Mae dinoethi&#8217;r haen genhadol hon yn dasg fethodolegol heriol.<\/p><p>Yn ail: mae&#8217;r uniaethiad Bwdhaidd \u00e2 Yama wedi cyflwyno haenau ystyr ychwanegol nad ydynt yn hawdd eu gwahanu o&#8217;r haen Erlik-gwreiddiol Altaic. Mae model haenau Walther Heissig yn gymorth, ond mae&#8217;n parhau i fod agored i drafodaeth.<\/p><p>Yn drydydd: mae&#8217;r ymarfer shamanaidd cyfoes ynghylch Erlik yn ddarniog ers cyfnod Sofietaidd; yr hyn a welwn heddiw yw ail-lunio ar sail testunau ethnograffig, nid parhad di-dor. Mae Andrei Znamenski wedi myfyrio&#8217;n feirniadol ar hyn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s13 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s13h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s13h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erlik yn y diwylliant poblogaidd cyfoes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s13c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s13c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s13t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s13t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn y diwylliant poblogaidd cyfoes, mae Erlik yn syndod o bresennol. Ymddengys mewn nifer o nofelau ffantasi Rwsiaidd, mewn gemau cyfrifiadur ar-lein (megis <em>Path of Exile<\/em>, <em>Smite<\/em>), mewn geiriau caneuon heavy metal ac ym myd manga ac anime. Yn aml, mae&#8217;r derbyniad hwn yn gwyrdroi&#8217;r darlun hanesyddol yn sylweddol, ond mae&#8217;n gwneud Erlik yn gymeriad diwylliannol fyw.<\/p><p>Yn academaidd, mae&#8217;r derbyniad hwn yn amwys: mae&#8217;n cadw Erlik yn y cof diwylliannol, ond ar y llaw arall mae&#8217;n ei fasnoli. Mae Andrei Znamenski, yn <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (2007), wedi tynnu sylw at y tensiwn rhwng ailgyfansoddiad academaidd ac apropiad poblogaidd.<\/p><p>Yn y gweriniaethau Altaic a Tuva eu hunain, mae Erlik yn llai presennol yn y diwylliant gwerin nag \u00dclgen neu Tengri; mae&#8217;n parhau i fod yn gymeriad ymylol yn fwy o beth sy&#8217;n chwarae rhan yn yr ymarfer shamanaidd, ond nid yn y gynrychiolaeth gyhoeddus o&#8217;r rhanbarth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27518a4a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp27518a4a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20374ec2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp20374ec2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erlik yn stori greu Altaic: cyd-gr\u00ebwr y byd anghyflawn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23d083fe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp23d083fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fdabf2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2fdabf2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn chwedlau creu pobloedd Twrceg-siarad yr Altai, mae Erlik, a elwir hefyd <em>Erlik Khan<\/em> neu <em>Erlik<\/em>, yn chwarae r\u00f4l amwys ond hollol angenrheidiol.<\/p><p>Mae sawl fersiwn a gofnodwyd gan ethnograffwyr y 19eg ganrif a dechrau&#8217;r 20fed ganrif yn disgrifio sut, ar y dechrau, mai d\u0175r yn unig oedd yn bodoli, a sut y daeth y duw creu, a adnabyddir yn aml fel <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/ulgen-duw-golau-altaiaid\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a>, i godi&#8217;r ddaear o&#8217;r dyfroedd cynoesol gyda chymorth Erlik.<\/p><p>Yn fersiwn cyffredin o&#8217;r chwedl, mae&#8217;r ddau yn plymio ar ffurf adar, neu&#8217;n peri i greadur blymio, i n\u00f4l pridd o waelod y m\u00f4r cynoesol. Yn y cyfamser, mae Erlik yn cadw peth o&#8217;r pridd yn gudd yn ei geg, gyda&#8217;r bwriad o greu byd iddo&#8217;i hun.<\/p><p>Pan mae&#8217;r duw creu yn peri i&#8217;r pridd a ddaethpwyd yn tyfu, mae&#8217;r pridd cudd yng ngheg Erlik hefyd yn dechrau tyfu, ac mae&#8217;n gorfod ei boeri allan. O&#8217;r pridd a boerwyd allan hwn y daw&#8217;r corsydd, y tiroedd anghysbell ac anffrwythlon. Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Elfen gynnwys a ailddigwydd mewn celf neu chwedloniaeth.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiff<\/span> hwn yn esbonio&#8217;n fytholegol pam nad yw&#8217;r byd yn berffaith.<\/p><p>Perthyn y chwedl hon i deip cyffredin iawn o fythau creu &#8216;plymiwr y ddaear&#8217;, sydd wedi&#8217;i gofnodi ar draws holl ogledd Ewrasia a Gogledd America. Trawiadol yw safle foesol amwys Erlik: yn lle bod yn ddif\u00e4wr syml, dengys y myth gyd-gr\u00ebwr, y mae ei ymyrraeth annibynnol a&#8217;i dwyll yn cwblhau ac yn niweidio&#8217;r byd ar yr un pryd.<\/p><p>Wrth farnu&#8217;r chwedlau hyn, dylid nodi bod y cofnodion yn dyddio o gyfnod pan oedd crefydd yr Altai eisoes wedi dod i gysylltiad \u00e2 syniadau Cristnogol a Bwdhaidd. Mae rhai ymchwilwyr felly wedi gofyn a gafodd y pwyslais ar gyd-gr\u00ebwr gwrthwynebus ei gryfhau gan ddylanwadau o&#8217;r fath. Nid oes ateb pendant yn bosibl.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2032381e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2032381e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2549d4d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2549d4d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Arglwydd y Byd Isod: teyrnas Erlik a'r daith siamanaidd i lawr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2699d7d9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2699d7d9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp215c60fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp215c60fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y tu hwnt i&#8217;r chwedlau creu, adnabyddir Erlik yng nghrefydd yr Altai a Siberia yn gyffredinol yn bennaf fel Arglwydd y Byd Isod a llywodraethwr y meirw. Disgrifir ei deyrnas yn y ffynonellau fel ardal dywyll o dan y ddaear, y try&#8217;r meirw iddi.<\/p><p>Ystyrir Erlik hefyd yn achos afiechyd a marwolaeth; pan oedd rhywun yn dost yn ddifrifol, credid yn \u00f4l syniad yr Altai y gallai ei enaid neu rym bywyd fod wedi&#8217;i herwgipio i&#8217;r byd isod gan Erlik neu ei negeswyr.<\/p><p>Roedd math penodol o arfer siamanaidd yn gysylltiedig \u00e2&#8217;r syniad hwn. Tra oedd y daith i&#8217;r nen at \u00dclgen yn ddyrchafiad, roedd y daith at Erlik yn ddisgyniad.<\/p><p>Byddai&#8217;r arbenigwr siamanaidd yn disgrifio, mewn caneuon defodol, sut roedd yn disgyn i deyrnas Erlik, sut y byddai&#8217;n goresgyn rhwystrau yno, ac yn y pen draw yn ymddangos gerbron Erlik i drafod ag ef, er enghraifft i hawlio&#8217;n \u00f4l enaid claf a herwgipiwyd, neu i gyflwyno offrymau.<\/p><p>Cofnododd Wilhelm Radloff ddisgrifiadau o&#8217;r fath o ddisgyniadau, ac fe roddwyd sylw mawr iddynt yn ddiweddarach yn yr ymchwil gymharol i siamaniaeth.<\/p><p>Rhaid bod yn ofalus wrth eu dehongli. Perfformiadau penodol yw&#8217;r testunau a gofnodwyd, nid sgriptiau bythwyrdd, ac mae eu cyffredinoli i batrwm o daith siamanaidd i&#8217;r byd isod, fel y gwnaeth Mircea Eliade er enghraifft, wedi cael ei feirniadu gan ymchwil ddiweddarach am fod yn rhy lyfn.<\/p><p>Gellir dweud yn sicr bod Erlik yn ymarfer yr Altai yn llawer mwy na bod syml a ofnid ac a osgoid: roedd yn rym y byddai&#8217;r arbenigwr yn negodi ag ef yn weithredol yn ystod y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfres reoledig o weithredoedd symbolaidd sydd ag ystyr crefyddol neu ddiwylliannol.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddefod<\/span>. Roedd yr ymwneud ag Erlik yn mynd y tu hwnt i amddiffyniad noeth; roedd yn gyfathrebu rheoledig a pheryglus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2907420d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2907420d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fc29be0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2fc29be0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erlik rhwng traddodiad brodorol a dylanwad estron: dadl ymchwil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp215c8e40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp215c8e40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27662833 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp27662833\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Saif ffigwr Erlik yng nghanol dadl ymchwil hirfaith am ddylanwadau estron ar grefydd mewnol Asia. Trawiadol yn y lle cyntaf yw&#8217;r enw ei hun: mae Erlik, neu Erlik Khan, yn gysylltiedig yn ieithyddol ac yn gysyniadol \u00e2 Yama y traddodiad Bwdhaidd, a ddaeth yn rhan o fyd meddwl Mongolaidd a Bwdhaeth Tibetaidd fel Erlik Khan.<\/p><p>Y cwestiwn yw a oedd ffigwr y byd isod yn yr Altai fel hyn o&#8217;r dechrau, neu a gafodd ei ail-lunio gan Fwdhaeth.<\/p><p>Mae ail linyn o&#8217;r ddadl yn ymwneud \u00e2 deuoliaeth.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r gwrthwynebiad rhwng \u00dclgen uwchben ac Erlik oddi tano, rhwng creu a niweidio, rhwng y nen a&#8217;r byd isod, yn atgoffa rhai ymchwilwyr o gyfundrefnau crefyddol deuolaidd, er enghraifft syniadau Zoroastraidd, a allai fod wedi dod yn ddylanwadol drwy lwybrau masnach Canol Asia, neu&#8217;r gwrthwynebiad Cristnogol rhwng Duw a&#8217;r Diafol, a ddaeth gyda&#8217;r genhadaeth Rwsiaidd.<\/p><p>Gan fod y ffynonellau&#8217;n dyddio o gyfnod pan oedd yr holl gysylltiadau hyn eisoes yn bodoli ers cryn amser, mae&#8217;n anodd iawn dadwreiddio&#8217;r cynnwys gwreiddiol.<\/p><p>Daw&#8217;r ymchwil ofalus yn fethodolegol i&#8217;r casgliad bod Erlik yn deillio, mae&#8217;n debyg, o syniad brodorol o rym byd isod, ond bod y syniad hwn wedi&#8217;i ail-lunio ac wedi&#8217;i wneud yn fwy pendant gan ddylanwadau Bwdhaidd ac o bosibl dylanwadau eraill. Yn bwysig yma mae&#8217;r rhybudd rhag camddealltwriaeth gyffredin: ni ddylid cyfateb Erlik yn ddiofal \u00e2&#8217;r Diafol Cristnogol.<\/p><p>Yn chwedlau&#8217;r Altai, nid drwg pur ydyw, ond rhan angenrheidiol o drefn y byd, y bu&#8217;n rhaid i bobl a&#8217;u harbenigwyr defodol ddod i delerau ag ef. Mae ei osod fel gwrthwynebydd \u00dclgen yn disgrifio cyd-ategiad tensiynus, nid rhyfel moesol. Mae <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/shamaniaeth-siberia-tengriaeth\/\">diwylliannau mewnol Asia<\/a> eraill hefyd yn adnabod llywodraethwyr byd isod cyfebychol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Llenyddiaeth (dewis)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>A. V. Anokhin: <em>Deunyddiau ar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"System grefyddol lle mae arbenigwyr yn cyfathrebu \u00e2 byd yr ysbrydion.\" tabindex=\"0\">siamaniaeth<\/span> yr Alta\u00efaid<\/em> (1924)<\/li><li>Mircea Eliade: <em>Le chamanisme<\/em> (1951)<\/li><li>Walther Heissig: <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970)<\/li><li>Vladimir Basilov: <em>Shamanism in Siberia<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>Roberte Hamayon: <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990)<\/li><li>Andrei Znamenski: <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (2007)<\/li><li>L. P. Potapov: <em>Altaiskij schamanizm<\/em> (1991)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-erlikkhan e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-erlikkhan\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-erlikkhan-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-erlikkhan-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yng nghred <em>Altai<\/em>&#8211;<em>Siberia<\/em>, mae&#8217;r <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chwedl draddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span><\/em> yn portreadu Erlik Khan fel llywodraethwr y byd isod a gwrthwynebydd \u00dclgen; mae caneuon siamanaidd Twrciaid a Bwriatiaid yr Altai yn cyfleu ei r\u00f4l mewn afiechyd, marwolaeth ac arwain eneidiau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termau allweddol cysylltiedig: Erlik Khan Erlig Khaan Altai Byd Isaf Yama ail-lunio Bwdhaidd.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-erlik-khan\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a thraddodiadau amddiffyn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Mae iWell Guard yn parhau \u00e2&#8217;r traddodiad diwylliannol-hanesyddol o wrthrychau amddiffynnol cludadwy, yn draddodiad <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/shamaniaeth-siberia-tengriaeth\/\">Siberia \/ Tengriaeth<\/a> a llawer o ddiwylliannau eraill ar draws y byd. 41 haen, aur pur, platinwm, arian, wedi&#8217;i gynhyrchu yn yr Almaen. Hawl dychwelyd o 30 diwrnod.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mwy am yr iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mwy am yr iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Gall profiadau personol amrywio. Nid yw&#8217;n ddyfais feddygol. Ni roddir unrhyw addewid iach\u00e2d.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Nid <strong>cynnyrch meddygol<\/strong> yw iWell Guard ac nid yw'n disodli triniaeth feddygol na seicotherapiwtig. 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Trafodaeth ar y myth a'r addoliad.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"sibirisch-tengrismus","wesen_klasse":"daemonen","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-191536","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Erlik Khan \u2013 Duw Byd Isaf yr Altai, Myth a Ffynonellau<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Erlik Khan yw Arglwydd y Byd Isaf yn nhengriaeth de Siberia, a gwrthwynebydd \u00dclgen. 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