{"id":191530,"date":"2026-09-07T07:26:18","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:26:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191530"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"yam-duw-mor-ffenicaidd","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/yam-duw-mor-ffenicaidd\/","title":{"rendered":"Yam \u2013 Duw M\u00f4r Ffenicaidd"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191530\" class=\"elementor elementor-191530 elementor-2630 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yam, Duw M\u00f4r Ffenicaidd-Ugaritaidd a Gwrthwynebwr Baal<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yam (Ugaritaidd <em>ym<\/em>, Ffenicaidd <em>ym<\/em>) yw duw m\u00f4r y traddodiad Ugaritaidd-Ffenicaidd a phrif wrthwynebwr <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/baal-hadad-duw-tywydd-ffenicaidd\/\">Baal<\/a> yng Nghylch Baal. Mae ei gwymp yn nodi sefydlu&#8217;r drefn ddwyfol; mae&#8217;n perthyn i deulu&#8217;r bodau anhrefn o fewn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau am dduwiau a drosglwyddwyd o fewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">fytholeg<\/span> hen Ddwyrain Agos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bod m\u00f4r o'r traddodiad Ffenicaidd.\">Bod M\u00f4r<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/phoeniciaid-a-cartago-baal-tanit\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytholeg y traddodiad Ffenicaidd.\">Ffenicaidd<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duw m\u00f4r.\">Duw M\u00f4r<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-yam-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-yam-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" 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975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193358\" alt=\"Yam - duw o&apos;r Draddodiad Ffenicaidd, darluniad hanesyddol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-yam elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-yam\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-yam\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-yam\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-yam elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-yam\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yam yw duw m\u00f4r <strong>Ffenicaidd-Ugaritaidd<\/strong> a gwrthwynebwr Baal yng Nghylch Baal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dosbarthiad a Phroffil Byr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yam yw ymgnawdoliad Ffenicaidd-Canaanaidd m\u00f4r anhrefnus. Dangosodd Mark Smith yn <em>The Ugaritic Baal Cycle<\/em> (1994\/2009) fod Yam yng Nghylch Baal yn brif wrthwynebwr, a bod ei gwymp yn sylfaenu brenhiniaeth <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/baal-hadad-duw-tywydd-ffenicaidd\/\">Baal<\/a>. Yn y <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/phoeniciaid-a-cartago-baal-tanit\/\">traddodiad Ffenicaidd<\/a>, Yam yw duw anhrefn m\u00f4r prototeipaidd.<\/p><p>Yn hanes crefyddol, mae Yam yn cynrychioli&#8217;r math o dd\u0175r anhrefnus dwyfol sy&#8217;n ymddangos ym mron pob mytholeg Asiaidd Orllewinol: Tiamat yn Mesopotamia, gwrthdaro Apsu-Marduk-Tiamat, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/hedammu-anghenfil-mor\/\">Hedammu<\/a> yn y <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/hethitig-anatolaidd-tarhunna-duwiau-diogelu\/\">traddodiad Hurraidd<\/a>, Typhon yng Ngwlad Groeg. Nid duwiau drwg yn syml yw&#8217;r duwiau d\u0175r anhrefnus hyn, ond bodau cosmig amwys, ac mae eu trechu yn sefydlu&#8217;r drefn ddwyfol.<\/p><p>Yn wahanol i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/hedammu-anghenfil-mor\/\">Hedammu<\/a> neu <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/ullikummi-cawr-carreg\/\">Ullikummi<\/a>, mae Yam yn dduw llawn; mae ganddo ei balas ei hun, mae ganddo negeswyr ac mae&#8217;n hawlio&#8217;r frenhiniaeth. Nid dinistrio anghenfil yw ei gwymp yn erbyn Baal, ond y penderfyniad mewn brwydr frenhinol ddwyfol. Mae&#8217;r gwahaniaeth diwinyddol hwn yn bwysig yn hanes crefyddol ac yn gwahaniaethu&#8217;r traddodiad Ugaritaidd-Ffenicaidd oddi wrth yr un Hurraidd.<\/p><p>Mae pwynt diwinyddol arbennig o wrthdaro Baal-Yam yn gorwedd yn y ffaith fod Yam wedi ei ddynodi&#8217;n gyfreithlon yn frenin gyntaf gan El, y duw tad oedrannus. Felly mae dyrchafiad Baal yn digwydd yn erbyn yr hierarchaeth ddwyfol sefydledig, nid mewn cytgord \u00e2 hi. Mae&#8217;r manylyn hwn yn tanlinellu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y ddysgeidiaeth wyddonol am Dduw a chred crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">theoleg<\/span> chwyldroadol Cylch Baal, sy&#8217;n sefydlu trefn dwyfol newydd.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r ffurfweddiad diwinyddol hwn, gyda brenin sy&#8217;n gwasanaethu (Yam) a duw storm chwyldroadol (Baal), yn cael cyfatebiaeth agos yng Nghylch Kumarbi Hethiaidd, lle mae <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/teshub-duw-tywydd-hwriaidd\/\">Teshub<\/a> yn gwrthryfela yn erbyn y duw tad sefydledig <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/kumarbi-tad-y-duwiau-hyrritaidd\/\">Kumarbi<\/a>. Mae&#8217;r cydgysylltiad crefyddol-hanesyddol o F\u00f4r y Canoldir Dwyreiniol yn yr Oes Efydd Ddiweddar yn arbennig o ddwys yma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enw ac Etymoleg<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y gair <em>ym<\/em> yw&#8217;r gair Gorllewin-Semitaidd cyffredin am &#8216;m\u00f4r&#8217;; felly Yam yn llythrennol yw &#8216;y m\u00f4r&#8217; ei hun. Mae&#8217;r hunaniaeth hon rhwng enw duw a chategori cosmig yn nodweddiadol o theogoni hen Ddwyrain Agos. Yn Acadaidd, y gyfatebiaeth fyddai <em>t\u00e2mtu<\/em> (Tiamat); yn Hebraeg <em>y\u0101m<\/em> (gyda tarddiad union yr un fath, er nad wedi ei bersonoli&#8217;n dduwiol).<\/p><p>Yn y testunau Ugaritaidd, mae Yam yn ymddangos o dan sawl teitl: <em>zbl ym<\/em> &#8216;Tywysog Yam&#8217;, <em>tp\u1e6d nhr<\/em> &#8216;Barnwr Afon&#8217;, <em>\u02beyl rbn<\/em> &#8216;Duw Cadarn&#8217; ac <em>tnn<\/em> &#8216;Tannin&#8217; (draig m\u00f4r). Mae&#8217;r amrywiaeth enwau yn adlewyrchu ei aml-swyddogaeth gosmig: mae Yam yn f\u00f4r, afon, draig ac ymgeisydd brenhinol ar yr un pryd.<\/p><p>Yn y deunydd Hebraeg, mae Yam yn ymddangos fel gwrthwynebwr cosmig i Iahwe mewn sawl salm a thestun proffwydol (Salm 74; Salm 89; Eseia 27; Habacuc 3); mae&#8217;r Liwyathan (Leviathan) a&#8217;r Tannin hefyd yn perthyn i deulu estynedig Yam.<\/p><p>Mae John Day wedi archwilio&#8217;r cyfeiriadau Hebraeg yn fanwl yn <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em> (1985); mae Mark Smith wedi gwneud y dosbarthiad hanesyddol yn <em>The Origins of Biblical Monotheism<\/em> (2001).<\/p><p>Mewn arysgrifau Aramaeg a Ffenicaidd o&#8217;r 1af mileniwm CC, mae&#8217;r ffigwr Yam personol yn diflannu; cyfeirir at y m\u00f4r yn gynyddol fel sff\u00ear cosmig yn unig, nid fel duw gweithredol. Mae&#8217;r &#8216;ddadddwyfoli&#8217; hon o&#8217;r m\u00f4r yn ddadlennol yn hanes crefyddol ac yn digwydd yn gyfochrog \u00e2 chydgrynhoad cwlt Baal fel y prif gwlt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disgrifiad ac Eiconograffeg<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Yam yn ymddangos yn anghyffredin mewn ffurf bersonol mewn iconograffeg; fe&#8217;i portreadir yn amlaf fel y m\u00f4r ei hun neu fel neidr f\u00f4r enfawr (Tannin). Mewn rhai seliau Ugaritaidd o&#8217;r 14eg\/13eg ganrif CC, dangosir brwydr Baal-Yam mewn ffurf symbolaidd: Baal gyda phastwn wedi&#8217;i godi dros ffigwr neidr.<\/p><p>Mewn cyd-destunau Ffenicaidd, mae&#8217;r iconograffeg Yam hyd yn oed yn fwy prin; mae&#8217;r m\u00f4r yn cael ei symboleiddio&#8217;n amlach fel amgylchedd cosmig mordwyaeth Ffenicaidd, gyda delweddau blaen cwch, motiffau pysgod ac addurniadau tonnau, heb bersonoliad uniongyrchol o Yam.<\/p><p>Mae traddodiad iconograffig pwysig yn datblygu yn y cyfnod Helenistaidd-Rufeinig: Yam-Poseidon gyda tryfor a gyriant ceffylau. Mae&#8217;r trosglwyddiad hwn o ddelweddau Groegaidd Poseidon i draddodiad duw m\u00f4r Ffenicaidd-Gorllewin-Semitaidd yn llai amlwg yn famwlad Ffenicaidd nag yn y gwladfeydd Gorllewin M\u00f4r y Canoldir, lle roedd dylanwad Groegaidd yn fwy dwys.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pl\u00e2t carreg neu bren wedi'i osod ar ei sefyll, ag arysgrif neu ddarlun arno.\" tabindex=\"0\">st\u00eal<\/span> Tarw enwog o Ras Shamra yn dangos ffurf neidr fach o dan draed Baal; yn yr ymchwil, mae&#8217;r neidr hon yn cael ei nodi&#8217;n aml gyda Yam-Tannin. Mae&#8217;r cadarnhad iconograffig hwn o fuddugoliaeth Baal dros y neidr yn un o dystiolaethau delweddol pwysicaf Cylch Baal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Chwedlau mytholegol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y ffynhonnell bennaf ar gyfer Yam yw&#8217;r Cylch Baal Ugaritig (KTU 1.1, 1.2), sy&#8217;n darlunio&#8217;r gwrthdaro rhwng Yam a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/baal-hadad-duw-tywydd-ffenicaidd\/\">Baal<\/a>. Braslun o&#8217;r stori: mae Yam, wedi&#8217;i ddynodi&#8217;n frenin yn swyddogol gan El, yn anfon ei negeswyr at gyngor y duwiau ac yn galw am drosglwyddo Baal iddo. Mae&#8217;r duwiau&#8217;n crynu ac yn ostwng eu pennau; dim ond Baal sy&#8217;n gwrthsefyll ac yn derbyn yr ymladd.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r duw gof Kothar-wa-Khasis yn creu dwy arf hudol ar gyfer Baal, o&#8217;r enw &#8216;Ayamur&#8217; a &#8216;Yagrush&#8217; (&#8216;yr un sy&#8217;n gwahanu&#8217; a &#8216;yr un sy&#8217;n hela ymaith&#8217;). Mae Baal yn ymladd yn erbyn Yam gyda hwy; mae&#8217;r ergyd gyntaf yn siglo Yam, a&#8217;r ail yn ei chwalu&#8217;n llwyr.<\/p><p>Mae Yam yn syrthio i&#8217;r ddaear; mae Baal yn cyhoeddi: &#8216;Mae Yam yn farw, Baal yw&#8217;r brenin!&#8217; Mae Mark Smith wedi rhoi sylwebaeth fanwl ar y testun yn ei olygiad monumental.<\/p><p>Mae pennod Ugaritig arall yn disgrifio brwydr <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/anat-duwies-rhyfel-ffenicaidd\/\">Anat<\/a> yn erbyn Yam, gan gefnogi ei brawd Baal. Mae Anat yn &#8216;ladd y m\u00f4r, difa&#8217;r afon, darostwng y Tannin, trechu&#8217;r sarff dro&#8217;. Mae&#8217;r bennod hon o Anat a Yam yn ddadlennol yn hanesyddol, ac yn dangos bod y frwydr yn erbyn dyfroedd anrhefn yn ymdrech ddwyfol gyfun, nid gweithred unigol Baal yn unig.<\/p><p>Mae pennod arall, sydd ar wasgar, yn disgrifio Yam mewn cysylltiad \u00e2 &#8216;meibion El&#8217; (<em>bn \u02beil<\/em>), sy&#8217;n gweithredu fel cyngor y duwiau. Trafodir hawliad Yam yng nghyngor y duwiau, mae El yn cytuno, a dim ond Baal sy&#8217;n gwrthwynebu. Mae&#8217;r traddodiad &#8216;cyngor dwyfol&#8217; hwn yn arwyddocaol yn hanes crefydd, ac mae ganddo debygrwydd i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Elfen gynnwys sy'n ailymddangos mewn celf neu naratif.\" tabindex=\"0\">fotiff<\/span> Hebraeg &#8216;meibion Duw&#8217; (Job 1; Salm 82).<\/p><p>Roedd cantorion Ugaritig yn debygol o berfformio&#8217;r gwrthdaro rhwng Baal a Yam yn ei gyflawnder, gyda chariwyr llechi, offerynnau cerdd a dawnsiau cwltaidd. Mae&#8217;r dimensiwn perfformiadol hwn wedi&#8217;i ddatblygu&#8217;n systematig yn ymchwil ddiweddar ar Ugarit, er enghraifft gan Wilfred Watson a Pierre Bordreuil.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cwlt ac Addoliad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nid oedd Yam yn dderbynnydd cwlt; fel duw anrhefn, ni chafodd ei addoli ond yn hytrach ei drechu&#8217;n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn perthyn i drefn seremon\u00efol grefyddol benodol.\" tabindex=\"0\">seremon\u00efol<\/span> mewn defodau. Mewn rhai defodau amddiffynnol, mae&#8217;n ymddangos fel esiampl brototeipiol o&#8217;r perygl cosmig y mae&#8217;n rhaid ei drechu drwy ymyrraeth ddwyfol.<\/p><p>Fodd bynnag, adroddwyd ei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, gwreiddiau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">fyth<\/span> yng nghwlt y wladwriaeth; roedd Cylch Baal yn rhan o repertoire cantorion Ugarit, ac yn \u00f4l pob tebyg cafodd ei berfformio mewn gwyliau mawr. Mae&#8217;n bosibl fod ailberfformio seremon\u00efol o&#8217;r bennod Baal-Yam yn rhan o ddefodau g\u0175yl y gwanwyn, yn debyg i&#8217;r Enuma Elish Mesopotamaidd yng ng\u0175yl y flwyddyn newydd.<\/p><p>Mewn defodau mordeithio Ffenicaidd, tawelwyd y m\u00f4r yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn perthyn i drefn seremon\u00efol grefyddol benodol.\" tabindex=\"0\">seremon\u00efol<\/span>; roedd capteiniaid llongau a theithwyr yn cynnig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, cais neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrymau<\/span> i&#8217;r m\u00f4r yn y gobaith o gael croesiad diogel. Nid oedd y ddefosiwn mordeithio hon yn cyfeirio&#8217;n uniongyrchol at Yam, ond roedd yn perthyn i&#8217;r un byd-olwg cosmolegol. Mae Sabatino Moscati wedi disgrifio diwylliant morwrol Ffenicaidd mewn nifer o astudiaethau.<\/p><p>Mae cysylltiad seremon\u00efol pwysig yn bodoli rhwng buddugoliaeth Yam a g\u0175yl gwanwyn Ugarit; yn \u00f4l pob tebyg, cafodd y gwrthdaro ei ail-greu&#8217;n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn perthyn i drefn seremon\u00efol grefyddol benodol.\" tabindex=\"0\">seremon\u00efol<\/span> ar adeg stormydd y gwanwyn, pan oedd glaw trwm y gaeaf yn cilio a thymor mordeithio&#8217;n dechrau. Mae&#8217;r natur dymhorol seremon\u00efol hon yn nodweddiadol yn hanesyddol o Ddwyrain M\u00f4r y Canoldir yn yr Oes Efydd Ddiweddar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ymarfer amddiffynnol ac elfennau apotrop\u00e4ig<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Roedd arferion apotrop\u00e4ig yn erbyn y m\u00f4r anrhefnus yn gyffredin mewn cyd-destunau Ffenicaidd. Ar addurniadau blaen llongau, ceir llygaid apotrop\u00e4ig, symbolau cyrn tarw neu &#8216;arwydd Tanit&#8217; fel amddiffyniad rhag peryglon y m\u00f4r. Roedd y delweddau hyn yn rhan o offer safonol llongau masnach a rhyfel Ffenicaidd.<\/p><p>Yn ninasoedd porthladd, defnyddiwyd fformwl\u00e2u amddiffynnol yn erbyn &#8216;y m\u00f4r gorffwyll a&#8217;i greaduriaid&#8217;; yn yr arysgrifau Pwnig, ceir offrymau er cof am ddychweliad hapus o fordeithiau. Mae&#8217;r ddefosiwn teithio hon o ddiddordeb hanesyddol crefyddol, gan ei bod yn fframio symudedd rhyngwladol y byd Ffenicaidd yn uniongyrchol yn grefyddol.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">O safbwynt gwyddonol, mae Yam yn esiampl o berson-eiddio&#8217;r m\u00f4r anrhefnus. Mae ei drechiad naratif gan arfau hud Baal yn gymharol yn hanesyddol i&#8217;r gwrthdaro Marduk-Tiamat, lle mae arfau hud hefyd yn sicrhau buddugoliaeth. Mae iWell Guard yn cofnodi Yam fel ffigwr hanesyddol-fytholegol heb unrhyw swyddogaeth amddiffynnol gyfoes a heb unrhyw gysylltiad ag addewidion iach\u00e2d modern.<\/p><p>Yn yr arysgrifau Pwnig o Carthago a Motya, ceir &#8216;dduwiau&#8217;r m\u00f4r&#8217; (Ffenicaidd <em>\u02belm ym<\/em>) fel derbynwyr offrymau cyn mordeithiau; mae&#8217;n destun dadl a yw hyn yn gof uniongyrchol o Yam neu&#8217;n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfarch deisyfgar neu alwadol ar dduwdod neu b\u0175er.\" tabindex=\"0\">alwad<\/span> gyffredinol ar dduw&#8217;r m\u00f4r.<\/p><p>Dylid dehongli llygaid blaen llongau Ffenicaidd yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn amddiffynnol yn erbyn drwg: yn cyfeirio at arwyddion a gwrthrychau a fwriedir i gadw dylanwadau niweidiol draw.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotrop\u00e4ig<\/span> yn hanes crefydd; maent yn trawsnewid golwg y llong yn b\u0175er amddiffynnol yn erbyn Yam a&#8217;i greaduriaid.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cymariaethau mewn diwylliannau eraill<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Yam yn perthyn i deulu rhyngwladol o dduwiau&#8217;r d\u0175r anhrefn. Yn y traddodiad Mesopotamaidd, Tiamat o&#8217;r Enuma Elish sydd yn cyfateb iddo; yn <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/hethitig-anatolaidd-tarhunna-duwiau-diogelu\/\">draddodiad Hurrieg-Hethiteg<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/hedammu-anghenfil-mor\/\">Hedammu<\/a> a&#8217;r &#8216;G\u00e2n y M\u00f4r&#8217; darniog (CTH 346) yn erbyn <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/teshub-duw-tywydd-hwriaidd\/\">Teshub<\/a>. Mae Mark Smith a Mary Bachvarova wedi dogfennu&#8217;r cysylltiadau rhwng y mytholegau hyn mewn nifer o astudiaethau.<\/p><p>Yn y deunydd Hebraeg, Yam yw gwrthwynebydd cosmig Iafe mewn nifer o Salmau; dehonglir y greadigaeth fel buddugoliaeth Iafe dros Yam, Liwjatan a Tannin (Salm 74:13, 14; Eseia 27:1). Mae&#8217;r testunau hyn yn perthyn i &#8216;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y ddysgeidiaeth wyddonol am Dduw ac am ffydd crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">theoleg<\/span> yr ymrafael \u00e2 anhrefn&#8217; yn y Beibl Hebraeg ac yn dibynnu&#8217;n hanesyddol yn uniongyrchol ar draddodiad Yam Wgaritaidd.<\/p><p>Gyda Typhon Groegaidd, mae Yam yn rhannu&#8217;r proffil o wrthwynebydd anhrefn; gyda Poseidon, mae&#8217;n rhannu personoliad y m\u00f4r, ond mewn cyfluniad diwinyddol tra gwahanol. Yn y cyfnod Helenistig-Rufeinig, unwyd Yam Ffenicaidd gyda Poseidon; addaswyd y proffil gwrthwynebydd anhrefn gweithredol o blaid swyddogaeth y duw morwriaeth.<\/p><p>Yn arysgrifau Wrartaidd, ymddengys duw m\u00f4r o&#8217;r enw Quera, a thrafodir ei gysylltiad hanes-grefyddol \u00e2 Yam yn y blynyddoedd diwethaf. Mae ymchwil Mirjo Salvini yn cynnig canfyddiadau newydd pwysig yn y maes hwn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Derbyniad a Ymchwil Gyfoes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae ymchwil Yam heddiw ar lefel uchel. Golygiad Cylch Baal Mark Smith a Wayne Pitard yw&#8217;r cyfeirnod safonol; astudiodd John Day yn fanwl y cymharion Hebraeg yn <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em> (1985). Rhoddodd Daniel Schwemer y cyd-destun hanesyddol yn <em>Die Wettergottgestalten<\/em> (2001).<\/p><p>Yn y derbyniad poblogaidd, mae Yam yn adnabyddus yn bennaf trwy&#8217;r mythau Wgaritaidd a chyfeiriadau Hebraeg-Feiblaidd. Nid oes adfywiad ysbrydol yn yr ystyr Neo-baganaidd.<\/p><p>Yn wyddonol, ystyrir Yam heddiw yn wrthrych astudio canolog i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y ddysgeidiaeth wyddonol am Dduw ac am ffydd crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">theoleg<\/span> d\u0175r anhrefn y Dwyrain Agos Hynafol ac i deulu mythau&#8217;r brwydrau m\u00f4r rhwng duwiau storm.<\/p><p>Mae prif feysydd ymchwil cyfredol yn canolbwyntio ar wahaniaethu rhwng y gwahanol greaduriaid m\u00f4r (Yam, Liwjatan, Tannin), ar y cymariaethau Beiblaidd, ac ar y berthynas hanes-grefyddol union \u00e2 thraddodiad Tiamat Mesopotamaidd. Mae iWell Guard yn cofnodi Yam fel enghraifft hanesyddol heb gyswllt diogelu ymarferol.<\/p><p>Yn ymchwil Feiblaidd fodern, mae Yam yn cael ei drin yn gynyddol systematig fel cefndir hanes-grefyddol i&#8217;r testunau creadigaeth a&#8217;r ymrafael ag anhrefn. Mae Bernard Batto a John Day wedi archwilio&#8217;n fanwl y cysylltiad rhwng traddodiad Yam a hanes creadigaeth Hebraeg mewn nifer o astudiaethau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Llenyddiaeth a ffynonellau<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r detholiad canlynol yn crynhoi&#8217;r gweithiau safonol pwysicaf ar ymchwil Yam. Mae&#8217;n cynnwys golygiadau testun, syntheseau hanesyddol, ac astudiaethau ar y cymariaethau Hebraeg-Feiblaidd. Golygiad Cylch Baal Mark Smith yw sylfaen y ffynonellau cynradd; mae John Day a Schwemer yn cynnig cyd-destunoliad hanes-grefyddol. Mae Mary Bachvarova yn cynnig y llinell gyswllt \u00e2&#8217;r traddodiad Groegaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp267ce5fe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp267ce5fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c5eeff3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c5eeff3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cylch Baal o Wgarit fel Prif Ffynhonnell<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24751ec0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24751ec0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20cca71c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp20cca71c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Daw bron popeth y gellir ei ddweud am <em>Yammu<\/em> fel cymeriad gweithredol o un cyfansawdd testun sengl: y Cylch Baal, cyfres o dabledi clai mewn cyneiriau wyddor a ddaeth i&#8217;r fei rhwng 1929 a&#8217;r 1930au, yn ystod cloddiadau Ffrengig o dan Claude Schaeffer ar <em>Tell Ras Schamra<\/em> ar arfordir Syria.<\/p><p>Cedwir y tabledi heddiw o dan y llofnodau KTU 1.1 hyd 1.6; mae pennod Yam yn canolbwyntio ar KTU 1.1 a 1.2. Yn \u00f4l y colofon, ysgrifennwyd y tabledi gan yr ysgrifennydd Ilimilku, mae&#8217;n debyg yn y 14eg neu&#8217;r 13eg ganrif CC.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddiad gwybodaeth a straeon dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad<\/span> yn brith o fylchau. Mae tabled KTU 1.1 wedi&#8217;i ddifrodi&#8217;n ddrwg, a dechrau&#8217;r gwrthdaro yn colli i raddau helaeth. Nid yw KTU 1.2 yn dechrau ond gyda golygfa gyfannol: mae Yam yn anfon negeswyr i gynulliad y duwiau ac yn mynnu y dylid trosglwyddo Baal.<\/p><p>Ers y golygiadau cyntaf gan Charles Virolleaud, mae ymchwilwyr yn trafod a oedd tabled arall, sydd ar goll erbyn hyn, yn cynnwys dechrau&#8217;r ymrafael. Nid yw trefn y tabledi ei hun wedi&#8217;i sicrhau gan golofonau, ond yn hytrach yn ail-luniad gan y golygyddion.<\/p><p>I&#8217;r gwaith gwyddonol mae&#8217;r sefyllfa ffynonellau hon yn hollbwysig: nid yw Yam yn gymeriad o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddiad gwybodaeth a straeon dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad<\/span> eang ac amryliwiog, ond fe&#8217;i gwelir bron yn gyfan gwbl o safbwynt testun naratif pro-Baal. Felly mae datganiadau am <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanrwydd y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol i dduwdod neu gymeriad sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwlt<\/span> Yam annibynnol, am emynau iddo, neu am ei r\u00f4l y tu hwnt i&#8217;r gwrthdaro \u00e2 Baal, yn parhau i fod yn ddyfaliadau.<\/p><p>Y golygiad safonol heddiw yw <em>Die keilalphabetischen Texte aus Ugarit<\/em> (KTU) gan Manfried Dietrich, Oswald Loretz a Joaqu\u00edn Sanmart\u00edn; daw cyfieithiad Saesneg poblogaidd gyda sylwebaeth gan Mark S. Smith.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24e2e352 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp24e2e352\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22d58ce9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22d58ce9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cynulliad y Duwiau a Chenhadaeth Yam<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp248e4b3c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp248e4b3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp220d4b7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp220d4b7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golygfa Yam sydd wedi&#8217;i chadw&#8217;n well na&#8217;r rhelyw (KTU 1.2 i) yn dangos cyfarfod y duwiau dan lywyddiaeth y prif dduw <em>El<\/em>. Mae Yam yn anfon dau genhadwr gyda&#8217;r gorchymyn i drosglwyddo Baal, boed yn deyrngiswr neu&#8217;n garcharor.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r testun yn rhoi coreograffi manwl i&#8217;r olygfa: pan gyrhaedda&#8217;r cenhadon, mae&#8217;r duwiau&#8217;n gostwng eu pennau at eu gliniau, ystum o ofn. Mae Baal yn eu ceryddu am hynny ac yn sythu ei gorff.<\/p><p>El, patriarch y cynulliad, sy&#8217;n ymateb yn gymodlon. Mewn sawl darn mae&#8217;n galw Yam ei ffefryn, ac ymddengys yn barod i ildio i&#8217;r gofyniad drwy alw Baal yn was i Yam.<\/p><p>Mae ymagwedd El yn fan trafodaeth boblogaidd: mae&#8217;n dangos bod y prif dduw yn wahanol i&#8217;r duw tywydd buddugoliaethus yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm duwiau crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> Ugarit, ac mae hyn yn rhoi naws wleidyddol i&#8217;r gwrthdaro, yn debyg bron i ymrafael am orsedd o fewn teulu.<\/p><p>Yn y llinellau hyn mae Yam yn dwyn teitlau deuol sefydlog. Ochr yn ochr ag <em>ym<\/em>, ymddengys fel <em>tpt nhr<\/em>, a gyfieithir yn aml fel &#8220;Barnwr Afon&#8221; neu &#8220;Rheolwr Ffrwd&#8221;. Mae gosod &#8220;M\u00f4r&#8221; a &#8220;Afon&#8221; ochr yn ochr yn nodwedd arddulliol nodweddiadol o farddoniaeth Ugarit, ac mae&#8217;n dangos yn glir fod Yam yn ymgorffori&#8217;r holl ddyfroedd anhydrin, nid y m\u00f4r agored yn unig.<\/p><p>Daw&#8217;r olygfa i ben gyda gwrthodiad Baal a&#8217;i fygythiad i ymosod ar y cenhadon a&#8217;u meistr. Mae hyn felly&#8217;n ffurfio&#8217;r cam uniongyrchol cyn y frwydr, a ddisgrifir ar yr un dabled yn KTU 1.2 iv. Ar gyfer y ffigwr gwrthwynebol, gweler hefyd <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/baal-hammon-uwch-dduw-carthaginaidd\/\">Baal-Hammon<\/a> fel ffurf Ffenicaidd ddiweddarach ar enw Baal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Llenyddiaeth (dewis)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Mark Smith \/ Wayne Pitard: <em>The Ugaritic Baal Cycle<\/em> (Leiden 1994\/2009)<\/li><li>John Day: <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em> (Cambridge 1985)<\/li><li>Daniel Schwemer: <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em> (Wiesbaden 2001)<\/li><li>Mark Smith: <em>The Origins of Biblical Monotheism<\/em> (Oxford 2001)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Mary Bachvarova: <em>From Hittite to Homer<\/em> (Cambridge 2016)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-yam e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-yam\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-yam-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-yam-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yng nghylchdaith Baal <em>Ugaritig<\/em>, a gadwyd ar dabledi clai o Ras Shamra o&#8217;r bedwaredd ganrif ar ddeg cyn Crist, ymddengys Yam fel duw&#8217;r m\u00f4r a gwrthwynebydd Baal, a&#8217;r olaf yn ei drechu yn y diwedd gyda&#8217;r arfau taflu Ajamur a Jagrusch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termau cysylltiedig: Yam, Ffeniciaid, duw&#8217;r m\u00f4r, cylchdaith Baal, Tannin, Liwjatan, dyfroedd anhrefn.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-yam\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a thraddodiadau amddiffyn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Mae iWell Guard yn parhau&#8217;r traddodiad hanes-ddiwylliannol o wrthrychau amddiffynnol y gellir eu gwisgo, yn draddodiad <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/phoeniciaid-a-cartago-baal-tanit\/\">Ffenicaidd<\/a> a llawer o ddiwylliannau eraill ar draws y byd. 41 haen, aur pur, platinwm, arian, wedi&#8217;i wneud yn yr Almaen. Hawl dychwelyd 30 diwrnod.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mwy am yr iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mwy am yr iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Gall profiadau personol amrywio. Nid yw&#8217;n ddyfais feddygol. Ni roddir unrhyw addewid iach\u00e2d.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Nid <strong>cynnyrch meddygol<\/strong> yw iWell Guard ac nid yw'n disodli triniaeth feddygol na seicotherapiwtig. 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