{"id":191528,"date":"2026-09-07T07:26:17","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:26:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191528"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"baal-hammon-uwch-dduw-carthaginaidd","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/baal-hammon-uwch-dduw-carthaginaidd\/","title":{"rendered":"Baal-Hammon \u2013 Uwch-dduw Carthaginaidd"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191528\" class=\"elementor elementor-191528 elementor-2628 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Baal-Hammon, Uwch-dduw Puneg-Carthaginaidd a Saturnus Africanus<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon (yn Puneg <em>b\u02bfl \u1e25mn<\/em>) yw prif dduw gwrywaidd Carthago Puneg a&#8217;i wladfeydd. Ymddengys yn gyson ynghyd \u00e2 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/tanit-prif-dduwies-carthage\/\">Tanit<\/a>, ac ef sydd derbynnydd yr offrymau cysegredig o&#8217;r Tofet. Yn y cyfnod Rhufeinig, cafodd ei uniaethu \u00e2 Saturnus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duw o draddodiad Ffenicaidd.\">Duw<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/phoeniciaid-a-cartago-baal-tanit\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytholeg y traddodiad Ffenicaidd.\">Ffenicaidd<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Uwch-dduwdod.\">Uwch-dduwdod<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193364\" alt=\"Baal Hammon - Duw o&apos;r Traddodiad Ffenicaidd, arddull hanesyddol-ddarluniadol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dosbarthiad a Phroffil Byr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon yw un o dduwdodau pwysicaf byd Puneg gorllewin M\u00f4r y Canoldir. Dangosodd Sabatino Moscati yn <em>Il mondo dei Fenici<\/em> (1966) fod Baal-Hammon, er ei fod yn hysbys yn wlad-fam Ffenicia, yn ffigwr eilaidd yno; yng Nghartho, fodd bynnag, cyrhaeddodd frig y pantheon a rhannodd y safle hwn gyda <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/tanit-prif-dduwies-carthage\/\">Tanit<\/a>. O fewn <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/phoeniciaid-a-cartago-baal-tanit\/\">y traddodiad Ffenicaidd<\/a>, ef yw&#8217;r archdeip o uwch-dduw Puneg.<\/p><p>Dogfennodd Maria Eugenia Aubet yn <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001) ei ledaeniad ar draws M\u00f4r y Canoldir; ceir cysegrfeydd Baal-Hammon yng Nghartho, Motya, Tharros, Sulcis, Hadrumetum a nifer fawr o safleoedd eraill. Yn ystod cyfnod ymerodraeth Rhufain, parhaodd ei addoliad ar ffurf Saturnus Africanus, gan gyrraedd parhad rhyfeddol yn nhalaith Numidia-Mauretania hyd y 4edd ganrif OC.<\/p><p>Yn hanesyddol grefyddol, mae Baal-Hammon yn cynrychioli math o uwch-dduw sydd \u00e2 nodweddion cthonig a solar. Dangosodd Marcel Le Glay yn <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966) fod yr uniaethu \u00e2&#8217;r Rhufeinig Saturnus yn seiliedig ar natur ddwbl Baal-Hammon: mae&#8217;n dduw grawn a chynhaeaf (yr elfen saturnaidd) yn ogystal \u00e2 duw tad cthonig.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r stelau Tofet a&#8217;r arysgrifau lluosog yn cofnodi ei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol tuag at dduwdod neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwlt<\/span> fel canfyddiad canolog yn hanes y grefydd.<\/p><p>Mae parhad Baal-Hammon yn oes ymerodraeth Rhufain, dan enw Saturnus Africanus, yn un o&#8217;r enghreifftiau mwyaf trawiadol o barhad hanesyddol crefyddol ar \u00f4l cwymp gwleidyddol y wladwriaeth Puneg. Erys mwy na dwy fil o stelau Saturnus o daleithiau gogledd Affrica, o&#8217;r 1af hyd y 4edd ganrif OC.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enw ac Etymoleg<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r enw <em>b\u02bfl \u1e25mn<\/em> yn cyfuno <em>b\u02bfl<\/em> &#8216;arglwydd&#8217; \u00e2 <em>\u1e25mn<\/em>, y mae ei darddiad yn destun dadl. Mae un dehongliad yn cysylltu <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> \u00e2&#8217;r gwreiddyn <em>\u1e25mm<\/em> &#8216;bod yn boeth&#8217;, gan weld Baal-Hammon fel &#8216;arglwydd y gwres&#8217;, o bosib ag elfen solar.<\/p><p>Mae dehongliad arall yn gweld <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> fel enw lle &#8216;Hammon&#8217; (o bosib lle yn Ffenicia), a Baal-Hammon fel &#8216;arglwydd Hammon&#8217;. Mae trydydd posibilrwydd yn cysylltu <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> ag offer thus cwlt (&#8216;allor thus&#8217;).<\/p><p>Casglodd Charles Krahmalkov yn <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (2001) y ffurfiau epigraffig gwahanol; mewn arysgrifau ymddengys fel <em>b\u02bfl \u1e25mn<\/em> neu&#8217;n gryno fel <em>b\u02bfl<\/em>. Y ffurf Roegaidd yw \u0392\u03ac\u03b1\u03bb-\u1f08\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd (Baal-Ammon), ac yn y cyfnod Helenistig cafodd ei uniaethu ar brydiau (mewn olion) \u00e2&#8217;r duw Eifftaidd Amun. Yr uniaethiad Rhufeinig \u00e2 Saturnus yw&#8217;r mwyaf parhaol, ac mae&#8217;n llywio hanes crefyddol Affro-Rufeinig.<\/p><p>Mewn deunydd Hebraeg, ymddengys Hammon fel enw lle yng Ngalilea; mae&#8217;n aneglur pa gysylltiad hanesyddol uniongyrchol sydd, os o gwbl. Mewn arysgrifau Aramaeg o Palmyra, ymddengys duw <em>\u02bfolam<\/em> \u00e2 swyddogaethau tebyg i Baal-Hammon; yma eto mae&#8217;r berthynas union yn destun dadl. Yn hanesyddol grefyddol, datblygiad gorllewinol penodol yw Baal-Hammon.<\/p><p>Mae damcaniaeth etymolegol arall yn cysylltu <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> ag Aramaeg <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> &#8216;trugarhau&#8217;, a fyddai&#8217;n rhoi ystyr ddiwinyddol ddwys; fodd bynnag, nid yw hyn wedi ei sicrhau&#8217;n ieithyddol hanesyddol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disgrifiad ac Eiconograffeg<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn iconograffeg Puneg, ymddengys Baal-Hammon fel arfer yn hen \u0175r barfog ar orsedd, yn gwisgo coron gyrn tarw, gwisg hir blygedig a theyrnwialen. Mae&#8217;r traddodiad delweddol hwn yn hysbys ar sawl stel Tofet, ac mae&#8217;n ei wahaniaethu oddi wrth <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/baal-hadad-duw-tywydd-ffenicaidd\/\">Baal-Hadad<\/a>, sy&#8217;n ymddangos fel duw tywydd ieuanc \u00e2 bwyell godedig. Mae proffil hynafol Baal-Hammon yn ei gysylltu&#8217;n ddiwinyddol ag El Ugarit a \u00e2 Saturnus.<\/p><p>Ei anifail sanctaidd yw&#8217;r hwrdd neu&#8217;r bwch; yn rhwymau aberthu Puneg, yr hwrdd oedd yr anifail aberth a ffefrid. Ar rai stelau, ymddengys wedi ei amgylchynu gan sffincsau neu gruffonau.<\/p><p>Yng Nghartho, gosodwyd cerflun bronsiau enfawr o Baal-Hammon yn nheml y ddinas; caiff hyn ei grybwyll yn y ffynonellau am <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, dymuniad neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrymau<\/span> y Tofet, a dywedir bod ganddo drefniant a fyddai&#8217;n gadael anifeiliaid aberth neu blant i syrthio i d\u00e2n oddi tano. Mae&#8217;r feirniadaeth ffynhonnell ar y pwynt hwn yn destun dadl, ac erbyn hyn mae&#8217;n cael ei asesu&#8217;n fwy gofalus.<\/p><p>Yn y cyfnod Helenistig-Rufeinig, ymdoddodd iconograffeg Baal-Hammon fwyfwy i draddodiad Saturnus; mae&#8217;r stelau Saturnus Rhufeinig-hwyr o ogledd Affrica (3edd a 4edd ganrif OC) yn dangos y duw fel hen \u0175r barfog gyda cryman, yn dilyn union batrwm Saturnus. Mae&#8217;r iconograffeg hon, Saturnus Africanus, yn brif bwnc Marcel Le Glay ac yn cael ei drin yn fanwl yn ei fonograff.<\/p><p>Ffynhonnell archeolegol drawiadol yw&#8217;r cerfluniau bronsiau bychain lluosog o&#8217;r Tofet, sy&#8217;n dangos Baal-Hammon ar orsedd \u00e2 llaw godedig, ystum o fendithio. Gosodwyd y cerfluniau bychain hyn yn rhannol yn y Tofet ei hun fel offrymau, ac yn rhannol mewn tai preswyl.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Chwedlau mytholegol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nid oes chwedlau Baal-Hammon annibynnol wedi eu trosglwyddo; fel gyda <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/tanit-prif-dduwies-carthage\/\">Tanit<\/a>, mae&#8217;n bennaf yn ffigwr cwltig-seremon\u00efol. Mae adroddiadau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod diwylliant Groeg a Rhufeinig, o gwmpas 800 CC hyd 600 OC.\" tabindex=\"0\">Hynafol<\/span> (Diodorus, Polybius, Plutarch, Tertullian) yn nodi aberthau plant yn y Tofet fel ei brif weithred gwltig.<\/p><p>Mae Diodorus (20.14) yn adrodd yn fanwl am aberth mawr o blant yn y flwyddyn 310 CC, pan oedd Carthago o dan warchae gan Agathocles o Syracuse; mewn argyfwng, aberthwyd 200 bachgen o dras uchel er mwyn tawelu llid y duw.<\/p><p>Mae hanesyddiaeth yr adroddiadau hyn wedi bod yn destun dadl ers cenedlaethau; maent yn ffynonellau polemig Groeg-Rufeinig ac mae&#8217;n rhaid eu harchwilio&#8217;n feirniadol. Fodd bynnag, mae&#8217;r canfyddiadau archaeolegol o&#8217;r Tofet yn cadarnhau bod babanod a phlant bach wedi eu claddu mewn niferoedd sylweddol; a ddigwyddodd hynny bob amser fel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, cais neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">aberth<\/span> neu hefyd fel marwolaethau naturiol, mae hynny&#8217;n destun y ddadl Tofet.<\/p><p>Mae Awstin o Hippo yn ymosod yn <em>De civitate Dei<\/em> 7.19 ar gwltiau Saturnus Africanus ac yn disgrifio aberthau plant fel &#8216;crudelis daemonum cultus&#8217;. Mae&#8217;r bolemig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod pontio rhwng yr Henfyd a'r Oesoedd Canol, o gwmpas y 3edd i'r 7fed ganrif.\" tabindex=\"0\">hynafiaeth ddiweddar<\/span> hon yn perthyn i lunio delwedd Carthago Gristnogol ac mae&#8217;n rhaid ei ddarllen yn ofalus yn hanesyddol, ond mae&#8217;n adlewyrchu&#8217;r cysylltiad hirhoedlog rhwng Baal-Hammon a them\u00e2u aberthu plant yng nghanfyddiad yr hynafiaeth. Mae&#8217;r gwerthusiad academaidd o&#8217;r arfer hwn yn parhau i fod yn ddadleuol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cwlt ac Addoliad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prif ganolfan gwlt Baal-Hammon oedd Tofet Carthago; yn ogystal roedd tofetau ym Motya, Tharros, Sulcis, Hadrumetum, Cirta, Lambafundi a llawer o safleoedd eraill. Ym mhob un o&#8217;r cysegrfeydd hyn, Baal-Hammon oedd prif dderbynnydd yr offrymau addunedol, yn aml ynghyd \u00e2 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/tanit-prif-dduwies-carthage\/\">Tanit<\/a>. Mae&#8217;r arysgrifau addunedol yn dilyn fformiwla safonol: &#8216;I&#8217;r Arglwydd Baal-Hammon, yr hyn y mae N.N. wedi ei addunedu, am iddo ei glywed&#8217;.<\/p><p>Yn ogystal, roedd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un dduw neu fwy.\" tabindex=\"0\">demlau<\/span> trefol i Baal-Hammon, er enghraifft yn Thinissut ac yng Nghartago ei hun (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un dduw neu fwy.\" tabindex=\"0\">teml<\/span> ar Fryn Byrsa). Mae Sabatino Moscati wedi cofnodi pensaern\u00efaeth y temlau Pwnig mewn sawl cyhoeddiad.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un dduw neu fwy.\" tabindex=\"0\">temlau<\/span> yn dilyn cynllun teiran: cyntedd blaen, prif neuadd, y cysegr sancteiddiolaf. Y tu mewn safai&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Delwedd o dduw a addolir mewn teml neu gysegr.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddelw gwlt<\/span> neu &#8216;fazzeba&#8217; (colofn gysegredig), a&#8217;r olaf yn nodweddiadol o&#8217;r arfer Ffenicaidd o beidio \u00e2 darlunio&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duw o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> uchaf.<\/p><p>Yng nghyfnod Ymerodraeth Rufain, parhawyd i addoli Baal-Hammon o dan yr enw Saturnus Africanus; ailenwyd ei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un dduw neu fwy.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> yng Nghartago a&#8217;i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Wedi ei gysegru trwy weithred grefyddol, ac felly wedi ei godi uwchlaw'r cyffredin.\" tabindex=\"0\">chysegru<\/span> o&#8217;r newydd.<\/p><p>Mae nifer y steli Saturnus yng Ngogledd Affrica yn fwy na nifer steli unrhyw dduw Rhufeinig arall yn y rhanbarth; Baal-Hammon-Saturnus oedd y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duw o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> bwysicaf yn y taleithiau Affricanaidd hyd y 4edd ganrif OC. Daeth Cristioneiddio a goresgyniad y Fandaliaid \u00e2&#8217;i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol i dduw neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwlt<\/span> i ben.<\/p><p>Ffynhonnell rifyddol bwysig yw&#8217;r tetradrachmau Carthaginaidd o&#8217;r 4edd a&#8217;r 3edd ganrif CC sy&#8217;n dangos coron gyrn tarw Baal-Hammon fel fformiwla amddiffynnol ar yr wyneb blaen. Bathwyd y darnau arian mewn niferoedd mawr i dalu cyflog byddinoedd Carthago, ac fe ledaenwyd delweddaeth Baal-Hammon ganddynt cyn belled \u00e2 Sbaen a Sisili.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ymarfer amddiffynnol ac elfennau apotrop\u00e4ig<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Roedd Baal-Hammon yn dduw amddiffynnol y ddinas, y teulu a&#8217;r cynaeafau. Yn yr arysgrifau Pwnig, mae&#8217;n ymddangos fel derbynnydd addunedau <em>n\u0113der<\/em> mewn sefyllfaoedd argyfyngus: cyn teithiau, cyn brwydrau, mewn afiechyd, wrth enedigaeth. Mae amlder ei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y weithred o alw ar dduwdod neu b\u0175er \u00e2 chais neu ymbil.\" tabindex=\"0\">alwad<\/span> mewn offrymau preifat yn dangos dyfnder crefyddoldeb personol y boblogaeth Pwnig.<\/p><p>Ar drothwyon tai ac mewn ystafelloedd byw, defnyddiwyd ei symbolau&#8217;n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn erbyn drygioni: yn cyfeirio at arwyddion a gwrthrychau bwriedir cadw dylanwadau niweidiol i ffwrdd.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotrop\u00e4ig<\/span>: coron corn tarw, cryman, a&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> &#8216;caduceus&#8217;, a gysylltir yn rheolaidd \u00e2 Baal-Hammon yn y byd Pwnig. Mae ffigurynau pres o dduw barfog ar orsedd gyda choron corn tarw wedi eu darganfod mewn nifer o safleoedd bywyd Pwnig.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">O safbwynt academaidd, mae swyddogaeth amddiffynnol Baal-Hammon yn gysylltiedig yn gryf ag urddas y wladwriaeth, ond mae hefyd wedi ei wreiddio&#8217;n bersonol ac yn deuluol. Mae&#8217;n rhaid deall arfer y Tofet fel ffurf arbennig o grefyddoldeb argyfwng, heb ei ddehongli&#8217;n gadarnhaol yn academaidd heddiw. Mae&#8217;r iWell Guard yn cofnodi Baal-Hammon fel ffigwr hanesyddol-grefyddol, heb unrhyw gyswllt \u00e2 haeriadau iach\u00e2d cyfoes.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r cysylltiad clos rhwng Baal-Hammon a rhyfela Pwnig wedi ei ddogfennu&#8217;n dda; llw Hannibal ar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Lle uchel neu fwrdd i offrymau a gweithredoedd crefyddol.\" tabindex=\"0\">allor<\/span> Baal-Hammon yn ei nawfed flwyddyn oed, i drin Rhufain fel gelyn tragwyddol, yw un o&#8217;r hanesion enwocaf o&#8217;r hynafiaeth ac mae&#8217;n perthyn i draddodiad llwon rhyfel Pwnig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cymariaethau mewn diwylliannau eraill<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn hanesyddol mae Baal-Hammon yn perthyn i El (yr hen dduw tad) o&#8217;r Wgarit, i Anu Mesopotamia, i Saturnus Rhufeinig ac i Cronos Groegaidd. Y ddynodiad \u00e2 Saturnus yw&#8217;r un mwyaf parhaol; dangosodd Marcel Le Glay yn <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966) fod y synchreteg hon yn siapio&#8217;n sylfaenol y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanwaith y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol ar gyfer duwdod neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwlt<\/span> Saturnus Affricanaidd yn oes yr ymerodraeth.<\/p><p>Gyda Cronos mae Baal-Hammon yn rhannu proffil y duw tad henaidd sydd ynghlwm ag aberthu plant; mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> Groegaidd am Cronos yn cynnwys llyncu ei blant ei hun, cysylltiad a wnaed yn yr ymwybyddiaeth Hellenistaidd \u00e2&#8217;r aberthau Tophet Cartagenaidd. Mae Plutarch (<em>De superstitione<\/em>) yn gwneud y cysylltiad hwn yn benodol.<\/p><p>Gyda <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/kumarbi-tad-y-duwiau-hyrritaidd\/\">Kumarbi<\/a> o&#8217;r <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/hethitig-anatolaidd-tarhunna-duwiau-diogelu\/\">draddodiad Hethiad<\/a> mae Baal-Hammon yn rhannu math y duw tad a ddisodlwyd neu a orchfygwyd. Yn hanesyddol grefyddol mae&#8217;n perthyn i deulu rhyngwladol hen dduwiau tad y M\u00f4r Canoldir cynnar, y disodlwyd eu swyddogaeth yn rhannol gan genhedlaeth iau o dduwiau storm. Yn nhalaith Rufeinig Africa Proconsularis parhaodd y traddodiad hen F\u00f4r Canoldir hwn yn fyw yn anghyffredin o hir.<\/p><p>Gwnaethpwyd y cysylltiad rhwng Baal-Hammon a&#8217;r Amun-Re Eifftaidd yn weithredol yn y cyfnod Hellenistaidd; roedd gwerddon Siwa gyda&#8217;i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Lle neu sefydliad lle ceir ateb dwyfol.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracl<\/span> Amun yn hygyrch o Gartago, a mae rhai ffynonellau&#8217;n adrodd am bererindodau Cartagenaidd yno. Mae arwyddoc\u00e2d hanesyddol y synchreteg hon yn ddadleuol, ond nodedig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Derbyniad a Ymchwil Gyfoes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae ymchwil Baal-Hammon heddiw ar lefel uchel. Mae <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966) gan Marcel Le Glay yn gyfeirlyfr safonol clasurol; mae Sabatino Moscati, Maria Eugenia Aubet, H\u00e9l\u00e8ne B\u00e9nichou-Safar a Lawrence Stager wedi cyfrannu&#8217;n bwysig i ymchwil y Tophet. Mae <em>Phoenician Aniconism<\/em> (2015) gan Brian Doak yn trin y traddodiad di-ddelw sy&#8217;n gysylltiedig \u00e2 Baal-Hammon. Mae astudiaethau Josephine Quinn ar hunaniaeth Bwnig yn gyfraniadau pwysig yn y blynyddoedd diwethaf.<\/p><p>Yn y dderbyniad poblogaidd mae Baal-Hammon yn adnabyddus yn bennaf am y ddadl Tophet a&#8217;r ymrafael Cristnogol <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod diwylliant Groegaidd a Rhufeinig, o gwmpas 800 CC hyd 600 OC.\" tabindex=\"0\">hynafol<\/span>; mae&#8217;r darlun wedi&#8217;i wyrdroi ac ni chaiff gyfiawnhad gwyddonol digonol. Ceir darluniau mwy dadansoddol yn wyddonol yn y gweithiau a nodwyd.<\/p><p>Yn wyddonol, ystyrir Baal-Hammon heddiw fel gwrthrych astudiaeth ganolog i&#8217;r grefydd Bwnig, i draddodiad Saturnus Affricanaidd, ac i hanes crefydd y M\u00f4r Canoldir. Mae prif feysydd ymchwil cyfredol yn canolbwyntio ar ddadansoddiad bioarchaeolegol y Tophet, ar draddodiad steli Saturnus Affricanaidd, ac ar gwestiwn y cyfrannau Berber. Mae iWell Guard yn ei gofnodi fel aelod hanesyddol o&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanwaith duwiau crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>.<\/p><p>Mae ymchwil ddiweddar gan Josephine Quinn (<em>In Search of the Phoenicians<\/em>, 2018) wedi ailystyried hunaniaeth Bwnig a&#8217;i hunanddiffiniad crefyddol, ac wedi cwestiynu r\u00f4l Baal-Hammon fel &#8216;duw&#8217;r Ffeniciaid&#8217;.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Llenyddiaeth a ffynonellau<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r dewis canlynol yn crynhoi&#8217;r prif weithiau safonol ar ymchwil Baal-Hammon. Mae&#8217;n cynnwys adroddiadau archaeolegol, syntheses hanes crefyddol, a golygiadau epigraffig. Mae monograff Marcel Le Glay yn gyfeirnod clasurol; mae Moscati ac Aubet yn cynnig y fframwaith Pwnig; mae Doak yn cynnig y persbectif eiconolegol. Mae astudiaeth ddiweddar Quinn yn arwain yr ymchwil i drafodaeth hanfodol ar hunaniaeth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2dce0c7c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2dce0c7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22efe76a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22efe76a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tophet Cartago a'r darganfyddiadau steli<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp207c89a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp207c89a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp223f9336 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp223f9336\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y tystiolaeth pennaf ar gyfer gwlt Baal Hammon nid yw destun, ond ardal. S\u00f4n yw am y Tophet a elwir, sef Tophet Cartago, cysegrlan ar ymyl y ddinas hynafol yn y rhan sydd heddiw&#8217;n cael ei galw&#8217;n Salammb\u00f4. Cafodd ei chloddio o&#8217;r 1920au ymlaen. Roedd ymgyrch archaeolegydd Americanaidd a&#8217;i th\u00eem yn y 1970au o dan yr enw &#8220;Punic Project&#8221; yn nodedig iawn.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r ardal yn cynnwys miloedd o wrnau bach gyda gweddillion llosgedig babanod ac anifeiliaid ifanc, gyda steli carreg wedi&#8217;u codi drostynt.<\/p><p>Mae llawer o&#8217;r steli hyn yn dwyn arysgrifau cysegru yn ysgrifen Bwnig. Mae&#8217;r fformwla arferol yn enwi yn gyntaf <em>Baal Hammon<\/em> a&#8217;r dduwies <em>Tinnit<\/em> (a elwir yn aml &#8220;Tinnit, wyneb Baal&#8221;), yna enw&#8217;r rhoddwr a&#8217;i ddyhead.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r arysgrifau hyn yn ffynhonnell epigraffig densaf ar gyfer crefydd Bwnig o gwbl, gan wneud Baal Hammon yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel dwyfol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> Cartagenaidd wedi&#8217;i dystio&#8217;n well nag unrhyw un arall.<\/p><p>Mae dehongliad y Tophet yn ddadleuol ers y 19eg ganrif. Mae awduron Groegaidd a Rhufeinig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod diwylliant Groegaidd a Rhufeinig, o gwmpas 800 CC hyd 600 OC.\" tabindex=\"0\">hynafol<\/span> fel Diodorus a Plutarch yn adrodd am aberthau plant Cartagenaidd, ac mae rhan o&#8217;r ymchwil yn gweld yn y Tophet gadarnhad archaeolegol o hynny.<\/p><p>Mae safbwynt gwrthwynebol, a gynrychiolir ymysg eraill gan Sabatino Moscati ac yn ddiweddarach gan eraill, yn dehongli&#8217;r ardal fel mynwent ar gyfer plant bach a fu wedi marw fel arall. Nid yw ymchwiliadau osteolegol diweddar o&#8217;r esgyrn llosgedig wedi setlo&#8217;r ddadl yn derfynol. O ran disgrifio Baal Hammon, mae hyn yn golygu: mae ei brif safle gwlt hefyd yn ganfyddiad mwyaf dadleuol <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gwyddoniaeth sy'n ymchwilio i ddiwylliannau'r gorffennol trwy ganfyddiadau materol.\" tabindex=\"0\">archaeoleg<\/span> Bwnig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d8c90e4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2d8c90e4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp239ab422 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp239ab422\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yr interpretatio: Saturn, Cronos a'r parhad yn oes Rufeinig<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22113ba9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp22113ba9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp234d4277 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp234d4277\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ni ddiflannodd Baal Hammon gyda dinistr Carthag ym 146 CC. Yng Ngogledd Affrica Rufeinig, parhaodd i fyw dan yr enw <em>Saturnus Africanus<\/em>, un o&#8217;r cwltiau a dystiolaethwyd amlaf yn nhalaith Africa.<\/p><p>Mae cannoedd o stel\u00e2u Saturn o&#8217;r cyfnod Rufeinig yn dangos bod y boblogaeth Pwnig yn parhau i addoli eu prif dduw hynafol dan enw Rufeinig, gyda nodweddion iconograffig eu hunain, megis y duw dan orchudd neu gyda cryman.<\/p><p>Roedd y Groegiaid eisoes wedi cyfateb Baal Hammon \u00e2 <em>Kronos<\/em>, peth sy&#8217;n bwysig yn arbennig yn yr adroddiadau am aberthau plant, gan fod Kronos yn llyncu ei blant ei hun.<\/p><p>Yna dewisodd y Rhufeiniaid Saturn, duw cyfatebol Lladin i Kronos. Mae&#8217;r <em>interpretatio<\/em> hwn yn arf deufin i&#8217;r ymchwil: ar y llaw un mae&#8217;n dangos parhad, ar y llaw arall mae&#8217;n gorchuddio&#8217;r ffigwr Pwnig gyda syniadau Groeg-Rufeinig.<\/p><p>Ni ellir ateb y cwestiwn pwy oedd Baal Hammon yn wreiddiol gyda&#8217;r hafaliad diweddar \u00e2 Saturn yn unig. Trafodir a yw&#8217;r llysenw <em>Hammon<\/em> yn cyfeirio at enw lle, megis Hamath yng ngogledd Syria, neu at fynydd, neu at y gair Semitig am &#8220;grochan t\u00e2n&#8221; neu &#8220;allor thus&#8221;.<\/p><p>Mae Eric Gubel, Paolo Xella ac eraill wedi gweithio ar y cwestiynau hyn, heb gyrraedd consensws. Yr unig sicrwydd yw bod y mwgwd Saturn Rufeinig yn haen ddiweddaraf y ffigwr, nid yr haen wreiddiol. Ar gyfer y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel dwyfol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> Orllewinol Semitig o&#8217;r un gwreiddair enw, gweler hefyd <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/yam-duw-mor-ffenicaidd\/\">Yam<\/a> yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm duwiau crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> Ugaritig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Llenyddiaeth (dewis)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Marcel Le Glay: <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (Paris 1966)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Il mondo dei Fenici<\/em> (Milano 1966)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>H\u00e9l\u00e8ne B\u00e9nichou-Safar: <em>Le tophet de Salammb\u00f4 \u00e0 Carthage<\/em> (Rom 2004)<\/li><li>Brian Doak: <em>Phoenician Aniconism<\/em> (Atlanta 2015)<\/li><li>Josephine Quinn: <em>In Search of the Phoenicians<\/em> (Princeton 2018)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-baalhammon e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-baalhammon\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-baalhammon-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-baalhammon-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ymddengys Baal-Hammon fel prif dduw Pwnig-Carthaginaidd, y mae ei gysegrfeydd Tofet yng Nghartag yn tystiolaethu ei safle fel prif dduw noddol; yn y cyfnod Rufeinig, parhaodd i&#8217;w addoli fel Saturnus Africanus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termau allweddol cysylltiedig: Baal-Hammon Carthag Pwnig Saturnus Tofet aberth plant Africana.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-baal-hammon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a thraddodiadau amddiffyn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Mae iWell Guard yn parhau&#8217;r traddodiad hanes-ddiwylliannol o wrthrychau amddiffynnol y gellir eu gwisgo, yn draddodiad <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/phoeniciaid-a-cartago-baal-tanit\/\">Ffenicaidd<\/a> a llawer o ddiwylliannau eraill ar draws y byd. 41 haen, aur pur, platinwm, arian, wedi&#8217;i wneud yn yr Almaen. Hawl dychwelyd 30 diwrnod.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mwy am yr iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mwy am yr iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Gall profiadau personol amrywio. 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