{"id":191502,"date":"2026-09-07T07:26:17","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:26:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191502"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"lono-duw-hawaiaidd-heddwch-ffrwythlondeb","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/lono-duw-hawaiaidd-heddwch-ffrwythlondeb\/","title":{"rendered":"Lono &#8211; Duw Hawaiaidd Heddwch a Ffrwythlondeb"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191502\" class=\"elementor elementor-191502 elementor-2602 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lono - Prif Dduw Hawaiaidd Heddwch, Amaethyddiaeth a Makahiki<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn y grefydd Hawaiaidd, mae Lono yn un o&#8217;r pedwar prif dduw, Atua heddwch, ffrwythlondeb, glaw, amaethyddiaeth a G\u0175yl fawr flynyddol Makahiki. Mae&#8217;n gymar agos i&#8217;r Atua Maori <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/rongo-duw-heddwch-tatws-melys\/\">Rongo<\/a>. Mae&#8217;r disgrifiad hwn yn amlinellu ei safle yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y duwiau mewn crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>, system Makahiki a&#8217;r cysylltiad hanesyddol enwog \u00e2 James Cook.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duw o draddodiad Polynesia \/ Maori.\">Duw<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/polynesia-maori-hawaii-thraddodiadau-amddiffynnol\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytholeg traddodiad Polynesia \/ Maori.\">Polynesia \/ Maori<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duwdod uchel heddwch.\">Duwdod Uchel Heddwch<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-lono-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-lono-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-lono-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193395\" alt=\"Lono - Duwiau o&apos;r Traddodiad Polynesaidd-Maori, darluniadol-hanesyddol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lleoliad ym Mhantheon Haw\u00e4i<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Lono yn un o bedwar prif dduw Hawai&#8217;i, ynghyd \u00e2 Ku, Kane a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/kanaloa-duw-hawaiaidd-y-cefnfor\/\">Kanaloa<\/a>. Ef yw&#8217;r atua heddwch ac felly saif mewn gwrthgyferbyniad swyddogaethol i Ku, duw&#8217;r rhyfel. Yn y calendr defodol blynyddol, roedd addoliad Ku a Lono yn eilradd i&#8217;w gilydd: yn ystod tymor rhyfel roedd Ku&#8217;n teyrnasu, tra bo Lono&#8217;n teyrnasu yn ystod pedwar mis y Makahiki.<\/p><p>Dengys Valeri yn <em>Kingship and Sacrifice<\/em> sut y sefydlodd system grefyddol Hawai&#8217;i y strwythur dau dymor hwn yn sefydliadol. Nid mater calendr yn unig yw&#8217;r newid rhwng cyfnodau rhyfel a heddwch, ond un sylfaenol o safbwynt diwinyddol a gwleidyddol.<\/p><p>Er bod Lono ymhlith pedwar prif dduw Hawai&#8217;i a bod ei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol tuag at dduwdod neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwlt<\/span> wedi&#8217;i wreiddio&#8217;n gadarn yn y calendr defodol, nid oes gan y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y ddysgeidiaeth academaidd am Dduw a chred crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddiwinyddiaeth<\/span> sylfaenol &#8211; fel traddodiad perthynol y Maori &#8211; unrhyw athrawiaeth systematig na chorff dysgeidiaeth cyflawn.<\/p><p>Yr hyn sy&#8217;n rhoi realiti i&#8217;r atua, fe&#8217;i c\u00e2nt drwy weithrediad: yn y karakia, yn y cynulliadau ar y marae, yn y llafarganu whakapapa. O safbwynt astudiaethau crefydd, ystyrir y diwinyddiaeth ymarfer-seiliedig hon yn gyfraniad annibynnol i&#8217;r maes; datblygodd Mary Ann Boord ac Edward Tregear hyn yn systematig yn eu hastudiaethau ethnograffig-grefyddol ar Bolynesia.<\/p><p>Wrth ymchwilio i Lono, deuir ar draws anhawster sylfaenol ym maes astudio crefydd Polynesaidd: daw llawer o ffynonellau o&#8217;r bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg drefedigaethol ac fe&#8217;u lliwiwyd gan ganfyddiadau cenhadon ac ethnolegwyr.<\/p><p>Mae hyn yn arbennig o wir am <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol tuag at dduwdod neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwlt<\/span> Lono, a gysylltwyd yn agos ag episod Cook. Mae ymchwil diweddar felly&#8217;n gweithio&#8217;n gyson tuag at ddadwladychu&#8217;r deunydd hwn, gan roi llais canolog i leisiau Polynesaidd a chwestiynu categor\u00efau gorllewinol yn feirniadol.<\/p><p>Wrth gymharu crefydd Bolynesaidd \u00e2 chrefyddau brodorol eraill Oceania, Awstralia ac Asia&#8217;r De-ddwyrain, gwelir nodwedd ddeublyg: mae&#8217;n aros yn nodedig o gyson o ran motiffau sylfaenol, ond eto&#8217;n addasu&#8217;n lleol ar yr un pryd. Mae&#8217;r ffaith fod Lono yn cyfateb i Rongo&#8217;r Maori, ac eto wedi datblygu ei ffurf Hawaiaidd unigryw ei hun, yn enghraifft o hyn.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r tyndra hwn rhwng cyffredinolrwydd a lleoliaeth yn destun ymchwil pwysig i ethnoleg crefydd y M\u00f4r Tawel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enw ac Etymoleg<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn foesegol, cyfetyb yr enw Lono i Rongo&#8217;r Maori (<a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/rongo-duw-heddwch-tatws-melys\/\">Rongo<\/a>). Ystyr y gwreiddyn proto-Bolynesaidd *Rongo yw &#8216;sain&#8217;, &#8216;neges&#8217;, &#8216;s\u00efon&#8217;. Yn Hawai&#8217;i, digwydd y newid seinegol o r i l. Gellir gweld y cyswllt semantig rhwng &#8216;neges&#8217; a &#8216;heddwch&#8217; yn Hawai&#8217;i yn union fel gyda&#8217;r Maori.<\/p><p>Ymhlith llysenwau Lono mae Lono-i-ka-makahiki (&#8216;Lono&#8217;r Makahiki&#8217;), Lono-nui-akea (&#8216;Lono mawr, eang&#8217;), Lono-makua (&#8216;Tad Lono&#8217;). Dengys yr amrywiaeth hon y gwahanol brif swyddogaethau.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r ffaith y gelwir ar Lono dan sawl llysenw yn deillio o gefndir ieithyddol-hanesyddol: mae&#8217;r fath doreth o enwau&#8217;n dyst i draddodiad llafar sydd wedi ymwahanu&#8217;n gyfoethog yn rhanbarthol.<\/p><p>Dogfennwyd dyfnder ieithyddol theonymau&#8217;r Maori a Hawai&#8217;i yng ngwaith geiriadurol Bruce Biggs a Hugh Clarke. Ni ellir osgoi&#8217;r ymchwil hon wrth geisio deall perthynas ieithoedd Polynesia.<\/p><p>Yn aml, mae llysenwau Lono yn fwy nag addurn yn unig. Maent yn amgodio swyddogaethau defodol penodol ac maent wedi&#8217;u gosod yn sefydlog yn fformwl\u00e2u&#8217;r karakia. Roedd y tohunga, y meistri defodol, yn gwybod yn union pa lysenw i&#8217;w alw arno ym mha sefyllfa. Astudiwyd yr arfer litwrgaidd union reoledig hwn gan Charles Royal a Pou Temara.<\/p><p>Yn aml mae&#8217;n destun dadl pa ystyr wreiddiol sydd wrth wraidd y llysenwau. Yn fynych ceir cynigion etymolegol cystadleuol ochr yn ochr \u00e2&#8217;i gilydd, heb i ffynonellau sicr ganiat\u00e1u penderfyniad. Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y wyddoniaeth sy'n astudio crefyddau'n gymharol heb ymrwymiad ffydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">astudiaethau crefydd<\/span> modern yn ystyried yr amrywiaeth hon yn gyfoeth yn hytrach na diffyg.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disgrifiad ac Eiconograffeg<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Symbol<\/span> eiconograffig canolog Lono yw baner Lono: polyn pren hir gyda thraws-ddarn a lliain gwyn (tapa), yn aml wedi&#8217;i addurno \u00e2 sypynnau o blu. Cariwyd y faner hon o ynys i ynys yn ystod g\u0175yl Makahiki. Mae&#8217;r ffurf, o ran ei thoriad ardraws, yn debyg i groes, a arweiniodd at gamddealltwriaeth enwog ym 1779.<\/p><p>Cysylltir moch, calabashau a phlanhigion penodol \u00e2 Lono hefyd. Mae Beckwith a Valeri yn dogfennu&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Astudiaeth o gynnwys delweddau a'u hystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">eiconograffeg<\/span> yn fanwl. Heddiw mae baner Lono yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> o hunanhyder diwylliannol Hawaiiaidd.<\/p><p>Yn y pum degawd diwethaf mae celf gerfio&#8217;r Maori a&#8217;r Hawaiiaid wedi cael dadeni trawiadol. Mae Cliff Whiting, Robyn Kahukiwa, Wright Bowman a Sam Ka&#8217;ai yn rhai o&#8217;r artistiaid sydd wedi datblygu ffurfiau traddodiadol ynghyd \u00e2 dulliau modern.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r Atua, gan gynnwys Lono, yn ymddangos mewn amrywiol ffyrdd yn eu gweithiau; mae eu presenoldeb eiconograffig felly&#8217;n cyrraedd hyd at gelfyddyd gyfoes.<\/p><p>Ni all celf Polynesaidd gael ei gwahanu o&#8217;i harwyddoc\u00e2d cosmolegol. Mae pob sbiral (koru), pob addurniad a phob llinell yn cario ystyr ffenomenolegol-grefyddol &#8211; gan gynnwys baner Lono \u00e2&#8217;i thraws-ddarn a&#8217;i sypynnau plu. Mae Roger Neich, Damian Skinner ac eraill o haneswyr celf wedi archwilio&#8217;r haenau ystyr hyn yn systematig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">G\u0175yl Makahiki<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y Makahiki oedd g\u0175yl flynyddol bwysicaf crefydd Hawai&#8217;i. Parhaodd tua phedwar mis, o Dachwedd i Chwefror (yn \u00f4l calendr lleuad Hawai&#8217;i). Yn ystod y cyfnod hwn gwaharddwyd rhyfel, gorffwysodd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol tuag at dduwdod neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwlt<\/span> Ku, a theyrnasodd Lono. Cariwyd baner Lono o gwmpas yr ynysoedd, cyflwynodd pob Ahupua&#8217;a (rhanbarth tir) roddion, a chynhaliwyd gornestau chwaraeon a pherfformiadau dawns.<\/p><p>O safbwynt astudiaethau crefydd, mae&#8217;r Makahiki yn \u0175yl ddiolchgarwch cynhaeaf glasurol, tebyg i Saturnalia Rhufeinig neu Akitu Mesopotamaidd. Dadansoddodd Valerie Valeri y strwythur fel &#8216;gwrthdroad defodol&#8217;: yn ystod yr \u0175yl, gwrthdroir yr hierarchaethau cymdeithasol arferol yn rhannol, teyrnasa heddwch, a bwydir y bobl \u00e2 rhoddion.<\/p><p>Rhaid darllen deunydd naratif y Makahiki hefyd, o safbwynt academaidd, fel rhwydwaith o straeon sy&#8217;n esbonio ei gilydd ac sy&#8217;n cael eu pwysleisio&#8217;n wahanol yn nhraddodiadau&#8217;r llwythau unigol. Nid oes yma naratif unedig, cyflawn.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r strwythur rhisomatig, rhwydweithiol hwn yn gosod tasgau methodolegol i&#8217;r ymchwil, ond ar yr un pryd yn agor dyfnder hermeneutig iddi. Ystyrir fersiynau gwahanol o&#8217;r un stori yn amlygiadau rhanbarthol o statws cyfartal, ac ni ellir eu hystyried byth yn &#8216;anghywir&#8217; na&#8217;n &#8216;llygredig&#8217;.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r traddodiadau ynghylch y Makahiki yn cael eu trosglwyddo&#8217;n weithredol, nid eu cofio&#8217;n unig, mewn karakia, mewn areithiau ar y marae, ac mewn addysg. Maent felly&#8217;n arfer byw, nid yn archif ddiddiwedd. Mae&#8217;r rhaglenni iaith ar gyfer Te Reo Maori ac Olelo Hawai&#8217;i wedi cryfhau&#8217;r bywiogrwydd hwn yn sylweddol dros y tri degawd diwethaf.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lono a James Cook<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ym mis Ionawr 1779 angorodd James Cook \u00e2&#8217;i longau ym Mae Kealakekua ar Hawai&#8217;i. Ar ddamwain, dyna oedd cyfnod anterth Makahiki. Roedd strwythurau petryal mast-traws-ddarn-lliain ei long yn atgoffa o faner Lono. Mae nifer o ffynonellau Hawaiiaidd ac arsylwyr Gorllewinol yn nodi bod Cook mewn gwirionedd wedi&#8217;i groesawu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn perthyn i drefn weithredol grefyddol benodol.\" tabindex=\"0\">yn rhefeddol<\/span> fel ymgnawdoliad o Lono, neu o leiaf fel cyfeiriad ato.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r stori hon yn destun dadl enwog rhwng Marshall Sahlins (<em>Islands of History<\/em>, 1985) a Gananath Obeyesekere (<em>The Apotheosis of Captain Cook<\/em>, 1992). Mae Sahlins yn amddiffyn y ddadl o adnabyddiaeth rhefeddol; mae Obeyesekere yn dadlau ei bod yn adeiladwaith trefedigaethol.<\/p><p>Yn hanesyddol grefyddol, mae&#8217;r canlynol yn ganolog: lladdwyd Cook ar 14 Chwefror 1779 mewn gwrthdrawiad &#8211; yn \u00f4l pob tebyg ar \u00f4l i Makahiki ddod i ben, a phan nad oedd modd dosbarthu&#8217;n theolegol mwyach ei ddychweliad annisgwyl.<\/p><p>Ni ellir deall episod James Cook, a gysylltwyd \u00e2 Lono ar ei gyrraedd, ond drwy adnabod nodwedd sylfaenol crefydd y Maori a&#8217;r Hawaiiaid: mae <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gweithred grefyddol benodol a ailadroddir.\" tabindex=\"0\">rhefedd<\/span> a gweithgarwch beunyddiol yn gydgysylltiedig.<\/p><p>Tra bod systemau crefyddol eraill yn gwahanu&#8217;n glir rhwng y sanctaidd a&#8217;r cyffredin, yma mae&#8217;r cysylltiadau \u00e2&#8217;r Atua yn treiddio drwy&#8217;r bywyd cyfan. Mae&#8217;r grefyddoldeb hwn, wedi&#8217;i wreiddio yn y byd bywyd ei hun, yn destun astudiaethau ffenomenolegol-grefyddol gan Mason Durie, Charles Royal, Lilikala Kame&#8217;eleihiwa ac ysgolheigion Polynesaidd eraill o&#8217;r genhedlaeth gyfoes.<\/p><p>Gellir gweld pa mor agos y mae arfer rhefeddol a bywyd bob dydd wedi&#8217;u plethu drwy&#8217;r iaith hithau: mae termau fel mana, tapu, aroha neu hauora yn perthyn heddiw i Saesneg cyffredin Aotearoa, ac fe&#8217;u defnyddir hyd yn oed y tu allan i gyd-destunau crefyddol. Mae&#8217;r ffaith bod <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y ddysgeidiaeth wyddonol am Dduw a chred crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">diwinyddiaeth<\/span> Maori wedi&#8217;i ysgrifennu fel hyn yn arfer iaith yn dogfennu ei dylanwad diwylliannol dwfn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cwlt a Rituelau<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Addolid Lono mewn heiau penodol, gan gynnwys yn nheml Halulu ar Lana&#8217;i. Roedd rhai heiau yn &#8216;heiau heddwch&#8217; (Lono-heiau), ac eraill yn &#8216;heiau rhyfel&#8217; (Ku-heiau). Mae&#8217;r gwahaniaethu hwn yn ddadlennol yn wyddonol: dengys wahaniad defodol systematig o feysydd bywyd.<\/p><p>Yn nefod Makahiki roedd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y drefn benodol o wasanaeth crefyddol cymuned ffydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">litwrgi<\/span> penodol yn ganolog, a ddogfennwyd gan Pukui a Beckwith. Mae&#8217;n cynnwys gwedd\u00efau, dawns, offrymau a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gorymdaith grefyddol seremon\u00efol.\" tabindex=\"0\">gorymdaith<\/span> baner Lono. Byddai ffermwyr yn cyflwyno offrymau o&#8217;u cynhaeaf i&#8217;r faner, a&#8217;r bonedd yn dosbarthu rhoddion.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r grefydd Bolynesaidd yn parhau&#8217;n fyw yn bennaf mewn marae a heiau, y llefydd hynny sydd yn fannau ymgynnull ac addoli ar yr un pryd, ac yn ystod misoedd Makahiki yn arbennig roedd Lono ynghlwm wrth ddefodau&#8217;r heiau. Mae gan bob marae a heiau ei whakapapa ei hun, ei draddodiadau ei hun a&#8217;i gysylltiadau atua ei hun.<\/p><p>Mae ymweliad \u00e2 marae yn dechrau gyda&#8217;r Powhiri, y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trefn benodol o weithredoedd symbolaidd sydd ag arwyddoc\u00e2d crefyddol neu ddiwylliannol.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddefod<\/span> lle mae&#8217;r Tangata Whenua yn croesawu eu gwesteion yn seremon\u00efol. Nid <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diwylliant gwerin traddodiadol sy'n cynnwys arferion, straeon a chaneuon.\" tabindex=\"0\">ll\u00ean gwerin<\/span> seremon\u00efol mo hyn, ond ymarfer crefyddol byw, ac fe&#8217;i cyfrifir yn wyddonol yn un o&#8217;r defodau croeso Polynesaidd sydd wedi&#8217;u dogfennu orau.<\/p><p>Yn ystod yr 20fed a&#8217;r 21ain ganrif newidiodd yr arfer crefyddol yn sylweddol. Lle bu&#8217;r Tohunga gynt yn chwarae r\u00f4l ganolog, y Kaumatua, yr henuriaid, ynghyd \u00e2 phwyllgorau&#8217;r marae, sy&#8217;n aml bellach yn cynnal y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gweithred grefyddol sefydlog ac ailadroddus.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddefod<\/span>. Yn gymdeithasegol-grefyddol mae&#8217;r newid hwn yn ddadlennol; trafodir hyn gan Manuka Henare a Mason Durie yn eu hymchwil.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Traddodiadau amddiffynnol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mewn cyd-destunau amddiffynnol, addolir Lono yn bennaf trwy alw ar heddwch a ffrwythlondeb. Mae ffermwyr sy&#8217;n gwedd\u00efo am gynhaeaf da yn troi at Lono. Roedd Lono hefyd yn bwynt cyfeirio mewn negodiadau heddwch. Mae&#8217;r arferiad hwn wedi&#8217;i adfywio&#8217;n rhannol heddiw o fewn mentrau polisi diwylliannol.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r Makahiki blynyddol yn cael ei ddathlu o&#8217;r newydd mewn rhai ysgolion Hawaiaidd, canolfannau diwylliannol a mudiadau sofraniaeth heddiw, yn aml fel atgof symbolaidd o&#8217;r drefn cyn-drefedigaethol. Mae&#8217;n rhaid deall yr arfer hwn fel un diwylliannol-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn ymwneud \u00e2 threfn weithredu grefyddol benodol.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddefodol<\/span>, nid hudol.<\/p><p>Wrth ystyried amddiffyniad, mae&#8217;n werth gwneud gwahaniaeth gwyddonol: mae&#8217;r ddealltwriaeth orllewinol yn tarddu o&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gwrthrych a wisgir y priodolir iddo effaith amddiffynnol yn erbyn drwg.\" tabindex=\"0\">amwled<\/span> effeithiol, tra bo&#8217;r ddealltwriaeth Bolynesaidd yn tarddu o&#8217;r berthynas a feithrinir. Mae amddiffyniad yma yn berthynasol a defodol yn ei hanfod; nid oes ganddo sail achosol-hudol o gwbl.<\/p><p>Ystyrir bod pwy bynnag sydd mewn perthynas ag atua fel Lono, ac sy&#8217;n cynnal y berthynas honno, yn &#8216;ddiogel&#8217;. Nid effaith gwrthrych sy&#8217;n cynnal yr amddiffyniad yma, ond ymrwymiad cosmolegol perthynas bresennol. Mewn anthropoleg grefyddol, cyfeirir at y syniad hwn fel &#8216;ontoleg berthynasol&#8217;.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r arfer amddiffynnol hefyd yn faes lle mae traddodiad a moderniaeth yn cwrdd. Mae apiau ff\u00f4n clyfar gyda karakia, canllawiau ar-lein i ddefodau amddiffynnol, ac ymweliadau rhithwir \u00e2 marae yn dangos bod y grefydd Bolynesaidd yn croesawu cyfryngau newydd i&#8217;w harfer. Rhaid deall y foderneiddio hon fel datblygiad addasadwy; nid oes s\u00f4n am wanhau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cymariaethau mewn diwylliannau eraill<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O fewn Polynesia, mae Lono&#8217;n cyfateb i&#8217;r Maori <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/rongo-duw-heddwch-tatws-melys\/\">Rongo<\/a>, i&#8217;r Tahitiaidd Ro&#8217;o, ac mae&#8217;n gymharadwy \u00e2 Demeter, Ceres neu Sadwrn (yn ei swyddogaeth amaethyddol). Fel y duwiau hyn, mae Lono&#8217;n cynrychioli&#8217;r planhigyn wedi&#8217;i drin a heddwch cymdeithasol.<\/p><p>Mae natur unigryw&#8217;r Makahiki yn bwysig: mae cyfnod sefydliadol o bedwar mis o heddwch bob blwyddyn yn hanesyddol nodedig ac wedi&#8217;i ddogfennu&#8217;n gymharol brin mewn diwylliannau eraill. Mae Valeri a Sahlins yn trafod y natur unigryw hon.<\/p><p>Astudiodd Joseph Campbell a Mircea Eliade y strwythurau cyffredinol hyn o brofiad crefyddol yn systematig. Er mor sylfaenol yw eu gwaith, mae angen ei ailystyried ar gyfer cyd-destunau Polynesaidd penodol, heb ddisgyn i symleiddio pan-fyd-eang. Mae&#8217;r ymchwil Bolynesaidd mwy diweddar yn rhoi pwys mawr ar y math hwn o ddehongli sensitif i gyd-destun.<\/p><p>O fewn Astudiaethau Brodorol rhyngwladol, ers y 1990au, mae cydweddiadau&#8217;n cael eu datblygu&#8217;n systematig rhwng credoau Polynesaidd a thraddodiadau Cyntaf Bobloedd eraill. Cafodd y maes ymchwil hwn ei siapio&#8217;n benodol gan yr ysgolhaig Maori Linda Tuhiwai Smith gyda&#8217;i gwaith clasurol o 1999, <em>Decolonizing Methodologies<\/em>, y mabwysiadwyd ei llinell fethodolegol yn eang ar draws y byd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Derbyniad Cyfoes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Lono yn bresennol yn Dadeni Hawaiaidd. Mae symudiadau i adfywio&#8217;r Makahiki, i hyrwyddo&#8217;r calendr lleuad Hawaiaidd ac i gynnal y heiau Lono yn weithgar. Mae Lilikala Kame&#8217;eleihiwa ac ysgolheigion Hawaiaidd eraill yn gweithio i ailgyflwyno Lono i ymwybyddiaeth gyhoeddus.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r ddadl Cook-Lono yn destun addysgu rhyngwladol ym maes ethnoleg grefyddol. Mae dosbarthiad manylach o fewn y <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/polynesia-maori-hawaii-thraddodiadau-amddiffynnol\/\">deulu crefyddol Polynesaidd<\/a> yn dangos y berthynas agos rhwng Lono a Rongo, ynghyd \u00e2&#8217;r ffurf Hawaiaidd benodol.<\/p><p>Mae <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a gaiff ei addoli fel duw o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">duwdod<\/span> fel Lono, sy&#8217;n gysylltiedig \u00e2&#8217;r syniad o heddwch, amaethyddiaeth a g\u0175yl y Makahiki, yn perthyn i system grefyddol y mae&#8217;r drafodaeth ryngwladol yn cydnabod ei hunaniaeth gynyddol ac nad yw&#8217;n cael ei diraddio bellach fel &#8216;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Corff cyfan y chwedlau am dduwiau a drosglwyddwyd o fewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytholeg<\/span>&#8216; na &#8216;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diwylliant gwerin a drosglwyddwyd ar lafar, gan gynnwys arferion, chwedlau a chaneuon.\" tabindex=\"0\">ll\u00ean gwerin<\/span>&#8216;.<\/p><p>Mae termau fel &#8216;mana&#8217;, &#8216;tapu&#8217;, &#8216;mauri&#8217; a &#8216;whakapapa&#8217; yn rhan o&#8217;r derminoleg academaidd erbyn hyn, sy&#8217;n dyst i&#8217;r gydnabyddiaeth hon. Er hynny, mae eu defnydd yn galw am sensitifrwydd cyd-destunol nad yw&#8217;n hunanamlwg.<\/p><p>Sut mae crefyddau Polynesaidd yn cael eu derbyn yn y diwylliant poblogaidd, mewn cynyrchiadau Disney, twristiaeth a llenyddiaeth esoterig, yw testun dadleuon critigol. Ymhle mae cyfryngu priodol yn digwydd, ac ymhle mae pethau&#8217;n cael eu gwastat\u00e1u neu eu gwyrdroi? Trafodir y cwestiynau hyn yn ddwys ac yn gyhoeddus yn Aotearoa a Hawai&#8217;i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ymchwil a Ffynonellau<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ceir cyfraniadau pwysig ar Lono gan Martha Beckwith, Mary Kawena Pukui, David Malo, Valerio Valeri, Marshall Sahlins, Gananath Obeyesekere a Lilikala Kame&#8217;eleihiwa. Mae <em>Islands of History<\/em> Sahlins a <em>The Apotheosis of Captain Cook<\/em> Obeyesekere yn brif destunau&#8217;r ddadl Cook-Lono. Mae <em>Kingship and Sacrifice<\/em> Valeri yn waith safonol ar strwythur system grefyddol Hawaii.<\/p><p>Mae Lono yn parhau i fod yn gyfeiriad canolog i ddeall crefydd Hawaiaidd cyn-drefedigaethol a&#8217;i chyswllt \u00e2 Ewrop.<\/p><p>Cynhelir y drafodaeth rhwng y traddodiadau gwybodaeth Polynesaidd mewnol a&#8217;r ymchwil academaidd heddiw gan nifer o sefydliadau: y Royal Society of New Zealand &#8211; Te Aparangi, Adran Astudiaethau Maori Prifysgol Auckland, Prifysgol Hawai&#8217;i ym Manoa, a Sefydliad Te Punga Tipu.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r sylfaen sefydliadol hon yn sicrhau bod ymchwil Polynesaidd yn tarddu o Polynesia ei hun, ac nad yw&#8217;n aros yn ddim mwy na siarad am Polynesia.<\/p><p>Mae astudiaethau sy&#8217;n defnyddio <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y wyddoniaeth wrthrychol sy'n astudio crefyddau'n gymharol, heb ymrwymiad ffydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">astudiaethau crefyddol<\/span> a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y ddisgyblaeth academaidd sy'n astudio Duw a chredoau crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">diwinyddiaeth<\/span> Bolynesaidd fel enghraifft o grefyddoldeb nad yw&#8217;n orllewinol yn creu pont \u00e2&#8217;r maes rhyngwladol ehangach. Er mor heriol yn fethodolegol yw&#8217;r gwaith cymharol hwn, mae&#8217;n agor gweledigaethau newydd ar ddeall crefydd fel ffenomen ddiwylliannol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d3003bc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2d3003bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29fa8a39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp29fa8a39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dadl Sahlins-Obeyesekere: Lono a chyfyngiadau dehongli ethnograffig<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2643cac5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2643cac5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22515bb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp22515bb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prin fod unrhyw ffigwr o grefydd Hawaii sydd wedi&#8217;i gysylltu&#8217;n agosach \u00e2 dadl academaidd nag <em>Lono<\/em>. Mae&#8217;r cwestiwn canolog yn ymwneud \u00e2 pha ran chwaraeodd Lono wrth i&#8217;r llongwr Prydeinig James Cook gyrraedd, a laniodd ar Hawaii ddechrau 1779 yn ystod y <em>Makahiki<\/em>, g\u0175yl fawr heddwch y cynhaeaf, ac a laddwyd yno wythnosau&#8217;n ddiweddarach.<\/p><p>Cynigiodd yr anthropolegydd Americanaidd Marshall Sahlins, mewn nifer o weithiau yn yr 1980au, y ddamcaniaeth mai&#8217;r Hawaiaid a osododd Cook o fewn cynllun mytholegol Lono.<\/p><p>Roedd ei ymddangosiad yn ystod g\u0175yl Lono, ei lwybr a&#8217;i ymddygiad yn cyd-fynd ag disgwyliadau diwylliannol a osodwyd ymlaen llaw, felly ystyriodd yr Hawaiaid ef fel amlygiad neu ddychweliad o&#8217;r Atua. Defnyddiodd Sahlins yr achos hwn i gefnogi ei ddadl ehangach fod hanes a strwythur diwylliannol yn ymdreiddio i&#8217;w gilydd.<\/p><p>Gwrthwynebodd yr anthropolegydd o Sri Lanka, Gananath Obeyesekere, yn ffyrnig ym 1992. Cyhuddodd ddehongliad Sahlins o ailadrodd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> trefedigaethol, sef y syniad Ewropeaidd hunanfoddhaol fod y dyfodiad gwyn wedi&#8217;i gymryd am dduw.<\/p><p>Dadleuodd Obeyesekere fod yr Hawaiaid wedi trin Cook fel pennaeth pwerus a dieithryn, nid fel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a gaiff ei addoli fel duw o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">duwdod<\/span>, a bod y dwyfoli yn ddyfais Ewropeaidd ddiweddarach. Atebodd Sahlins ym 1995 gydag ymateb manwl, lle aeth dros y ffynonellau Hawaiaidd a&#8217;r ffynonellau cynnar unwaith yn rhagor.<\/p><p>Nid yw&#8217;r ddadl wedi&#8217;i setlo&#8217;n derfynol hyd heddiw, ac mae hynny&#8217;n ei gwneud yn addysgiadol wrth ddisgrifio Lono. Yn gyntaf, dengys mor gyfyng ac mor Ewropeaidd a hidlwyd sylfaen y ffynonellau.<\/p><p>Mae bron pob adroddiad cynnar yn dod o griwiau&#8217;r llongau; dim ond ddegawdau&#8217;n ddiweddarach y daw tystiolaeth ysgrifenedig Hawaiaidd, ac mae hyd yn oed hynny wedi&#8217;i lliwio gan genhadaeth a hanesyddiaeth. Yn ail, dengys mai llawer anoddach yn fethodolegol yw ateb y cwestiwn beth y credai&#8217;r cymeriadau hanesyddol yn wirioneddol, nag y mae disgrifiadau poblogaidd yn ei awgrymu.<\/p><p>I drin Lono&#8217;n ddifrifol, mae hyn yn golygu cyflwyno pennod Cook fel achos dadleuol sy&#8217;n dangos cyfyngiadau methodolegol ethnograffeg, yn hytrach na&#8217;i chyflwyno fel ffaith hanes crefyddol sicr. Mae&#8217;r elfen sy&#8217;n dal gafael wyddonol yn parhau i fod y cysylltiad rhwng Lono a glaw, ffrwythlondeb a chalendr y Makahiki, yn annibynnol ar y cwestiwn am Cook.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Llenyddiaeth (dewis)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Martha Beckwith: <em>Hawaiian Mythology<\/em> (1940)<\/li><li>Valerio Valeri: <em>Kingship and Sacrifice<\/em> (1985)<\/li><li>Marshall Sahlins: <em>Islands of History<\/em> (1985)<\/li><li>Gananath Obeyesekere: <em>The Apotheosis of Captain Cook<\/em> (1992)<\/li><li>Lilikala Kame&#8217;eleihiwa: <em>Native Land and Foreign Desires<\/em> (1992)<\/li><li>David Malo: <em>Hawaiian Antiquities<\/em> (1898)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-lono e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-lono\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-lono-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-lono-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fel <strong>duw uchel<\/strong> heddwch, amaethyddiaeth a thymor gwyliau blynyddol Makahiki, mae Lono yn dal safle canolog yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y duwiau mewn crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> Hawaii ac yn cynrychioli&#8217;r gwrthbwynt i Ku, y duw rhyfel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termau cysylltiedig: Lono Hawaii Makahiki James Cook Baner Lono Cysylltiad \u00e2 Rongo Duw Heddwch.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-lono\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a thraddodiadau amddiffyn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Mae iWell Guard yn parhau&#8217;r traddodiad diwylliannol-hanesyddol o wrthrychau amddiffynnol y gellir eu gwisgo, yn nhraddodiad <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/polynesia-maori-hawaii-thraddodiadau-amddiffynnol\/\">Polynesia \/ y Maori<\/a> a llawer o ddiwylliannau eraill ledled y byd. 41 lefel, aur pur, platinwm, arian, gwneuthuriad yn yr Almaen. Hawl dychwelyd o 30 diwrnod.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mwy am yr iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mwy am yr iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Gall profiadau personol amrywio. 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