{"id":191444,"date":"2026-09-07T07:26:07","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:26:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191444"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"hexenhammer-malleus-maleficarum","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/hexenhammer-malleus-maleficarum\/","title":{"rendered":"Hexenhammer (Malleus Maleficarum)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191444\" class=\"elementor elementor-191444 elementor-2439 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hero00749c9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"hero00749c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg27cb4fc iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg27cb4fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_hexenhammer-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193194\" alt=\"Hexenhammer - Darlun o arfer Hexenhammer mewn arddull hanesyddol-amgueddfaol-ddogfennol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_hexenhammer-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_hexenhammer-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_hexenhammer-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/praktiken_hexenhammer.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-cb26d28 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-cb26d28\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" id=\"sec-cb26d28\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-cb26d28\" data-id=\"col-cb26d28\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" id=\"col-cb26d28\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wh-cb26d28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wh-cb26d28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"h1-cb26d28\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hexenhammer (Malleus Maleficarum)<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-we-cb26d28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"we-cb26d28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"ed-cb26d28-b\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"iwg-lead\">Y <strong>Hexenhammer<\/strong>, yn Lladin <em>Malleus Maleficarum<\/em>, yw llawlyfr mwyaf drwgenwog erledigaeth wrachod Ewropeaidd. Cyhoeddwyd yn 1486\/87 yn Speyer, wedi&#8217;i ysgrifennu gan y Dominicanwr Heinrich Kramer (yn Lladin, Institoris), a fu&#8217;n dylanwadu am dros ddwy ganrif ar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y ddisgyblaeth academaidd sy'n astudio Duw a chredoau crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">theoleg<\/span>, arferion yr Chwilys, a llysoedd cyfraith seciwlar. I ddeall demonoleg yr Oesoedd Canol diweddar a&#8217;r cyfnod modern cynnar, mae&#8217;n rhaid ymgymryd \u00e2&#8217;r Malleus.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"autorenschaft\">Awduraeth a Dyddiad<\/h2>\n<p>Roedd Heinrich Kramer yn brior mynachlog y Dominicaniaid yn Schlettstadt yn Alsace, ac yn gwasanaethu fel chwilyswr papurol o ddiwedd y 1470au. Daeth ei erlyniadau cyntaf am wrachyddiaeth yn Innsbruck yn 1485 i ben mewn sgandal: tynnodd yr Esgob Georg Golser ei awdurdod ymaith a&#8217;i alltudio o&#8217;r esgobaeth.<\/p><p>Ymatebodd Kramer trwy ysgrifennu. Ar sail bwla bapurol Innocent VIII, <em>Summis desiderantes affectibus<\/em> o 1484, cyfansoddodd y Malleus fel amddiffyniad o&#8217;i ddulliau ei hun ac fel llawlyfr ar gyfer achosion yn y dyfodol.<\/p>\n<p>Am amser hir, ystyriwyd Jakob Sprenger, Dominicanwr arall, fel cyd-awdur; mae ymchwil diweddarach, yn enwedig gan Christopher Mackay a Wolfgang Behringer, yn dangos bod cyfranogiad Sprenger yn fach iawn neu wedi&#8217;i ffugio. Mae&#8217;n debyg fod Kramer wedi cymryd enw Sprenger heb hawl er mwyn awgrymu awdurdod academaidd.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"aufbau\">Strwythur mewn Tri Rhan<\/h2>\n<p>Mae&#8217;r Malleus wedi&#8217;i rannu&#8217;n dri rhan. Mae&#8217;r rhan gyntaf yn dadlau&#8217;n theolegol fod gwrachyddiaeth yn bodoli mewn gwirionedd, ac fod Duw yn ei ganiat\u00e1u tra bod y diafol yn ei chyflawni.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r ail ran yn disgrifio&#8217;n fanwl arferion y gwrachod: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Yn nhraddodiad Cristnogol yr Oesoedd Canol, cytundeb ffurfiol rhwng dyn a demon, yn aml wedi'i lofnodi \u00e2 gwaed.\">cyfamod<\/span> \u00e2&#8217;r diafol, melltithion, hud tywydd, cyfathrach \u00e2 incwbi a swcwbi, cariadon demonig, a niwed i anifeiliaid a chaeau. Mae&#8217;r drydedd ran yn llawlyfr gweithdrefnol: sut i ddod ag achos, sut i gyfiawnhau artaith, sut i ennyn cyffesion, pa foddion amddiffynnol sy&#8217;n gweithio.<\/p>\n<p>Mae&#8217;r duedd wrth-fenywaidd yn hynod amlwg. Mae Kramer yn deillio gwrachyddiaeth o gyflwr natur benywaidd honedig: yn wannach yn ffydd, yn fwy tueddol i chwant cnawdol, yn haws ei themptio gan y diafol. Mae&#8217;r ddadl hon yn gwrthdaro \u00e2&#8217;r traddodiad ysgolheigaidd cynharach, ac yn ffurf ar galedu unigryw Kramer, a barodd ddylanwad ar achosion gwrachyddiaeth diweddarach.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"rezeption\">Dylanwad a Derbyniad<\/h2>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Cafodd y Malleus o leiaf 28 argraffiad rhwng 1486 a 1669. Roedd yn un o&#8217;r llyfrau mwyaf argraffedig yn Ewrop, ar wah\u00e2n i&#8217;r Beibl. Er hynny, mae angen gweld ei ddylanwad mewn modd hanesyddol wahaniaethol: gwrthododd theoleg uwch Gatholig Ysgol Salamanca ef, a&#8217;r Chwilys Sbaenaidd, yn baradocsaidd, ei wahardd fel un anghyson.<\/span><\/p><p>Yn nhiriogaethau&#8217;r Almaen, yn y Swistir, ac yn Ffrainc, fodd bynnag, gwasanaethodd fel llawlyfr canolog ar gyfer comisiynau gwrachyddiaeth, yn arbennig yn ystod brigau&#8217;r erlyniadau gwrachyddiaeth o gwmpas 1590 a 1630.<\/p>\n<p>Mae&#8217;r Malleus yn rhannol gyfrifol am y symudiad o weithdrefn wedi&#8217;i chyfyngu&#8217;n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Yn perthyn i gorff testunol sanctaidd penodedig; mae testunau anghanonaidd yn cael eu hystyried yn apocryffaidd.\">ganonaidd<\/span>-gyfreithiol i erledigaeth dorfol ddiataliad. Mae amcangyfrifon yn nodi bod rhwng 40,000 a 60,000 wedi eu dienyddio yng Nghanolbarth Ewrop rhwng 1450 a 1750, gyda thua 75% ohonynt yn fenywod.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"kritik\">Beirniadaeth Gynnar<\/h2>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Ffurfiwyd y gwrthwynebiadau systematig cyntaf gan Johann Weyer yn 1563 yn <em>De praestigiis daemonum<\/em>. Er bod Weyer yn derbyn bodolaeth y diafol, dehonglodd lawer o&#8217;r gwrachod honedig fel menywod yn dioddef o felancoli, gan nad oedd eu cyffesion yn weithredoedd gwirioneddol ond yn symptomau o afiechyd.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Cyhoeddodd Friedrich Spee von Langenfeld, Jeswit a chyffeswr gwrachod dedfrydedig, <em>Cautio Criminalis<\/em> yn 1631, gwrthdrawiad diflewyn-ar-dafod \u00e2&#8217;r arfer o artaith. Arweiniodd y ddwy waith at ddadwneud graddol yr erlyniadau gwrachyddiaeth, a ddaeth i ben yn 1782 gyda&#8217;r dienyddiad diwethaf yn yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig Sanctaidd (Anna G\u00f6ldi yn Glarus).<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"einschaetzung\">Barn Gyfoes<\/h2>\n<p>O safbwynt astudiaethau crefyddol, mae&#8217;r Malleus yn llai o ffynhonnell ar gyfer arferion gwrachyddiaeth wirioneddol, ac yn fwy o ddogfen sy&#8217;n dangos adeiladu delwedd o elyn.<\/p><p>Ceir prin unrhyw dystiolaeth annibynnol o&#8217;r cyfamod, y sabathau, a&#8217;r arferion rhywiol a ddisgrifir ynddo; maent yn adlewyrchu disgwyliadau theolegol y chwilyswyr a&#8217;r cadarnhadau a orfodwyd o dan artaith. Mae ymchwilwyr hanesyddol yn trin y Malleus fel ffynhonnell ar gyfer dychymyg y chwilys, nid fel tystiolaeth o grefydd gyffredin wirioneddol.<\/p>\n<p>Mae&#8217;r cylchoedd esoterig cyfoes yn derbyn y Malleus mewn modd rhanedig. Mae rhai symudiadau neopagan yn ei ddarllen fel dogfen o wrth-draddodiad matriarchaidd a gafodd ei orfodi i ddistawrwydd, dehongliad nad yw&#8217;n dal d\u0175r yn hanesyddol.<\/p><p>Mae eraill yn ei ddefnyddio fel cyd-destun negyddol, i wahaniaethu eu harferion eu hunain o&#8217;r safbwynt demoneiddiol. Mewn unrhyw achos, mae&#8217;n werth darllen y fersiwn feirniadol yn uniongyrchol, gan nad yw llawer o&#8217;r datganiadau a briodolir iddo byth wedi dod o&#8217;r llyfr ei hun.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"quellen\">Ffynonellau<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Christopher S. Mackay (gol.): <em>The Hammer of Witches. A Complete Translation of the Malleus Maleficarum<\/em>, Cambridge UP 2009 (fersiwn feirniadol).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Wolfgang Behringer: <em>Hexen. Glaube, Verfolgung, Vermarktung<\/em>, M\u00fcnchen 2005.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Hanesydd crefyddol o UDA (g. 1934); astudiaeth pedwar cyfrol ar hanes y diafol (1977\u20131986).\">Jeffrey Burton Russell<\/span>: <em>Witchcraft in the Middle Ages<\/em>, Cornell UP 1972.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Friedrich Spee von Langenfeld: <em>Cautio Criminalis<\/em>, fersiwn feirniadol T\u00fcbingen 2000.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-nosnippet>Johann Weyer: <em>De praestigiis daemonum<\/em>, fersiwn Almaeneg Berlin 1991.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcb-hexenham-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcb-hexenham-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cb-hexenhammer\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcb-hexenham-inner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgcb-hexenham-inner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcb-hexenham-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgcb-hexenham-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard a thraddodiadau amddiffyn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcb-hexenham-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcb-hexenham-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Ar draws pob diwylliant sydd wedi&#8217;i ddogfennu, gellir dod o hyd i wrthrychau amddiffynnol a wisgwyd gan bobl ar y corff, o swynoglau <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/pazuzu\/\">Pazuzu<\/a> yn Mesopotamia, drwy&#8217;r <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/hamsa\/\">Hamsa<\/a> yn ardal M\u00f4r y Canoldir, i&#8217;r <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/mezuzah\/\">Mezuzah<\/a> ar bostiau drysau Iddewig ac at fedalau amddiffynnol Cristnogol. 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