{"id":191419,"date":"2026-09-07T07:25:57","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:25:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191419"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"genius","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/genius\/","title":{"rendered":"Genius"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191419\" class=\"elementor elementor-191419 elementor-2194 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Genius Rufeinig, ysbryd traddodiad Rhufain<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Genius yw ysbryd gwarcheidiol person, teulu neu le yn nhraddodiad Rhufain. Mae&#8217;r enw yn llythrennol yn golygu &#8220;yr un a genhedla&#8221; ac yn cyfeirio at y grym sy&#8217;n creu ac yn cynnal bywyd. O safbwynt astudiaethau crefyddol, mae&#8217;r Genius yn enghraifft o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cred fod gan anifeiliaid, planhigion a phethau eu hunain eiddo enaid.\" tabindex=\"0\">animistiaeth<\/span> o fewn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y gred mewn mwy nag un duw.\" tabindex=\"0\">polytheistiaeth<\/span>, nid pob endid yw duw, ond mae gan bob un ei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Endid diriaethol y credir bod ganddo effaith yn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">ysbryd<\/span> gwarcheidiol ei hun. Fel ysbryd gwarcheidiol Rufeinig, mae&#8217;r Genius yn cyd-deithio \u00e2&#8217;r unigolyn o&#8217;r geni hyd y farwolaeth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ysbryd: Endid corfforol neu led-gorfforol, ymadawedig, ysbrydion natur, ysbrydion t\u0177 neu warcheidwaid trothwy. Yn gweithredu ym mywyd bob dydd, yn aml yn gysylltiedig \u00e2 lleoedd neu deuluoedd.\">Ysbryd<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/rhufain\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Crefydd Rufeinig o gyfnod y brenhinoedd hyd yr hen ddiwedd, yn gyfuniad synretaidd o haenau Groegaidd ac Etrwsgaidd.\">Rhufain<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/duwiau-gwarcheidwadol\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duwdodau gwarcheidiol, gwarcheidwaid cartref, dinas, genedigaethau, teithiau neu gyfnodau bywyd.\">Duwdod Gwarcheidiol<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 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512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_genius-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193496\" alt=\"Genius - duwiau o draddodiad Rhufain, hanesyddol-ddarluniadol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_genius-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_genius-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_genius-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_genius.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Genius Rufeinig<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r Genius yn ysbryd gwarcheidiol personol neu gyfunol, nid yn weithredol yn annibynnol fel duwiau, ond effeithiol o ran diogelu ac adfywio. Mae gan bob person ei Genius ei hun (Lladin: tutelaris), gan bob teulu ei Genius cartref, a chan bob dinas ei Genius dinesig.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r prif agweddau yn cynnwys llesiant corfforol, atgenhedliad, digonedd a pharhad. Roedd Genius yr ymerawdwr yn cael ei addoli yn y cwlt gwladwriaethol, yn arwydd o ddyrchafiad ymerodrol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ar fflach: Genius Rufeinig<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ffynonellau: Cicero De Natura Deorum, Seneca, Martial, Plinius Naturalis Historia, Valerius Maximus, arysgrifau Lladin ac altarau cartref (cerfluniau lararium). Ffynonellau eilaidd: Georg Wissowa, Rudolf Simek (ar gyfer cyfochrogau Germanaidd), Hubert Cancik, Karl Latte. Roedd y gred yng Ngenius yn gyffredin ar draws pob haen gymdeithasol ac wedi&#8217;i dogfennu&#8217;n eang mewn darganfyddiadau archeolegol o Pompeii, Herculaneum a G\u00e2l.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyd-destun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfnod y Testunau<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddo gwybodaeth a naratifau ar draws cenedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">traddodiad<\/span> am Genius yn ymestyn yn ddwfn i hanes Rhufain, gyda dogfennaeth o&#8217;r 1af ganrif ac yn \u00f4l pob tebyg draddodiadau llafar h\u0177n byth. Mae&#8217;r ffynonellau ysgrifenedig yn dameidiog ond yn gyson, ac maent yn dangos darlun sefydlog o&#8217;r endid hwn dros gyfnodau hir.<\/p><p>Roedd y parhad diwylliannol yn nodedig: trosglwyddwyd traddodiadau ac arferion o genhedlaeth i genhedlaeth, yn aml ar lafar, yn aml ar ffurf defodau bob dydd. Roedd y Rhufeiniaid wedi integreiddio&#8217;r ffigwr neu&#8217;r cysyniad hwn yn ddwfn i&#8217;w systemau ysbrydol, gan sicrhau ei barhad hyd i&#8217;r cyfnod modern.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ardal Ledaeniad<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Roedd Genius yn gyffredin ar draws byd Rhufain gyfan, heb fod yn gyfyngedig i ranbarth penodol, ond yn gyffredinol. Boed mewn canolfannau trefol neu bentrefi gwledig, roedd yr addoliad neu&#8217;r ddealltwriaeth o&#8217;r endid hwn yn gyson. Mae hyn yn awgrymu r\u00f4l ganolog yn bywyd diwylliannol ac ysbrydol Rhufain. Mae unffurfiaeth ddaearyddol yr arfer yn nodedig ac yn awgrymu gwreiddiau diwylliannol dwfn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sail y Ffynonellau<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y ffynonellau cynradd yw testunau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod diwylliant Groeg a Rhufain, o gwmpas 800 CC hyd 600 OC.\" tabindex=\"0\">clasurol<\/span>, gweithiau llenyddol a chanonau crefyddol Rhufain. Yn eilaidd, ceir cofnodion ethnograffig, traddodiadau gwerin a darganfyddiadau archeolegol. Mae traddodiadau llafar, sy&#8217;n dal yn fyw heddiw, yn cynnig persbectifau ychwanegol. Mae cyfuniad cyfan y ffynonellau yn caniat\u00e1u darlun cydlynol o Genius a&#8217;i arwyddoc\u00e2d.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enw a ffurfiau ysgrifenedig<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Caiff Genius ei ddarlunio yn y gwahanol draddodiadau \u00e2 rhai elfennau eiconograffig penodol sy&#8217;n aros yn gymharol gyson dros amser a lle. Nid yw&#8217;r elfennau hyn yn ddigwyddiadol, ond yn cario ystyr symbolaidd.<\/p><p>Maent yn mynegi swyddogaethau, grymoedd a chyfrifoldebau. Mae lliwiau, gwrthrychau, priodoleddau corfforol, i gyd o bwys. Mae&#8217;r system weledol wedi&#8217;i chodio a gellir ei darllen gan y cyfarwydd fel testun.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nodweddion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Roedd swyddogaeth Genius ym mywyd crefyddol a chymdeithasol Rhufain yn ganolog. Byddai pobl yn troi at yr endid hwn mewn sefyllfaoedd bywyd penodol, gyda gwedd\u00efau neu ddefodau penodol.<\/p><p>Nid oedd yr arfer yn ddigyswllt, ond yn strwythuredig ac wedi&#8217;i drosglwyddo. Roedd cenhedlaethau o bobl wedi meithrin, trosglwyddo ac addasu&#8217;r mathau hyn o addoliad. Mae&#8217;r parhad yn dangos bod yr arfer yn effeithiol, neu o leiaf yn cael ei ystyried yn effeithiol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proffil: Genius Rufeinig<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r proffil yn archwilio&#8217;r Genius drwy chwe safbwynt: ei darddiad hanesyddol a diwylliannol o ran syniadau, yr arfer byw o&#8217;i addoliad mewn cyd-destunau preifat a gwladwriaethol, ei ddarluniad nodweddiadol mewn altarau cartref a chelfyddyd, ystyr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y weithred o erfyn neu alw ar dduwdod neu rym.\" tabindex=\"0\">galwad<\/span> ac arferion gwarcheidiol, ffigyrau ysbryd gwarcheidiol cymharol o ddiwylliannau eraill, a dehongliad cyffredinol terfynol o&#8217;i r\u00f4l yn y cosmos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Traddodiad<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r Genius yn greadigaeth Rufeinig wirioneddol heb ragflaenwyr Groegaidd nac Etrwsgaidd uniongyrchol. Mae&#8217;r gwreiddiau i&#8217;w gweld yn gythreuliaid ffrwythlondeb Italig ac mewn cysyniadau Indo-Ewropeaidd o ysbrydion gwarcheidiol personol. Mae&#8217;r tystiolaethau cynharaf yn dyddio o&#8217;r 3edd ganrif CC, ond dwys\u00e1u o dan Awgwstws.<\/p><p>Roedd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol ar gyfer duwdod neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">cwlt<\/span> y Genius wedi&#8217;i wreiddio&#8217;n arbennig yn Latium ac yn ymledu gyda ehangiad Rhufain. Cyrhaeddodd ei ddatblygiad pennaf o dan yr ymerawdwyr, pan gafodd y Genius Caesaris (ysbryd gwarcheidiol ymerodrol) ei addoli&#8217;n swyddogol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cynulleidfa Genius Rufeinig<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u00e2i&#8217;r Genius ei alw gan bob dinesydd, pob teulu a&#8217;r wladwriaeth ei hun. Yn y cartrefi preifat, byddai pobl yn gwedd\u00efo bob dydd at Genius a&#8217;r Lares (ysbrydion t\u0177) yn y lararium (cysegr cartref). Roedd penblwydd person yn ddiwrnod g\u0175yl i&#8217;w Genius ei hun.<\/p><p>Byddai ffermwyr yn gwedd\u00efo at Genius agri (Genius y maes), crefftwyr at Genius eu gild, a milwyr at Genius y lleng. Byddai&#8217;r ymerawdwr yn aberthu&#8217;n gyhoeddus at y Genius Caesaris, arfer a fu&#8217;n sail i&#8217;r cwlt ymerodrol diweddarach.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Darluniad<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u00e2i&#8217;r Genius ei ddarlunio fel llanc neu ddyn gyda dysgl (patella) ar gyfer <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, dymuniad neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">aberth<\/span>, yn aml wrth ochr y Larau neu mewn allorau teuluol. Ar ddarnau arian mae&#8217;n gwisgo modius (mesur grawn) ar brydiau, sef <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr yn ei le.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> o fendith.<\/p><p>Ar reliffau allorau teuluol, mae&#8217;n eistedd ymysg duwiau&#8217;r cartref. Mae&#8217;r ddelweddaeth yn fwy abstract a chyfnewidiol na delweddau duwiau. Yn aml c\u00e2i ei ddarlunio ar ffurf neidr, gan fod y neidr yn symboleiddio&#8217;r grym atgenhedlol, tanddaearol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Swyddogaeth<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Maes gweithredu:<\/strong> Yn nealltwriaeth grefyddol y Rhufeiniaid, y <em>Genius<\/em> yw ysbryd bywyd creadigol a bywiog dyn, ei ddeuolyn dwyfol, a genir gydag ef ac a ddiflanna gydag ef ar ddiwrnod ei farwolaeth. Roedd gan bob pater familias ei <em>Genius<\/em>, ac roedd gan bob gwraig ei <em>Iuno<\/em> (y cyfatebiaeth fenywaidd).<\/p><p>Y tu hwnt i&#8217;r personol, datblygodd y term i olygu grym gwarcheidiol cyfunol lleoedd (<em>Genius loci<\/em>), corfforaethau (<em>Genius collegii<\/em>), y Senedd (<em>Genius Senatus<\/em>) ac, o gyfnod Awgwstus ymlaen, yr ymerawdwr (<em>Genius Augusti<\/em>).<\/p><p>Mae Plini&#8217;r H\u0177n (<em>Naturalis Historia<\/em> II, 16) a Servius (esboniad ar Fyrsil, <em>Aen.<\/em> V, 95) yn tystio i&#8217;r dimensiwn domestig. Disgrifia Ofydd (<em>Tristia<\/em> III, 13) ddiwrnod pen-blwydd (<em>dies natalis<\/em>) fel g\u0175yl ganolog y Genius, gyda gwin, thus a chacennau m\u00eal wrth y Lararium.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfryngau Amddiffynnol<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u00e2i&#8217;r Genius ei anrhydeddu \u00e2 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y weithred o alw ar dduwdod neu rym mewn ffordd erfyniol neu ddefodol.\" tabindex=\"0\">alwad<\/span> a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, dymuniad neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">aberth<\/span> ofnus, nid i warchod rhag niwed, ond i sicrhau ffyniant a pharhad. Y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, dymuniad neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">aberthau<\/span> oedd gwin, m\u00eal, ffrwythau cyntaf y cynhaeaf ac ambell aberth gwaed bychan.<\/p><p>Ar ddiwrnod pen-blwydd, cyflwynid cacennau fel offrwm. Byddai gwragedd yn aberthu ar ddiwrnod eu priodas. Ystyrid llw ar y Genius ei hun yn rwymol yn llwyr. Roedd difenwi Genius yr ymerawdwr yn drosedd deyrnfradwrus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfochrogion<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn y traddodiad Germanaidd, mae&#8217;r Hamramr neu&#8217;r Fylgja (Norseg) yn cyfateb i&#8217;r syniad o ysbryd gwarcheidiol personol. Mae&#8217;r Ka Eifftaidd yn debyg, sef grym bywyd bob unigolyn. Yn y byd Groegaidd ceir y daimon (daimonion) fel ysbryd gwarcheidiol personol, ond yn llai sefydliedig na&#8217;r Genius Rhufeinig. Mae&#8217;r cysyniad Iddewig o angel gwarcheidiol yn dangos cyfochredd strwythurol, ond mae wedi&#8217;i wreiddio&#8217;n wahanol yn ddiwinyddol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Genius Rhufeinig, cyfochreddau mewn diwylliannau eraill<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mewn diwylliannau eraill ceir archdeipiau tebyg, yn aml gyda swyddogaethau ac agweddau tebyg, ond wedi&#8217;u lleoli a&#8217;u haddasu i&#8217;r diwylliant priodol. Mae cyffredinolrwydd y patrymau hyn yn awgrymu strwythurau archdeipiol dwfn ym mhsyche ac ysbrydolrwydd dynol. Amlygiadau gwahanol o thema sylfaenol gyffredin.<\/p>\n<p><p><strong>Traddodiad Iddewig:<\/strong> Nid yw&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Angel y priodolir iddo ofalu am amddiffyn un person unigol.\" tabindex=\"0\">angel gwarcheidiol<\/span> yn angelolegaeth Iddewig ddiweddarach (yn enwedig yn yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ysgrifau crefyddol y tu allan i'r canon beiblaidd; wedi'u lleoli rhwng canonaidd ac anghanonaidd yn y traddodiad Iddewig a Christnogol.\">Apocryffa<\/span> a&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfriniaeth Iddewig gyda'r prif weithiau Sefer Yetzira, y Zohar a'r ysgol lurianaidd.\">Kabbalah<\/span>) wedi ei ddeillio&#8217;n uniongyrchol o&#8217;r Genius, ond mae&#8217;n dangos swyddogaeth debyg: amddiffyniad personol ac eiriolaeth. Ceir awgrymiadau o ysbrydion gwarcheidiol yn y Tanakh, ond dim diwinyddiaeth systematig fel y Genius.<\/p><p><strong>Y byd Groegaidd-Rufeinig:<\/strong> Mae&#8217;r daimonion Groegaidd (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod ysbrydol y priodolir iddo effaith niweidiol neu amwys.\" tabindex=\"0\">daemon<\/span> personol yn \u00f4l Platon a Sokrates) yn debyg i&#8217;r Genius, ond yn seiliedig yn fwy ar athroniaeth na chwlt. Unodd y Neoblatoniaid diweddarach y ddau gysyniad yn egwyddor drefn gosmig.<\/p><p><strong>Mesopotamia:<\/strong> Mae&#8217;r ysbryd gwarcheidiol (cysyniad ilu) ym Mesopotamia yn debyg o ran swyddogaeth i&#8217;r Genius, ond wedi&#8217;i gysylltu llai \u00e2 phersonau unigol nag \u00e2 gwledydd a chymdeithasau crefft. Dim cyfatebiaeth uniongyrchol o ran <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol i dduwdod neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\">cwlt<\/span> a graddau.<\/p><p><strong>India\/Asia:<\/strong> Dim cyfatebiaeth uniongyrchol yn Hind\u0175aeth na Bwdhaeth. Mae&#8217;r cysyniad o ysbryd tynged bersonol (cysylltiad <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth, dyletswydd a threfn gosmig; ym Mwdhaeth, dysgeidiaeth y Bwdha.\">Dharma<\/span>\/<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Hind\u0175aeth, Bwdhaeth a Jainiaeth, deddf canlyniad gweithred: mae pob gweithred yn effeithio ar fodolaethau dilynol.\">Karma<\/span>) yn bell o ran thema, ond heb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol i dduwdod neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\">gwlt<\/span> uniongyrchol fel y Genius.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4f16ba0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp4f16ba0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd95ba75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd95ba75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Genius ac Iuno: Ysbryd gwarcheidiol y g\u0175r a'r wraig<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c52a1a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2c52a1a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd79e1b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd79e1b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Roedd y syniad Rhufeinig am y Genius yn wreiddiol wedi ei gysylltu \u00e2 rhyw. Y <em>Genius<\/em> oedd yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod anghorfforol y priodolir iddo effaith yn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">ysbryd<\/span> cenhedlol, cydymaith bywyd, y dyn; ei gymar benywaidd oedd yr <em>Iuno<\/em>, a berthynai i bob gwraig. Yn union fel yr oedd gan bob dyn ei Genius ei hun, roedd gan bob gwraig ei Iuno ei hun, ac roedd y ddau yn cydymaith y person o&#8217;i eni hyd ei farwolaeth.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r enw <em>Genius<\/em> yn perthyn yn ieithyddol i&#8217;r ferf <em>gignere<\/em>, sef cenhedlu, dwyn ymlaen. Mae&#8217;r tarddiad geiriol hwn yn cyfeirio at graidd y syniad: y Genius yw&#8217;r grym sy&#8217;n ymgorffori bywyd, ac yn enwedig gallu cenhedlol y dyn.<\/p><p>Roedd yn gysylltiedig yn agos \u00e2 gwely&#8217;r briodas, a alwyd am y rheswm hwnnw yn <em>lectus genialis<\/em>. Gelwid dathlu llawen, hoenus yn <em>indulgere genio<\/em>, hynny yw, ildio i&#8217;ch Genius eich hun, sy&#8217;n atseinio yn y gair Almaeneg genie\u00dfen (mwynhau).<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r cysylltiad agos \u00e2&#8217;r person unigol i&#8217;w weld hefyd yn y \u0175yl bwysicaf: roedd pen-blwydd, y <em>dies natalis<\/em>, ar yr un pryd yn ddiwrnod g\u0175yl y Genius personol.<\/p><p>Ar y diwrnod hwnnw cyflwynid <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rhodd i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, cais neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrymau<\/span> di-waed i&#8217;r Genius ei hun, yn bennaf gwin, thus a blodau, a addurnid y person ei hun. Felly roedd y Genius yn bwynt cyfeirio crefyddol ar gyfer hunaniaeth a lles yr unigolyn.<\/p><p>Mae ysgolheictod yn trafod a oedd y Genius yn wreiddiol yn cael ei ystyried yn fwy fel ysbryd gwarcheidiol allanol neu fel rhan o&#8217;r person ei hun. Mae&#8217;r ffynonellau&#8217;n dangos y ddau safbwynt ochr yn ochr. Beth bynnag, nid yw&#8217;r Genius yn sefyll y tu hwnt i&#8217;r person, ond mae&#8217;n gysylltiedig&#8217;n glos iawn \u00e2 nerth bywyd y person hwnnw.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcb60698 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpcb60698\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp747ad47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp747ad47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Genius llefydd a chymunedau<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7b04ee0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7b04ee0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0d0a7b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0d0a7b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yn ychwanegol at yr ysbryd gwarcheidiol personol, datblygodd y syniad bod gan lefydd, grwpiau a sefydliadau eu Genius eu hunain. Mae&#8217;r ehangiad hwn yn arbennig o ddadlennol o safbwynt hanes crefydd, gan ei fod yn dangos pa mor hyblyg oedd meddwl Rhufeinig gyda&#8217;r cysyniad hwn.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r <em>Genius loci<\/em> yn adnabyddus, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod anghorfforol y priodolir dylanwad iddo yn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">ysbryd<\/span> lle. Gallai t\u0177, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Llwyn coed sanctaidd a wasanaethai fel safle addoli.\" tabindex=\"0\">llwyn sanctaidd<\/span>, ffynnon, dinas oll fod \u00e2 Genius a wyliai dros ffyniant y lle.<\/p><p>Yng nghysegrfeydd y cartref, y <em>Lararia<\/em>, ymddengys Genius y penteulu yn aml gyda&#8217;r Lares a&#8217;r Penates; ar furluniau Pompeiaidd, dangosir ef yn aml fel ffigwr wedi ei orchuddio \u00e2 toga yn offrymu, weithiau ynghyd \u00e2 dau Lar a neidr, a oedd yn ymgorffori Genius y lle.<\/p><p>Roedd gan gyfunion eu Genius hwythau. Roedd y <em>Genius populi Romani<\/em>, Genius pobl Rhufain, y <em>Genius<\/em> unedau milwrol fel lleng-filwyr a mintai, cymdeithasau galwedigaethol, marchnadoedd a hyd yn oed theatrau.<\/p><p>Cododd milwyr arysgrifau cysegru i Genius eu byddin; mae arysgrifau o&#8217;r fath wedi&#8217;u gwasgaru dros yr ymerodraeth gyfan ac maent yn gyfrol o&#8217;r tystiolaethau pwysicaf ar gyfer lledaeniad y cwlt.<\/p><p>Roedd yr amlhau hwn ar y cysyniad Genius yn gwneud ohono un o&#8217;r cysyniadau crefyddol mwyaf eang eu tystiolaeth ym mywyd bob dydd Rhufeinig. Roedd yn caniat\u00e1u priodoli grym gwarcheidiol ei hun i bron pob unedau cymdeithasol neu leol, heb fod angen dyfeisio <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duw o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> newydd enwedig ar gyfer hynny.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcd7f3af e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpcd7f3af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp83701b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp83701b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Genius yr ymerawdwr a chrefydd wleidyddol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdabaae1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpdabaae1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp08bd109 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp08bd109\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Datblygiad arbennig o bellgyrhaeddol oedd cysylltu cwlt y Genius \u00e2&#8217;r ymerodraeth. Yn \u00f4l y ddealltwriaeth Rufeinig swyddogol, ni ch\u00e2i&#8217;r ymerawdwr byw ei addoli&#8217;n uniongyrchol fel duw; byddai hynny&#8217;n cael ei ystyried yn haerllugrwydd, ac roedd yn ffurfiol yn gyfyngedig i&#8217;r rheolwyr a fu, a ddyrchafwyd i statws duwiau gan y Senedd. Cynigiodd Genius yr ymerawdwr ffordd allan o&#8217;r broblem hon.<\/p><p>Nid yr ymerawdwr ei hun, ond ei Genius, hynny yw ei nerth gwarcheidiol a bywyd personol, a allai gael ei addoli. Roedd y gwahaniaeth hwn yn galluogi cwlt i&#8217;r rheolwr a gadwai draddodiad crefyddol yn ffurfiol.<\/p><p>Hyrwyddodd Awgwstws y ffurf hon: yn ail-drefniant cwltiau Rhufain o gwmpas 7 CC, ychwanegwyd Genius Awgwstws at Lares y croesffyrdd, y <em>Lares Compitales<\/em>, felly c\u00e2i Genius y Princeps ei addoli gyda hwy ar bob croesffordd.<\/p><p>Daeth y llw ar Genius yr ymerawdwr yn un o&#8217;r fformwl\u00e2u mwyaf rhwymol ym mywyd cyhoeddus. Roedd torri neu wrthod y llw yn dwyn arwyddoc\u00e2d gwleidyddol. Yn erledigaeth y Cristnogion, roedd y cwestiwn a oedd rhywun yn barod i offrymu i Genius yr ymerawdwr yn chwarae r\u00f4l bendant, gan y byddai gwrthod yn cael ei ystyried yn anffyddlondeb.<\/p><p>Mae <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol ar gyfer duwdod neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">cwlt<\/span> y Genius, felly, yn dangos sut y gallai ffydd wreiddiol breifat, yn perthyn i ddyn unigol, ddod yn arf ar gyfer integreiddio&#8217;r ymerodraeth. Mae ymchwil ysgolheigaidd, er enghraifft gwaith Duncan Fishwick ar gwlt y rheolwr, wedi olrhain y datblygiad hwn yn fanwl, ac wedi tynnu sylw at y ffaith i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol ar gyfer duwdod neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwlt<\/span> y Genius ledaenu&#8217;n eang yn union oherwydd ei allu i ymaddasu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cped3481e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cped3481e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe35807e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe35807e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Genius mewn celf, arysgrifau ac etifeddiaeth<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0c2ebf8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0c2ebf8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2611286 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2611286\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddo gwybodaeth a naratifau dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad<\/span> materol ynghylch y Genius yn gyfoethog. Ar gerfluniau, arian bath, murluniau a delwau bach, mae&#8217;r Genius yn ymddangos yn amlaf fel dyn mewn toga, yn aml \u00e2&#8217;i ben wedi&#8217;i orchuddio yn ystum yr un sy&#8217;n aberthu, gyda chorn digonedd neu ddysgl aberthu yn ei law.<\/p><p>Gellid darlunio Genius cymuned hefyd yn ieuanc ac \u00e2 choron gaerog, yn debyg i dduwies dinas. Ystyrir y neidr sy&#8217;n ymddangos yn y lararia gerllaw neu o dan ddelwedd y Genius fel ymgorfforiad o&#8217;r ysbryd amddiffynnol sy&#8217;n gwarchod y cartref, ac mae wedi goroesi ar nifer o furluniau Pompeiaidd.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r arysgrifau cysegriedig i&#8217;r Genius yn cyfrif yn y miloedd. Maent yn ymestyn o <em>Genius<\/em> unigolyn, drwy Genius cymdeithasau, gweithdai a byddinoedd, hyd at <em>Genius loci<\/em> dinasoedd talaith cyfan.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r arysgrifau hyn yn ffynhonnell ganolog gan eu bod yn dangos pa mor naturiol oedd y Genius yn wreiddiedig ym mywyd bob dydd pob dosbarth o&#8217;r boblogaeth, gan gynnwys caethweision a chaethweision wedi&#8217;u rhyddhau, a oedd yn addoli eu geniuses cymdeithasol eu hunain.<\/p><p>Mae parhad y cysyniad yn sylweddol. Yn yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod trawsnewid rhwng yr hen fyd a'r Oesoedd Canol, tua'r 3edd i'r 7fed ganrif.\" tabindex=\"0\">Hen Fyd Diweddar<\/span> Lladin a&#8217;r Oesoedd Canol, cysylltwyd y Genius mewn rhan \u00e2&#8217;r syniad Cristnogol am yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Angel a briodolir iddo amddiffyn unigolyn penodol.\" tabindex=\"0\">angel gwarcheidiol<\/span>, ac mewn rhan arall arhosodd yn gysyniad ysgolheigaidd.<\/p><p>Yn y Dadeni Eidalaidd a&#8217;r cyfnod modern cynnar, newidiodd yr ystyr: trodd yr ysbryd gwarcheidiol yn ddawn feddyliol gynhenid, ac yn y diwedd datblygodd y cysyniad modern o athrylith fel person creadigol anghyffredin.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r newid ystyr hwn yn enghraifft o sut y mae cysyniad crefyddol o&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod diwylliant Groeg a Rhufain, tua 800 CC hyd 600 OC.\" tabindex=\"0\">Hen Fyd<\/span> yn parhau i ddylanwadu ar hanes deallusol Ewrop, heb gadw ei darddiad addolgar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cysylltiadau pellach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/juno\/\">Iuno, cymar benywaidd i ferched<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/rhufain\/\">Crefydd Rufeinig, cyd-destun cyffredinol<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Llenyddiaeth ymchwil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Beard, Mary \/ North, John \/ Price, Simon: <em>Religions of Rome<\/em>. 2 Bde. Cambridge UP, Cambridge 1998.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Scheid, John: <em>An Introduction to Roman Religion<\/em>. Edinburgh UP, Edinburgh 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Dum\u00e9zil, Georges: <em>La religion romaine archa\u00efque<\/em>. Payot, Paris 1974.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Latte, Kurt: <em>R\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte<\/em>. C.H. Beck, M\u00fcnchen 1960.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Wissowa, Georg: <em>Religion und Kultus der R\u00f6mer<\/em>. Beck, M\u00fcnchen 1912.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Orr, David G.: <em>Roman Domestic Religion: The Evidence of the Household Shrines<\/em>. ANRW II.16.2 (1978), 1557-1591.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-geniusroemisch e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-geniusroemisch\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-geniusroemisch-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-geniusroemisch-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r Genius, yn ei ystyr <em>Rufeinig<\/em>, yn dynodi ysbryd gwarcheidiol personol dyn, a ddeuai i fodolaeth gyda&#8217;i enedigaeth ac a oedd yn cael ei addoli yng nghwlt y cartref drwy roddion cysegredig ar ddiwrnod ei ben-blwydd ac wrth allorau&#8217;r Lares.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1761,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Genius","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Genius \u2013 ysbryd gwarcheidiol Rufeinig yr unigolyn","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Mae'r traddodiad am Genius yn ymestyn yn ddwfn i hanes Rhufain, gyda dogfennaeth o'r 1af.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"rom","wesen_klasse":"lichtwesen","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-191419","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ 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