{"id":191374,"date":"2026-09-07T07:25:47","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:25:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191374"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"marena","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/marena\/","title":{"rendered":"Marena"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191374\" class=\"elementor elementor-191374 elementor-2099 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marena, duwies o'r traddodiad Slafaidd<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marena (\u041c\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430, hefyd Morana neu Marzanna) yw duwies Slafaidd y gaeaf, marwolaeth ac ailenedigaeth. Mae&#8217;n cynrychioli&#8217;r tymor tywyll a marwolaeth fel rhan o&#8217;r cylch naturiol, ac fe&#8217;i hanrhydeddir mewn defodau sy&#8217;n cysylltu bywyd a marwolaeth.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duw \/ Duwies: Grym uchaf wedi'i bersonoli o fewn pantheon diwylliant, \u00e2 chyfrifoldebau clir, grymoedd natur, tynged, rhyfel, ffrwythlondeb. Fe'u hanrhydeddir trwy gwltiau, offrymau a sefydliadau teml.\">Duwies<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/slafaidd\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytholeg a chrefydd werin Slafaidd, wedi'i hail-orchuddio gan Gristnogaeth o'r 10fed ganrif ymlaen.\">Slafaidd<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/duwiau-marwolaeth\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duwiau'r isfyd a marwolaeth, rheolwyr y byd a ddaw, beirniaid y meirw, tywyswyr eneidiau.\">Duwdod y Meirw<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_slawisch_marena-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193607\" alt=\"Marena - Duwiau o&apos;r traddodiad Slafaidd, darluniadol yn hanesyddol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_slawisch_marena-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_slawisch_marena-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_slawisch_marena-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_slawisch_marena.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marena<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Darlunnir Marena fel dynes dywyll a phrydferth, yn aml gyda symbolau&#8217;r gaeaf (eira, i\u00e2, coed llwm) a marwolaeth (esgyrn, penglogau, t\u00e2n). Yn wahanol i ddemoniaid drwg, mae Marena yn dduwies gosmig sy&#8217;n cynrychioli grymoedd angenrheidiol, ond eto ofnadwy.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;n rheoli dros fisoedd y gaeaf, ac fe&#8217;i hanrhydeddir fel achos eira, rhew a chynhaeaf wedi&#8217;i ddifetha. Ei gwrthbwynt yw Vesna (duwies y gwanwyn). Mae Marena yn amwys: dinistriol, ond hefyd atgynhyrchiol, mae&#8217;r gaeaf yn lladd er mwyn i&#8217;r gwanwyn allu deffro o&#8217;r newydd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trosolwg cyflym: Marena<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Marena wedi&#8217;i dogfennu mewn casgliadau ethnograffig o grefydd werin Slafaidd (Afanasjew, Rybnikow, S\u00e9chan), ond yn llai felly mewn ffynonellau ysgrifenedig cynnar. Mae&#8217;r prif destunau&#8217;n gofnodion <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y diwylliant gwerin traddodiadol o arferion, straeon a chaneuon.\" tabindex=\"0\">ll\u00ean gwerin<\/span> o&#8217;r 19eg a&#8217;r 20fed ganrif ac astudiaethau ethnograffig.<\/p><p>Mae ei dosbarthiad yn banslafaidd: Rwsia, Belarws, Wcr\u00e1in, Gwlad Pwyl, Serbia. Mae ysgolheigion crefydd fel Nora Chadwick a Mathieu-Colas yn dogfennu cwltiau Marena mewn defodau tymhorol. Ail-luniwyd y ffigwr o fewn neo-baganiaeth fodern.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dosbarthiad hanesyddol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfnod y Testunau<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae traddodiad Marzanna yn fyw hyd heddiw, yn enwedig yng Ngwlad Pwyl, Tsiecia, Slofacia a rhannau o wledydd Slafaidd eraill. Yn llawer o leoedd, mae dosbarthiadau ysgol a chymdeithasau&#8217;n cynnal gorymdaith a llosgi neu foddi&#8217;r ddol o gwmpas 21 Mawrth i nodi dechrau&#8217;r gwanwyn.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r ffurf wedi newid dros amser: o ddefod dymhorol ddwys, datblygodd i fod yn arfer gwerinol, sydd mewn rhai lleoedd wedi dod yn atyniad twristaidd. Fodd bynnag, mae&#8217;r hanfod, ffarwelio \u00e2&#8217;r gaeaf trwy waredu ffigwr Marzanna, wedi parhau ac yn dal i fod yn amlwg mewn diwylliant gwyliau rhanbarthol.<\/p><h3>Dosbarthiad mytholegol<\/h3><p>Mae Marena yn dduwies oerni&#8217;r gaeaf a marwolaeth ym <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau duwiau traddodiadol o ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytholeg<\/span> Slafaidd. Mae&#8217;n cynrychioli hanner tywyll y flwyddyn a&#8217;r ffiniau rhwng bywyd a marwolaeth. Nid duwies ddrwg ydyw, ond grym angenrheidiol o fewn y cylch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ardal Ledaeniad<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nid oedd Marena wedi&#8217;i chyfyngu i ranbarthau penodol, ond yn hytrach roedd yn adnabyddus ac wedi&#8217;i hanrhydeddu&#8217;n gyffredinol ar draws y byd Slafaidd. Yn ganolfannau trefol neu ranbarthau gwledig, ymhlith yr elit neu bobl gyffredin, cydnabuwyd a pharchwyd ei harwyddoc\u00e2d ysbrydol yn gyson.<\/p><p>Roedd yr addoliad, neu&#8217;n hytrach yr alltudio, o Marena yn gyffredin ar draws yr ardaloedd a boblogwyd gan Slafiaid, gyda&#8217;r enw&#8217;n amrywio yn \u00f4l y rhanbarth: Marzanna yng Ngwlad Pwyl, Morana yn Tsiecia a Slofacia, Mara neu Morena mewn ardaloedd eraill.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r amrywiaeth ieithyddol hwn yn awgrymu sail gyffredin h\u0177n. Trwy gyfagosrwydd, mudo a chyfnewid rhwng cymunedau Slafaidd, lledaenodd defod y gwanwyn dros ardaloedd eang, ond arhosodd yn gymharol gyson yn ei drefn, cario a dinistrio&#8217;r ddol, ar draws y rhanbarthau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sail y Ffynonellau<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Marena wedi&#8217;i dogfennu mewn ffynonellau cynradd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y diwylliant gwerin traddodiadol o arferion, straeon a chaneuon.\" tabindex=\"0\">ll\u00ean gwerin<\/span>, yn enwedig mewn chwedlau a chaneuon gwerin Slafaidd (Sbornik russkich narodnych pesen, casgliadau caneuon gwerin Rwsiaidd). Mae ffynonellau llenyddol cynradd uniongyrchol yn ddiweddar ac anghyson.<\/p><p>Llenyddiaeth eilradd: Nora Chadwick (The Slavic Peoples), Mathieu-Colas (Dictionnaire de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau duwiau traddodiadol o ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytholeg<\/span> Slave), Linda J. Ivanits (Russian Folk Belief), Vladimir Toporov a Vyacheslav Iwanow (ysgol Toporov-Iwanow o ailluniadu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau duwiau traddodiadol o ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytholeg<\/span> Indo-Ewropeaidd). Mae cysyniad Marena wedi&#8217;i ail-lunio o arferion gwerin a defodau planhigion, nid o destunau canonaidd fel yn achos duwiau Tsieineaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enw a ffurfiau ysgrifenedig<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Darlunnir Marena gydag elfennau eiconograffig penodol wedi&#8217;u codio&#8217;n symbolaidd, sy&#8217;n cario ystyr dwfn. Mae&#8217;r elfennau hyn yn cyfleu&#8217;n ganolog swyddogaethau, ffynonellau grym, cyfrifoldeb a r\u00f4l gosmig y bod hwn. Mae&#8217;r system weledol yn caniat\u00e1u i&#8217;r rhai a fewnwyd a&#8217;r rhai sy&#8217;n ddiwylliannol wybodus i amgyffred yr ystyr dwfn.<\/p><p>Daw Marena, a elwir hefyd Morana neu Marzanna, yn amgyffredol yn bennaf trwy ddefod ei dol. Caiff hon ei phlethu o wellt, ei gwisgo \u00e2 darnau o ddefnydd a rhubanau, a&#8217;i haddurno \u00e2 lliain gwyn neu wisg olau, sy&#8217;n cynrychioli marwolaeth a&#8217;r gaeaf yn symbolaidd. Yn rhai rhanbarthau, mae&#8217;r ffigwr yn gwisgo torch neu freichledau o blisgyn wyau.<\/p><p>Yn wahanol i ddarluniad duw sefydlog, mae&#8217;r ddol a wneir o&#8217;r newydd bob blwyddyn wrth wraidd y ddefod, ac mae ei golwg yn amrywio&#8217;n lleol ond yn ailymddangos yn ei hanfod. Mae&#8217;r cyfuniad o wellt, lliain golau ac arwyddion gaeafol yn cyfeirio at ei r\u00f4l fel personoliad o&#8217;r tymor oer sydd wedi trigo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nodweddion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Roedd Marena yn ganolog i arferion crefyddol a dealltwriaeth feunyddiol y bobl Slafaidd. Byddai pobl yn troi at y bod hwn mewn sefyllfaoedd argyfyngus neu ar adegau tymhorol arbennig i berfformio defodau, gan gynnwys defodau strwythuredig, gwedd\u00efau neu offrymau. Trosglwyddwyd yr arferion hyn yn fanwl gywir, yn aml o dan arweiniad offeiriaid neu arbenigwyr.<\/p><p>Roedd i&#8217;r traddodiadau cysylltiedig \u00e2 Marena swyddogaeth dymhorol glir. Tua diwedd y gaeaf, yn draddodiadol o gwmpas cyhydnos y gwanwyn, cariwyd delw Marzanna mewn gorymdaith trwy&#8217;r pentref, ac yna ei llosgi neu ei thaflu i ddyfrffordd sy&#8217;n llifo, ac ar adegau y ddwy weithred yn olynol.<\/p><p>Bwriad hyn oedd gyrru&#8217;r gaeaf ymaith yn symbolaidd a hyrwyddo dyfodiad y gwanwyn a ffrwythlondeb. Trosglwyddwyd yr arfer dros gyfnod hir yn ardaloedd Slafaidd gan iddo nodi&#8217;r trawsnewid i&#8217;r tymor tyfu ac oherwydd iddo gael ei gynnal ar y cyd gan y gymuned.<\/p><h3>Ymddangosiad a symboliaeth<\/h3><p>Mae Marena yn ymddangos fel gwraig fain a hen, yn wisgedig mewn gwyn neu mewn amwisgoedd claddu. Cysylltir hi \u00e2 rhew ac eira. Yn rhai darluniau mae&#8217;n cario pladur. Gwyn a llwyd yw ei lliwiau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proffil: Marena<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae&#8217;r proffil hwn yn trin Marena o chwe safbwynt: ei tharddiad cosmolegol fel duwies gaeaf a marwolaeth, y grwpiau a fu&#8217;n ei haddoli&#8217;n ddefodol (ffermwyr, yn dymhorol), ei hiconograffi a&#8217;i hymddangosiad tywyll, ei r\u00f4l mewn defodau&#8217;r meirw a chadarnhau&#8217;r cylch, yn ogystal \u00e2 chyfochrogau mewn diwylliannau cysylltiedig. Mae&#8217;r dimensiynau hyn yn dangos ei r\u00f4l ganolog yn system olwyn y flwyddyn Slafaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tarddiad Marena<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cysylltir Marena yn ddaearyddol ac yn gosmolegol \u00e2&#8217;r gaeaf a&#8217;r gogledd. Mae ei tharddiad diwylliannol yn broto-Slafaidd, yn \u00f4l pob tebyg cynhanesyddol, gan fod duwiau&#8217;r gaeaf yn ymddangos yn nifer o ddiwylliannau Indo-Ewropeaidd. Mae&#8217;r tystiolaeth ysgrifenedig yn hwyr ac yn aml wedi&#8217;i llurgunio gan ddylanwad Cristnogol.<\/p><p>Yn hanes crefydd, deellir Marena fel arbenigedd o dduwies farwolaeth ac aileni gyffredinol, y daeth ei swyddogaeth i sicrhau ei lle gyda chylchoedd amaethyddol tymhorol. Gall ei henw ddeillio o&#8217;r gwreiddyn Slafaidd-Indo-Ewropeaidd *mer (marw).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perthnasol i<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Roedd Marena yn cael ei haddoli&#8217;n bennaf gan ffermwyr a bugeiliaid mewn defodau gaeafol, yn enwedig yn ystod cyfnodau trawsnewid (eira cyntaf, heuldro&#8217;r gaeaf, diwedd y gaeaf). Roedd gwyliau a defodau fel Maslenica (G\u0175yl y Menyn, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfres reoledig o weithredoedd symbolaidd sydd \u00e2 phwysigrwydd crefyddol neu ddiwylliannol.\" tabindex=\"0\">defod<\/span> ffarwelio \u00e2&#8217;r gaeaf) yn achlysuron Marena.<\/p><p>Roedd gan fenywod rolau arbennig yn nefodau Marena: cynnau coelcerthi neu greu ffigyrau Marena (doliau), a g\u00e2i wedyn eu llosgi neu eu taflu i afonydd (gyrru Marena ymaith). Roedd yr addoliad yn dymhorol-gylchol, nid drwy gydol y flwyddyn fel eiddo Domovoi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ymddangosiad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Portreadir Marena fel gwraig hardd ond dywyll, yn aml mewn dillad tywyll gyda gwallt gwyn neu llwydwyn. Ei nodweddion yw eira, i\u00e2, esgyrn, cryman (medelwraig fel y Parcae) neu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> t\u00e2n. Weithiau fe&#8217;i dangosir ag adenydd i awgrymu ei chyflymder a&#8217;i hanochelrwydd.<\/p><p>Mewn celf werin fe&#8217;i portreedir fel un sy&#8217;n codi ofn ac yn swyno ar yr un pryd. Y lliwiau yw gwyn (eira), du (tywyllwch) a choch (bywyd a th\u00e2n). Mae&#8217;r ddelweddaeth yn frawychus ond heb fod yn ormodol o ddrwg, yn nes at fod yn felancolaidd-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn perthyn i'r dwyfol ac felly wedi'i dynnu allan o ddefnydd bob dydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctaidd<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gweithgaredd<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Maes gweithredu:<\/strong> Mae Marena (a elwir hefyd Morena, Mara) yn symboleiddio&#8217;r gaeaf, marwolaeth, a&#8217;r ffin rhwng bywyd a&#8217;r byd tu hwnt. Mae&#8217;n dduwies pydredd ac aileni, ac fe losgir ei delw bob blwyddyn (y ddefod losgi) i yrru&#8217;r gaeaf ymaith a galw&#8217;r gwanwyn.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;n marchogaeth ceffylau gwyn dros eira a rhew. Nid yw&#8217;n faleisus, ond yn angenrheidiol, y grym sy&#8217;n heneiddio pob peth ac yn ei adnewyddu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amddiffyn rhag Marena<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Marena&#8217;n dduwies gosmig, nid yn dda nac yn ddrwg, ond yn angenrheidiol. Ceir addoliad drwy ddefodau tymhorol i gydnabod ei gallu ac i ofyn am aeaf mwyn neu wanwyn buan.<\/p><p>Roedd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfres reoledig o weithredoedd symbolaidd sydd \u00e2 phwysigrwydd crefyddol neu ddiwylliannol.\" tabindex=\"0\">defod<\/span> dol Marena (G\u0175yl Shrofest) yn gymysgedd o addoliad a gyrru ymaith symbolaidd: llosgid y ddol (Marena) neu ei thaflu i&#8217;r d\u0175r er mwyn dod \u00e2&#8217;r gaeaf i ben a galw&#8217;r gwanwyn. Roedd defodau amddiffynnol yn cynnwys symbolau t\u00e2n a gwedd\u00efau. Roedd yr addoliad yn gosmig-gylchol, gan gydnabod Marena fel grym angenrheidiol yn nhro&#8217;r flwyddyn, nid fel endid gelyniaethus i&#8217;w drechu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bodau Cysylltiedig<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ymhlith y duwiau cyfatebol eraill o&#8217;r gaeaf a marwolaeth mae Hades neu Persephone yn y traddodiad Groegaidd-Rufeinig (duwiau marwolaeth), Hel Norseaidd (duwies yr isfyd), Hecate yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau duwiau a drosglwyddwyd o fewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">fytholeg<\/span> Roegaidd (duwies rhiniau a marwolaeth), a Kali yn Hind\u0175aeth (duwies dinistr ac aileni). Yr hyn sy&#8217;n gyffredin i bob un yw&#8217;r natur amwys rhwng dinistr ac adfywiad, ynghyd \u00e2&#8217;r agwedd gylchol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marena, cyfochrogau mewn diwylliannau eraill<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Saif Marena yn rhes y duwiesau tymhorol marwolaeth ac adnewyddiad, ac mae&#8217;n gyfochrog o ran cyfansoddiad \u00e2 Persephone Helenistaidd ac Isis alarus yr Aifft. Mynegir ei chylch gaeaf-gwanwyn yn gyfangwbl <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn perthyn i drefn ddefodol grefyddol benodol.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddefodol<\/span> yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm yr arferion a drosglwyddwyd mewn cymuned.\" tabindex=\"0\">arferion<\/span> Slafaidd trwy losgi neu foddi dol wellt, arferiad nad oes iddo gyfatebiaeth uniongyrchol o&#8217;r fath yn ardal y M\u00f4r Canoldir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Traddodiad Iddewig:<\/strong> Nid oes yn Iddewiaeth dduwies uniongyrchol y gaeaf neu farwolaeth fel Marena. Mae Duw JHWH yn rheoli&#8217;r tymhorau a marwolaeth, ond heb ei anthropomorffeiddio fel duwies fenywaidd. Fodd bynnag, mae&#8217;r Kabbalah yn adnabod Binah fel &#8220;Mam&#8221; a gwrthwynebydd cosmig (Gevurah\/Llymder fel ochr ddinistriol), sy&#8217;n cynnig cyfatebiaeth gysyniadol bell.<\/p><p><strong>Y byd Groegaidd-Rufeinig:<\/strong> Mae Persephone fel brenhines yr isfyd a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> y gaeaf (hanner blwyddyn dan y ddaear) yn debyg i Marena. Mae Hecate hefyd yn dduwies tywyllwch a rhiniau. Y gwahaniaeth: mae Persephone a Hecate yn fwy o ffigyrau mytholegol mewn rolau sefydlog na duwiesau cylch cosmig fel Marena. Mae Hecate yn ddewines a gwarcheidwad, nid yn dduwies tymhorol.<\/p><p><strong>Mesopotamia:<\/strong> Mae&#8217;r dduwies Ereshkigal yn teyrnasu dros yr isfyd (Kur), yn debyg i deyrnasiad Marena dros y gaeaf. Ond nid yw Ereshkigal yn dymhorol; mae&#8217;n statig yn ei pharth isfydol. Nid oes ganddi agwedd cylch tymhorol fel eiddo Marena.<\/p><p><strong>India\/Asia:<\/strong> Mae Kali neu Durga yn Hind\u0175aeth yn ymgorffori benyweidd-dra dinistriol-adfywiol yn debyg i Marena. Mewn Taoaeth ceir Yin (tywyll, oer) fel egwyddor sy&#8217;n cyfateb i&#8217;r gaeaf, ond nid fel duwies bersonoledig. Yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"System grefyddol lle mae arbenigwyr yn cyfathrebu \u00e2 byd yr ysbrydion.\" tabindex=\"0\">shamaniaeth<\/span> Japaneaidd ceir duwiau&#8217;r isfyd fel Izanami, sy&#8217;n gysylltiedig \u00e2 marwolaeth. Yr hyn sy&#8217;n gyffredin i&#8217;r holl draddodiadau hyn yw benyweidd-dra marwolaeth ac adfywiad cylchol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd5d54a1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd5d54a1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe274c99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe274c99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Problem ffynonellau byd duwiau Slafaidd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7d012d9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7d012d9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0032283 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0032283\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wrth ymagweud at Marena, a elwir hefyd yn Morana, Mara neu Marzanna, rhaid ystyried yn gyntaf y sefyllfa anodd o ran ffynonellau ar gyfer crefydd Slafaidd.<\/p><p>Ni adawodd y Slafiaid paganaidd unrhyw destunau crefyddol eu hunain, digwyddodd y Cristnogeiddio dros nifer o ganrifoedd, a daw&#8217;r wybodaeth sydd gennym am eu duwiau yn bennaf o dri math o ffynonellau: adroddiadau croniclwyr Cristnogol, ysgrifau eglwysig diweddarach yn gwahardd arferion paganaidd, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddo gwybodaeth ac naratifau dros genedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">traddodiad<\/span> llafar gwerin yr oes fodern.<\/p><p>Yn achos Marena, mae&#8217;r tystiolaeth ganoloesol yn wan. Yn wahanol i, dyweder, Perun Slafaidd-ddwyreiniol, ni chaiff hi ei chrybwyll fawr ddim yn y croniclau cynnar fel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duw o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> a addolwyd.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r wybodaeth sydd amdani yn seiliedig yn bennaf ar ffynonellau diweddarach o&#8217;r ardal Slafaidd-orllewinol, yn arbennig o Wlad Pwyl, Tsiecia a Slofacia, ac ar arferion dechrau&#8217;r gwanwyn a barhaodd hyd yr oes fodern.<\/p><p>Ffynhonnell bwysig a ddyfynnir yn aml yw&#8217;r croniclwr Pwylaidd Jan Dlugosz o&#8217;r bymthegfed ganrif, a geisiodd yn ei hanes Gwlad Pwyl gyfateb yr hen dduwiau Slafaidd \u00e2 duwiau Rhufeinig. Rhaid trin y fath gyfansoddiadau ysgolheigaidd yn ofalus, gan eu bod yn dehongli&#8217;r deunydd Slafaidd trwy lens <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfnod diwylliant Groegaidd a Rhufeinig, tua 800 CC hyd 600 OC.\" tabindex=\"0\">glasurol<\/span>.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r canlyniad o safbwynt astudiaethau crefyddol yn glir. Ni ellir llunio darlun sicr ac unffurf o dduwies Marena o&#8217;r cyfnod paganaidd. Yr unig beth y gellir ei ddweud yn sicr yw bodolaeth y ffigwr rhithiol yn arferion y gwanwyn, delw wellt a elwir Marzanna neu Morena, a gludir allan ac a ddifethir.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;n destun dadl ymysg ysgolheigion pa un a oes, ac ym mha ffurf, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duw o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> a addolwyd yn wirioneddol gan y Slafiaid paganaidd yn sail i hyn. Mae&#8217;r ansicrwydd hwn yn rhan o gyflwyniad gonest o&#8217;r ffigwr.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd610a66 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd610a66\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75c7cd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp75c7cd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cludo Marzanna allan fel defod y gwanwyn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5897b73 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5897b73\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb48ef19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb48ef19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y modd mwyaf diogel o olrhain Marena yw&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gweithred draddodiadol a ailadroddir yn rheolaidd mewn cymuned.\" tabindex=\"0\">arferiad<\/span> dechrau&#8217;r gwanwyn, sy&#8217;n gyffredin mewn diwylliannau Slafaidd y Gorllewin ac a gedwir hyd heddiw yng Ngwlad Pwyl, Tsiecia, Slofacia a&#8217;r ardaloedd cyfagos.<\/p><p>Wrth galon yr arferiad mae doli wedi&#8217;i gwneud o wellt, yn aml wedi&#8217;i gwisgo mewn dillad benywaidd, a elwir Marzanna, Morena, neu enwau tebyg. Mae&#8217;n cynrychioli&#8217;r gaeaf, marwolaeth, a rhewedd tymor y gaeaf.<\/p><p>Cynhelir yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gweithred draddodiadol a ailadroddir yn rheolaidd mewn cymuned.\" tabindex=\"0\">arferiad<\/span> yn draddodiadol tua dechrau seryddol y gwanwyn neu ar bedwerydd Sul y Grawys. Mae&#8217;r gymuned, yn amlaf plant a phobl ifanc, yn cario&#8217;r ddoli mewn gorymdaith drwy&#8217;r pentref ac yna allan ohono, gan ganu&#8217;n aml.<\/p><p>Ar y diwedd, dinistrir y Marzanna: llosgir hi, teflir hi i dd\u0175r llifol, neu wneir y ddwy weithred yn eu tro. Mewn llawer o leoedd, ystyrir ei bod yn beryglus cyffwrdd \u00e2&#8217;r ddoli sy&#8217;n suddo, neu edrych yn \u00f4l arni tra bod rhywun yn cerdded i ffwrdd.<\/p><p>Yn aml, mae ail weithred, sy&#8217;n gwrthbwyso&#8217;r gyrru allan o&#8217;r Marzanna, yn digwydd wedyn: croesawu&#8217;r gwanwyn neu&#8217;r haf, wedi&#8217;i symboleiddio gan gainc werdd, goeden fach wedi&#8217;i haddurno, neu ddoli arall. Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gweithred draddodiadol a ailadroddir yn rheolaidd mewn cymuned.\" tabindex=\"0\">arferiad<\/span> felly yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dilyniant trefnus o weithredoedd symbolaidd sydd ag arwyddoc\u00e2d crefyddol neu ddiwylliannol.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddefod<\/span> deuran: gyrrir allan farwolaeth a gaeaf oer, a chroesawir bywyd a&#8217;r tymor cynnes.<\/p><p>Yn \u00f4l astudiaethau gwerin, dehonglir yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gweithred draddodiadol a ailadroddir yn rheolaidd mewn cymuned.\" tabindex=\"0\">arferiad<\/span> hwn fel defod drosiannol a phuredigol sy&#8217;n cyd-fynd \u00e2 newid y tymhorau ac yn ei hybu&#8217;n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn perthyn i drefn benodol o weithredoedd crefyddol.\" tabindex=\"0\">ddefodol<\/span>. Ymladdodd yr Eglwys ganoloesol yn erbyn gyrru allan ddol\u00efau o&#8217;r fath, sy&#8217;n dangos bod yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gweithred draddodiadol a ailadroddir yn rheolaidd mewn cymuned.\" tabindex=\"0\">arferiad<\/span> yn cael ei ystyried yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O safbwynt Cristnogol: yn perthyn i grefydd cyn-Gristnogol neu anghristnogol.\" tabindex=\"0\">baganaidd<\/span>, a dyma un o&#8217;r ffynonellau pwysicaf ar gyfer ei henaint.<\/p><p>Ni ellir penderfynu ar sail yr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gweithred draddodiadol a ailadroddir yn rheolaidd mewn cymuned.\" tabindex=\"0\">arferiad<\/span> yn unig a oedd y ddoli&#8217;n cynrychioli duwies yn wreiddiol, ynteu a oedd yn ymgorfforiad o&#8217;r gaeaf o&#8217;r cychwyn cyntaf.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp212838e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp212838e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6060732 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6060732\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marena fel duwies marwolaeth a thymor y gaeaf<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0bac407 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0bac407\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc986f3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc986f3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O&#8217;r arferiad gwanwynol ac o gliwiau ieithyddol, mae ysgolheictod wedi lluniadu darlun o dduwies Slafaidd o farwolaeth, gaeaf a rhewedd, gan bwysleisio bob amser natur damcaniaethol yr adluniad hwn.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r enw ei hun yn rhoi cliw: mae&#8217;n perthyn i deulu geiriau sy&#8217;n deillio o wreiddyn Indo-Ewropeaidd sy&#8217;n golygu &#8216;marw&#8217;, ac sy&#8217;n cynnwys hefyd y Lladin <em>mors<\/em>, marwolaeth, ynghyd \u00e2 geiriau am lofruddiaeth ac am y meirw yn wahanol ieithoedd. Trafodir hefyd y cysylltiad \u00e2&#8217;r bod nosol sy&#8217;n pwyso ar y frest, y <em>mara<\/em> Slafaidd a&#8217;r Mahr Germanaidd.<\/p><p>O hyn deillia&#8217;r dehongliad o Marena fel ymgorfforiad o rymoedd sy&#8217;n groes i fywyd: oerni, tywyllwch, llonyddwch llystyfiant, a marwolaeth. Yn y darlleniad hwn, hi yw&#8217;r gwrthbwynt gaeafol i rymoedd y gwanwyn a ffrwythlondeb.<\/p><p>Mae rhai ysgolheigion, yn enwedig yn nhraddodiadau Gwlad Pwyl a Tsiecia, wedi ei dehongli fel duwies ddeuwerthol, nad yw&#8217;n dwyn dychryn yn unig ond sydd hefyd yn rhan o&#8217;r cylch angenrheidiol: heb aeaf, ni fyddai gwanwyn; heb farwolaeth, ni fyddai adnewyddiad.<\/p><p>Mae portreadau diweddarach, yn enwedig y rhai poblogeiddiol a niwtbaganaidd, wedi datblygu Marena i fod yn dduwies farwolaeth gyflawn gyda bywgraffiad, perthnasau a swyddogaeth benodol. Mae&#8217;r delweddau hyn yn ddeniadol, ond heb gadarnhad beirniadol o safbwynt y ffynonellau: yn aml maent yn cyfrannu mwy o&#8217;r byd meddyliol modern nag o&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trosglwyddo gwybodaeth a naratifau ar draws cenedlaethau.\" tabindex=\"0\">draddodiad<\/span> canoloesol i&#8217;r ffigwr.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r safbwynt gwyddonol difrifol yn parhau&#8217;n ofalus. Mae rhesymau da i gredu bod syniad o rym personoledig, gaeafol a marwolaethus yn sail i&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gweithred draddodiadol a ailadroddir yn rheolaidd mewn cymuned.\" tabindex=\"0\">arferiad<\/span> a&#8217;r enw.<\/p><p>Fodd bynnag, ni ellir cadarnhau&#8217;n sicr o&#8217;r ffynonellau sydd wedi goroesi bodolaeth duwies Marena a addolwyd mewn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanrwydd y gweithredoedd addoliadol crefyddol i dduw neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwlt<\/span> gyda <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau, a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">fytholeg<\/span> gyflawn. Mae Marena felly&#8217;n achos nodweddiadol o gyfyngiadau ein gwybodaeth am grefydd Slafaidd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cysylltiadau pellach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/slafaidd\/\">Diwylliannau Slafaidd<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/perun\/\">Perun, Taranfollt ac Ailddechrau<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/hel\/\">Hel, Duwies y Byd Tanddaearol Germanaidd<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/hades\/\">Hades, Duw Groegaidd y Byd Tanddaearol<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Llenyddiaeth ymchwil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Ivanits, Linda: <em>Russian Folk Belief<\/em>. M.E. Sharpe, 1989.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hubbs, Joanna: <em>Mother Russia. The Feminine Myth in Russian Culture<\/em>. Indiana University Press, 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gimbutas, Marija: <em>The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe<\/em>. Thames and Hudson, 1982.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Roux, Valentina: <em>Ancient Slavic Religion<\/em>. Routledge, 1999.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1649,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Marena","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Marena - Mae'n cynrychioli'r tymor tywyll a marwolaeth","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Marena, duwies Slafaidd y gaeaf a marwolaeth. Defod doddi ar gyfer y gwanwyn, ei llosgi fel arfer Maslenitza, a'i chysylltiad \u00e2 Morana.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"slawisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-191374","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Marena - Mae&#039;n cynrychioli&#039;r tymor tywyll a marwolaeth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Marena, duwies Slafaidd y gaeaf a marwolaeth. 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