{"id":191354,"date":"2026-09-07T07:25:47","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:25:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191354"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"ishtar","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/ishtar\/","title":{"rendered":"Ishtar"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191354\" class=\"elementor elementor-191354 elementor-2063 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ishtar, duwies o draddodiad Mesopotamia<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ishtar yw duwies traddodiad Mesopotamia.<\/p><p>Duwies cariad, rhyfel, Gwener, rheolwraig wyllt y nefoedd. Ishtar (Inanna yn Sumeraidd) yw&#8217;r duwies fenywaidd bwysicaf yn Mesopotamia ac anodd ei dofi. Mae hi&#8217;n hudolus a rhyfelgar, dyner a llidiog, duwies sy&#8217;n rhoi buddugoliaeth i frenhinoedd ac yna&#8217;n eu condemnio yn yr awr nesaf.<\/p><p>Yn rheoli o Uruk dros gariad a seren y bore, hi yw duwies annwyl y bobl, ac yn cael ei hofni gan y duwiau eu hunain.<p>Ishtar (Inanna yn Sumeraidd) yw&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duw o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> fenywaidd ganolog ym mhantheon Mesopotamia, ac mae&#8217;n uno&#8217;r meysydd sy&#8217;n ymddangos yn wrthgyferbyniol o gariad, rhyfel a brenhiniaeth.<\/p><p>Mae ei thestunau hymnol (Enheduanna, tua 2300 CC) yn rhai o&#8217;r testunau crefyddol awdurdodedig hynaf sydd wedi goroesi. Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> am daith Inanna i&#8217;r isfyd yn un o brif destunau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y ddisgyblaeth academaidd sy'n astudio Duw a chredoau crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">theoleg<\/span> Mesopotamia. Ymledodd ei haddoliad ar draws y byd Semitaidd a dylanwadu ar gwltiau Aphrodite ac Astarte diweddarach. Fel duwies cariad a rhyfel, cafodd Ishtar ddylanwad parhaol ar fyd meddyliol crefyddol Mesopotamia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duw \/ Duwies: Grym uchaf personol ym mhantheon diwylliant, \u00e2 chyfrifoldebau clir, grymoedd natur, tynged, rhyfel, ffrwythlondeb. Addolir drwy gwltiau, aberthau a sefydliadau teml.\">Duwies<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/mesopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Crud crefydd ddogfennedig, Sumer, Akkad, Babilon, Asyria (tua 3500 CC hyd 330 CC).\">Mesopotamia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_ishtar-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193622\" alt=\"Ishtar - duwiau o draddodiad Mesopotamia, darluniadol hanesyddol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_ishtar-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_ishtar-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_ishtar-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_ishtar.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ishtar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trosolwg cyflym: Ishtar<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Math:<\/strong> Prif dduwdod Mesopotamia, duwies cariad a rhyfel<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm duwiau crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Akkad\/Babilon\/Asyria (cymar Sumeraidd: Inanna)<br>Swyddogaeth: cariad, chwant rhywiol, rhyfel, grym cosmig, seren Gwener<br>Priodoleddau pennaf: coron seren, anifail mowntio llew, saeth a bwa, seren wyth pwynt (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>)<br>Prif fannau cwlt: Ninefe (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu fwy o dduwiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">teml<\/span> E-mash-mash), Uruk (Eanna), Babilon (Porth Ishtar)<br>Adnabyddiaeth seryddol: Gwener (Dilbat)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dosbarthiad hanesyddol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfnod y Testunau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Ishtar wedi ei chofnodi ers cyfnod Hen Akkadaidd (3ydd mileniwm CC), fel Akkadeiddiad o&#8217;r Sumeraidd <em>Inanna<\/em> (yn Uruk). Prif gyfnod ei haddoliad: cyfnodau Hen, Canol a Newydd Babilonaidd.<\/p><p>Yn Ymerodraeth Asyria roedd yn brif dduwies Ninefe ac Arbela, a hi oedd noddwraig warcheidwadol brenhinoedd Asyria. Mae <em>Porth Ishtar<\/em> enwog Babilon (sydd yn Berlin heddiw) yn un o&#8217;r adeiladau hynafol mwyaf a gadwyd. Yn y traddodiad Beiblaidd cyfeirir ati fel <em>Ashtoreth<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ardal Ledaeniad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prif fannau cwlt: <strong>Ninefe<\/strong> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu fwy o dduwiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">teml<\/span> E-mash-mash, prif fan cwlt yn yr oes Asyriaidd ddiweddar), <strong>Uruk<\/strong> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu fwy o dduwiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">teml<\/span> Eanna fel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Lle sanctaidd a gysegrwyd i addoli duwdod.\" tabindex=\"0\">gysegrle<\/span> Inanna), <strong>Babilon<\/strong> (Porth Ishtar, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu fwy o dduwiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">teml<\/span> yng nghyfadeilad Esagila), <strong>Arbela<\/strong> (Erbil heddiw, un o&#8217;r dinasoedd hynaf a drigolwyd yn barhaus). Yn Akkad roedd yn brif dduwies Sargon. Ym myd y M\u00f4r Canoldir, fel rhagflaenydd Aphrodite drwy Astarte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sail y Ffynonellau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prif ffynonellau: cylch mytholegol <em>Inanna a Dumuzi<\/em> (Sumer), <em>Disgyniad Inanna i&#8217;r Isfyd<\/em>, <em>Epig Gilgamesh<\/em> (Llechen VI, mae Ishtar yn mynnu priodi Gilgamesh), <em>Inanna ac Enki<\/em>, <em>Hymn Ishtar<\/em>, arysgrifau Asyriaidd Newydd am Ishtar o Arbela. Llenyddiaeth eilaidd: Wolkstein\/Kramer, <em>Inanna. Queen of Heaven and Earth<\/em>; Foster, <em>Before the Muses<\/em>; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enw<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Darlunnir Ishtar mewn ffurf ddeuol: uwchben mewn gwisg dryloyw, coron o rym, gyda chorff noeth neu ryfelgar; islaw mewn arfwisg fel milwr gyda gwaywffon a tharian, a llew neu banther wrth ei thraed.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r goron seren wyth pwynt yn ei nodweddu, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> o seren y bore (Gwener). Ei harf yw&#8217;r <em>Piyattu<\/em> (gwaywffon d\u00e2n). Gall sgorpion neu golomen ei chyd-fynd. Yn aml darlunnir hi&#8217;n penlinio neu&#8217;n sefyll mewn ystum rhyfelgar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nodweddion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ishtar yw duwies puteindra sanctaidd, rhyfelwraig, gwarcheidwad cyfraith a grym. Mae hi&#8217;n penderfynu canlyniad brwydrau ac yn bendithio neu&#8217;n condemnio brenhinoedd yn \u00f4l ei mympwy. Yn <em>Disgyniad Ishtar<\/em>, mae&#8217;n cael ei diosg drwy saith porth yr isfyd, yn gosb am ei rhyfyg, naratif <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span>ol dwfn am rym benywaidd a&#8217;i gyfyngiadau.<\/p><p>Gwasanaethai&#8217;r <em>hierodulau<\/em> (offeiriadesau sanctaidd) yn ei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu fwy o dduwiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">theml<\/span>. Cynhelid gwyliau mawr er ei mwyn, priodasau litwrgaidd (<em>hieros gamos<\/em>) gyda brenhinoedd, ac mewn cyfnodau rhyfel aberthau torfol. Ishtar oedd duwies y bobl, a alwyd yn uniongyrchol a&#8217;i hofni&#8217;n uniongyrchol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proffil: Ishtar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prif agweddau Ishtar ar un olwg. Mae&#8217;r meysydd isod yn crynhoi tarddiad, swyddogaeth, ymddangosiad, addoliad, symbolau a chymariaethau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tarddiad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Ishtar yn ferch i dduw&#8217;r lloer <em>Sin<\/em> (Nanna) a <em>Ningal<\/em>, ac yn chwaer i dduw&#8217;r haul <em>Shamash<\/em>. Yn y cyfatebiad Swmeraidd, <em>Inanna<\/em> yw merch An a Nammu. Priod y dduwies serch: <em>Dumuzi<\/em> (Tammuz yn Acadeg), duw ifanc bugeiliaid a llystyfiant.<\/p><p>Yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> am <em>Ddisgyniad Inanna<\/em>: mae&#8217;n disgyn i&#8217;r isfyd at ei chwaer Ereshkigal, lle caiff ei lladd yn gyntaf ac wedyn ei hadfywio gan Ea. Mae Dumuzi&#8217;n gorfod disgyn i&#8217;r isfyd yn iawn drosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perthnasol i<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Swyddogaeth ddeuol: duwies serch a rhyfel (y ddwy ochr wedi&#8217;u cyfuno mewn un ffigwr, cyfuniad unigryw yn y byd hynafol). Agwedd serch: chwant rywiol, atyniad erotig, priodas. Agwedd rhyfel: brwydrau brenhinol, arwain byddinoedd. Yn seryddol: seren y bore a&#8217;r hwyr (Fenws). Yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd o addoliad crefyddol a gyflwynir i dduw neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwlt<\/span> personol, roedd hi hefyd yn nawddoges menywod, offeiriades y deml (<em>nadi-tu<\/em>), a broffwydesau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ymddangosiad Ishtar<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ar ffurf ddynol fel gwraig ifanc brydferth mewn gwisg hir aml-haenog, gyda <em>coron seren<\/em> neu ddiadem het uchel. Priodoleddau nodweddiadol: <em>bwa a saeth<\/em> (rhyfel), <em>pastwn brwydr dwbl<\/em> (rhyfel), <em>seren wyth-pigog<\/em> (ei phrif symbol, sy&#8217;n cynrychioli Fenws). Anifail marchogaeth: <em>llew<\/em> (yn aml yn sefyll ar b\u00e2r o lewod). Ceir hefyd ffurf noeth (traddodiad Inanna-Astarte) ar reliefau teracota. Yn oes Babilon Newydd, byddai&#8217;r seren wyth-pigog ar ei phen ei hun yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> dwyfol ar stelau a seliau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gweithgaredd<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Maes dylanwad:<\/strong> Byddai pobl o bob dosbarth yn galw ar Ishtar, menywod mewn materion serch, brenhinoedd cyn brwydrau, offeiriaid wrth ddewinio.<\/p><p>Roedd brenhinoedd Asyriaidd (Sargon II, Sanherib, Asarhaddon) yn ei hoff ddeiliaid; galwai&#8217;r brenin ar &bdquo;Ishtar o Arbela&ldquo; cyn pob ymgyrch. Yn Uruk, byddai offeiriades y deml <em>nadi-tu<\/em> yn rhedeg gweithgareddau&#8217;r deml. Byddai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y weithred o ymbil neu alw ar dduw neu rym.\" tabindex=\"0\">ymbil<\/span> personol yn cynnwys arogldarth o gedrwydd a rhostio cig mollt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amddiffyniad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Seren wyth-pigog (prif symbol, yn cynrychioli Fenws), bwa a saeth, pastwn brwydr dwbl, llew (anifail marchogaeth), coron seren, diadem het uchel, gwisg aml-haenog. Planhigion: cedrwydd, d\u00eats, lili. Anifeiliaid sanctaidd: llew (yn arbennig yng nghwmni&#8217;r ddraig Mu\u0161hu\u0161\u0161u), neidr.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfochrogion<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Inanna<\/em> (Swmer, rhagflaenydd), <em>Astarte<\/em> (Phoenicia, mabwysiad bron yn union yr un fath), <em>Anat<\/em> (Ugarit), <em>Ashtoreth<\/em> (Hebraeg, cyfeiriad Beiblaidd), <em>Aphrodite<\/em> (Groeg, agwedd serch), <em>Athena<\/em> (Groeg, agwedd rhyfel), <em>Fenws<\/em> (Rhufain, seryddol), <em>Hathor<\/em> (Yr Aifft, cydgyfuniad diweddarach), <em>Freyja<\/em> (Germanaidd, serch a dewis brwydr), <em>Durga<\/em> (Hind\u0175aeth, duwies rhyfel ar lew).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amddiffyniad ymarferol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Defodau addoliad<\/strong><\/p><p>Roedd Ishtar (Swmeraidd Inanna) yn un o dduwiau mwyaf canolog Mesopotamia, yn dduwies serch, rhyfel a Fenws ar unwaith. Ei phrif gysegrfa oedd Eanna yn Uruk (4ydd-3ydd milflwyddiant CC).<\/p><p>Mae defodau&#8217;r Briodas Sanctaidd <em>hieros gamos<\/em> (Swmeraidd <em>nig-mussa-tum<\/em>) rhwng y brenin a&#8217;r brif offeiriades fel ymgnawdoliad Inanna wedi&#8217;u cofnodi ers Schulgi\/Sin-Iddinam (Ur III) (gw. Frymer-Kensky, <em>In the Wake of the Goddesses<\/em>). Roedd puteindra teml (Swmeraidd <em>nu-gig<\/em>) yn rhan o&#8217;i haddoliad, canfyddiad dadleuol o safbwynt astudiaethau crefydd (gw. Lambert, Roth).<\/p><p><strong>Ymbiliau<\/strong><\/p><p>Mae \u201eDisgyniad Inanna&#8221; (Swmeraidd, Kramer, <em>The Sumerians<\/em>) a&#8217;r cyfatebiad Acadeg \u201eDisgyniad Ishtar i Hades&#8221; (Foster) yn brif destunau mytholegol. Mae \u201eHymn Fawr Ishtar&#8221; Naram-Sin (Acad, tua 2250 CC) yn&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y weithred o ymbil neu alw ar dduw neu rym.\" tabindex=\"0\">ymbil<\/span> personol cynharaf ati. Cyfeiriai gweddi ddefodol \u201e\u0161u\u02beila&#8221; (gweddi codi llaw) yn aml at Ishtar mewn cyfnodau o argyfwng personol.<\/p><p><strong>Amwletau a symbolau amddiffynnol<\/strong><\/p><p>Seren wyth-pigog (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> Fenws) ar silindrau seliau Babilonaidd a cherrig ffiniau (gw. Black\/Green). Cwmni llewod (mae&#8217;n marchogaeth llew, cerbyd saith llew). Byddai ffigurynnau clai amddiffynnol o fenywod noeth \u00e2 dwylo o dan y bronnau (delweddau Ishtar) yn cael eu claddu ym muriau t\u0177 (Ur, Larsa, Sippar, cloddiadau Woolley).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ishtar, cyfochroeddau mewn diwylliannau eraill<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Mae Ishtar yn rhannu serch ag Aphrodite (Groeg), a&#8217;r agwedd rhyfel ag Athena (Groeg). Mae&#8217;r grym benywaidd anchwiliadwy yn ei chysylltu ag Isis (Yr Aifft). Yn ddiwylliannau Indiaidd, mae&#8217;n debyg i Durga neu Kali, egwyddor fenywaidd wyllt a dinistriol ond hanfodol i fywyd. Nid oes unrhyw dduwies arall o&#8217;r Dwyrain Agos hynafol sydd yr un mor gymhleth yn seicolegol ac yn ganolog yn ddiwylliannol ag Ishtar.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa0b1f45 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa0b1f45\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp66dddd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp66dddd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Inanna ac Ishtar: un dduwies mewn dwy iaith<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp466eb10 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp466eb10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf447111 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf447111\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y tu \u00f4l i&#8217;r enw Ishtar y mae un o dduwiesau hynaf a phwysicaf Mesopotamia.<\/p><p>Yn y ffynonellau Sumeraidd, gelwir hi <em>Inanna<\/em>, ac yn y testunau Acadaidd, Babilonaidd ac Asyriaidd hwyrach, <em>Ishtar<\/em>. Mae ymchwil yn tybio bod Ishtar Acadaidd wedi&#8217;i chysylltu i raddau helaeth ag Inanna Sumeraidd, ond bod duwies Semitaidd wreiddiol ar wah\u00e2n wedi&#8217;i chyfuno i mewn i&#8217;r ffurf hon yn ogystal. Dros y milenia, ymdoddodd gwahanol linynnau traddodiadol i&#8217;w gilydd.<\/p><p>Mae Ishtar yn cyfuno meysydd cyfrifoldeb sydd, ar yr olwg gyntaf, yn ymddangos yn wrthgyfeiriol. Hi yw duwies cariad rhywiol, ac ar yr un pryd duwies rhyfel. Mae hi&#8217;n cynrychioli chwant a denu, yn ogystal \u00e2 brwydr a thrais.<\/p><p>Ar adegau, mae ymchwil h\u0177n wedi gweld hyn fel gwrthddywediad, neu fel presenoldeb ochr yn ochr o ddwy dduwies. Mae gwaith mwy diweddar yn tueddu i bwysleisio bod y ddau faes yn cael eu cysylltu ym meddwl Mesopotamia gan briodoledd gyffredin: grym sy&#8217;n dryllio ffiniau ac yn tanseilio trefn, sy&#8217;n effeithiol yn angerdd a hefyd mewn rhyfel.<\/p><p>Ei hagwedd seryddol yw&#8217;r blaned Venws. Fel seren y bore a seren yr hwyr, cysylltwyd Ishtar \u00e2&#8217;r corff seryddol mwyaf trawiadol ar wah\u00e2n i&#8217;r haul a&#8217;r lleuad. Yma eto, gwelir ei natur ddeuol, gan fod y blaned yn ymddangos unwaith yn y bore ac unwaith gyda&#8217;r hwyr.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r cysylltiad hwn \u00e2 Venws yn arwyddocaol yn hanes crefydd, gan ei fod yn creu pont at dduwiesau cariad diweddarach ardal y M\u00f4r Canoldir, at Astarte Ffenicaidd ac at <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/aphrodite\/\">Affrodite<\/a> Roegaidd, a gysylltwyd hithau \u00e2&#8217;r blaned Venws.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp17a967f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp17a967f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb04c62b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb04c62b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ymweliad Ishtar \u00e2'r Isfyd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe59b334 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe59b334\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cped066e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cped066e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> cyfannol mwyaf adnabyddus am Ishtar yw ei disgyniad i&#8217;r isfyd. Mae wedi ei gadw ar gof mewn fersiwn Sumeraidd h\u0177n, <em>Ymweliad Inanna \u00e2&#8217;r Isfyd<\/em>, ac mewn fersiwn Acadaidd fyrrach, <em>Disgyniad Ishtar i Uffern<\/em>. Mae&#8217;r dduwies yn penderfynu disgyn i deyrnas y meirw, a lywodraethir gan ei chwaer Ereschkigal.<\/p><p>Ar y ffordd trwy saith porth yr isfyd, mae&#8217;n rhaid i Ishtar dynnu i ffwrdd dilledyn neu addurn, arwydd o&#8217;i grym, wrth bob porth.<\/p><p>Yn noeth ac wedi&#8217;i hamddifadu o&#8217;i harwyddluniau, mae hi&#8217;n sefyll o flaen Ereschkigal yn y diwedd ac yn cael ei lladd yno; caiff ei chorff ei grogi. Gyda marwolaeth y dduwies gariad, diflanna pob ffrwythlondeb o&#8217;r ddaear, ac nid oes dyn nac anifail yn geni epil mwyach.<\/p><p>Wedi ymyrraeth y duwiau uwch, adfywir Ishtar a chaniateir iddi adael yr isfyd, ond mae cyfraith teyrnas y meirw yn mynnu amnewidyn. Yn y fersiwn Sumeraidd, dewisir ei phriod Dumuzi, Tammuz yn Acadaidd, ar gyfer hyn; o hyn ymlaen mae&#8217;n rhaid iddo dreulio rhan o&#8217;r flwyddyn yn yr isfyd.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naratif traddodiadol am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">myth<\/span> hwn yn bwysig i astudiaethau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y disgyblaeth academaidd sy'n astudio crefyddau'n gymharol a heb ymrwymiad ffydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">crefydd<\/span> mewn mwy nag un ffordd. Mae&#8217;n cysylltu duwies \u00e2 chylchdro ffrwythlondeb ac anffrwythlondeb, ac felly&#8217;n cynnig enghraifft gynnar o&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Elfen gynnwys sy'n ailymddangos mewn celf neu naratif.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiff<\/span> cyffredin o dduw llystyfiant sy&#8217;n rhwym yn yr isfyd am gyfnod.<\/p><p>Ar yr un pryd, mae&#8217;r tynnu i ffwrdd graddol o&#8217;r arwyddluniau wrth y saith porth yn dangos byd meddyliol seremon\u00efol wedi&#8217;i ystyried yn ofalus. Ystyrir y dehongliad h\u0177n fel myth llystyfiant pur yn rhy gyfyng erbyn hyn; mae ymchwil yn pwysleisio&#8217;n gryfach them\u00e2u grym, diymadferthedd a&#8217;r ffin rhwng byd a byd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp83c3e12 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp83c3e12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe241c29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe241c29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Temlau, offeiriadaeth ac arferion cwltaidd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb2ed9a1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb2ed9a1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp598d56f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp598d56f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Roedd gan Ishtar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu fwy o dduwiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">demlau<\/span> a chysegrfeydd yn nifer o ddinasoedd Mesopotamia. Un o hen ganolfannau ei chwlt oedd dinas Uruk, lle safai&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Lle sanctaidd wedi'i neilltuo i addoli duw.\" tabindex=\"0\">gysegrfa<\/span> fawr <em>Eanna<\/em>, T\u0177&#8217;r Nef.<\/p><p>Yn Ninefe a dinasoedd Asyriaidd eraill hefyd, roedd hi&#8217;n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir yn dduwiol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwies<\/span> flaenllaw; galwai brenhinoedd Asyria ar Ishtar fel cynorthwywraig mewn brwydr a chysylltid buddugoliaethau \u00e2 hi.<\/p><p>Roedd cylch amrywiol o weision teml a phersonau \u00e2 swyddogaeth gwltaidd yn rhan o&#8217;r arferion cwltaidd. Mae&#8217;r ffynonellau cwneiffurf yn enwi gwahanol grwpiau o bobl a wasanaethai Ishtar, gan gynnwys rhai a ddisgrifir eu r\u00f4l rhywedd fel un rhwng y categor\u00efau arferol. Yn aml, disgrifiodd disgrifiadau h\u0177n gwlt Ishtar gan ddefnyddio&#8217;r term puteindra teml.<\/p><p>Mae ymchwil fwy diweddar wedi dod yn llawer mwy gofalus yn hyn o beth. Mae&#8217;n nodi bod y tystiolaethau hynafol ar gyfer hyn, yn arbennig darn enwog gan Herodotus, yn dod o&#8217;r tu allan, y gallent fod yn gamarweiniol, ac nad ydynt yn cyfateb yn rhwydd i&#8217;r ffynonellau cwneiffurf brodorol. Mae natur benodol yr elfennau cwltaidd \u00e2 chysylltiadau rhywiol yn parhau&#8217;n ddadleuol.<\/p><p>Ar y llaw arall, ceir tystiolaeth dda o hymnau a gwedd\u00efau at Ishtar, sydd yn rhai o&#8217;r testunau mwyaf trawiadol yn llenyddiaeth Mesopotamia. Maent yn clodfori ei grym, yn disgrifio ei phrydferthwch a&#8217;i braw, ac yn gofyn am ei chymorth.<\/p><p>Priodolwyd rhai o&#8217;r testunau hyn i ffigyrau a fu&#8217;n ffurfio traddodiad, megis yr offeiriades a&#8217;r bardd Acadaidd hynafol Enheduanna, y priodolir sawl hymn Inanna iddi. Dengys testunau o&#8217;r fath fod Ishtar nid yn unig yn wrthrych y cwlt swyddogol wladwriaethol, ond hefyd yn destun <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yr agwedd grefyddol a'r arfer a fyw gan berson.\" tabindex=\"0\">defosiwn<\/span> personol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdeae2cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpdeae2cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ae6994 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2ae6994\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ishtar yn Epig Gilgamesh ac yng nghof diwylliannol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdf5e8d3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpdf5e8d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7b60050 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp7b60050\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae un o benodau llenyddol enwocaf y traddodiad Mesopotamaidd yn dangos Ishtar mewn goleuni beirniadol. Yn <em>Epig Gilgamesh<\/em>, y gwaith mwyaf adnabyddus o lenyddiaeth Mesopotamia, mae&#8217;r dduwies yn ceisio ennill serch yr arwr Gilgamesh ac yn cynnig priodas iddo. Mae Gilgamesh yn gwrthod, gan roi hanes ei chariadon blaenorol iddi, y bu ei chariad hi&#8217;n dwyn anffawd arnynt, Dumuzi yn eu plith yn bennaf.<\/p><p>Yn ei chynddaredd, mae Ishtar yn mynnu bod ei thad yn rhoi Tarw&#8217;r Nefoedd iddi er mwyn cosbi Gilgamesh, ac mae hyn yn dwyn anhrefn enfawr, hyd nes i Gilgamesh ac Enkidu ladd y tarw.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r bennod hon yn ddadlennol o safbwynt hanes crefydd, gan ei bod yn dangos bod barddoniaeth Mesopotamia&#8217;n gallu priodoli i&#8217;w duwiau nodweddion o ddicter, perygl a chael eu sarhau. Ymddengys Ishtar yma yn nerthol, angerddol ac anrhagweladwy. Nid yw&#8217;r testun yn ei bychanu felly, eithr yn amlygu ei natur ddiderfyn.<\/p><p>Yn y cof diwylliannol, mae Ishtar wedi parhau&#8217;n bresennol yn bennaf drwy ddwy ffordd. Y gyntaf yw ailddarganfyddiad archeolegol Mesopotamia yn y 19eg a&#8217;r 20fed ganrif. Enwog yw Porth Ishtar Babylon wedi&#8217;i ail-lunio, gyda&#8217;i wal o deils gwydredig glas, sydd heddiw i&#8217;w gweld yn amgueddfa ym Merlin ac sy&#8217;n dangos yn eglur pwysigrwydd y dduwies i ddinas Babylon.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r ffordd arall yn arwain drwy hanes crefydd ei hun: mae&#8217;r cysylltiad rhwng cariad, rhyfel a phlaned Gwener yn gwneud Ishtar yn allwedd i ddeall duwiesau diweddarach dwyrain y M\u00f4r Canoldir. Gw\u00eal ymchwilwyr ynddi un o&#8217;r duwiau benywaidd mwyaf dylanwadol yn y Byd Hynafol, a gellir dilyn ei h\u00f4l o Sumer hyd at grefydd Groeg.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cysylltiadau pellach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/ereshkigal\/\">Ereshkigal, chwaer yn y Byd Tanddaearol<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/marduk\/\">Marduk, uwch ei phen ym mhantheon Babylon Newydd<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/aphrodite\/\">Aphrodite, y gyfochrog Roegaidd o gariad<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/mesopotamia\/\">Mesopotamia, trosolwg o&#8217;r pantheon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/duwiau-uchel\/\">Duwiau Goruchaf, is-gategori<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/duwiau\/\">Duwiau, trosolwg dosbarthiadau<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ffynonellau a llenyddiaeth<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Wolkstein, Diane \/ Kramer, Samuel Noah: <em>Inanna. Queen of Heaven and Earth<\/em>. New York 1983.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Foster, Benjamin R.: <em>Before the Muses. An Anthology of Akkadian Literature<\/em>. Bethesda 2005.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Gol.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (cofnod &bdquo;Ishtar&ldquo; &bdquo;Inanna&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Rhagor o weithiau safonol yn y <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/llenyddiaeth\/\">Rhestr Lyfryddiaeth<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50dfa77 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"50dfa77\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31968c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b31968c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Cwestiynau Cyffredin am Ishtar<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Pwy oedd Ishtar yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y chwedlau am dduwiau a drosglwyddwyd mewn diwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">fytholeg<\/span> Babylonaidd-Asyriaidd?<\/h3><p>Roedd Ishtar (Akkadaidd I\u0161tar, Swmeraidd Inanna) yn dduwies bwysicaf Mesopotamia, ac ar yr un pryd yn dduwies cariad, ffrwythlondeb a rhyfel. Mae&#8217;r swyddogaeth ddeuol wrthdrawiadol hon (cariad a rhyfel) yn nodweddiadol o&#8217;i hamwysedd.<\/p><p>Ei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chwedl a drosglwyddwyd am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">chwedl<\/span> fwyaf adnabyddus yw Disgyniad Inanna\/Ishtar i&#8217;r Byd Tanddaearol: mae&#8217;n disgyn i&#8217;r Byd Tanddaearol at ei chwaer Ereshkigal, ac ar hyd y ffordd mae&#8217;n cael ei diosg o&#8217;i saith tlws (saith porth, ac wrth bob un mae&#8217;n gollwng un darn). Mae&#8217;n marw isod ac yn dychwelyd yn unig drwy ymyrraeth ddwyfol, sef <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chwedl a drosglwyddwyd am dduwiau, tarddiadau a threfn y byd.\" tabindex=\"0\">chwedl<\/span> am adnewyddiad llysieuol.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Beth yw Porth Ishtar?<\/h3><p>Porth Ishtar oedd yr wythfed porth dinesig o brifddinas Fabylonaidd Babylon, a adeiladwyd tua 575 CC o dan Nebuchadnesar II. Roedd yn borth dwbl \u00e2 theils gwydredig glas, wedi&#8217;i addurno \u00e2 cherfluniau isel o deirw (ar gyfer y duw tywydd Adad), dreigiau (Mu\u0161\u1e2bu\u0161\u0161u, ar gyfer Marduk) a llewod (ar gyfer Ishtar).<\/p><p>Roedd yn un o adeiladau enwocaf y byd hynafol, ac fe gredir yn debygol ei fod y cyfeirir ato pan sonnir am Erddi Hongian Babylon fel un o Ryfeddodau&#8217;r Byd. Blaen y porth, wedi&#8217;i ail-lunio, sydd heddiw&#8217;n brif eitem Amgueddfa Pergamon Berlin.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Wer war Ishtar in der babylonisch-assyrischen Mythologie?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Ishtar (akkadisch I\u0161tar, sumerisch Inanna) war die wichtigste G\u00f6ttin Mesopotamiens, gleichzeitig G\u00f6ttin der Liebe, der Fruchtbarkeit und des Krieges. Diese widerspr\u00fcchliche Doppel-Funktion (Liebe und Krieg) ist typisch f\u00fcr ihre Ambivalenz.Ihr ber\u00fchmtester Mythos ist die H\u00f6llenfahrt der Inanna\/Ishtar, sie steigt in die Unterwelt zu ihrer Schwester Ereshkigal hinab und wird auf dem Weg ihrer sieben Schmuckst\u00fccke (sieben Tore, an jedem ein St\u00fcck abgelegt) entkleidet. Sie stirbt unten und kehrt nur durch g\u00f6ttliches Eingreifen zur\u00fcck, ein Mythos von vegetativer Erneuerung.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Was ist das Ishtar-Tor?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Das Ishtar-Tor war das achte Stadttor des babylonischen Hauptstadt Babylon, gebaut um 575 v. Chr. unter Nebukadnezar II. Es war ein doppelter Torbau mit blau glasierten Ziegeln, geschm\u00fcckt mit Reliefs von Stieren (f\u00fcr den Wettergott Adad), Drachen (Mu\u0161\u1e2bu\u0161\u0161u, f\u00fcr Marduk) und L\u00f6wen (f\u00fcr Ishtar).Es war eines der ber\u00fchmtesten Bauwerke der antiken Welt, wahrscheinlich gemeint, wenn die H\u00e4ngenden G\u00e4rten von Babylon als Weltwunder genannt werden. Die rekonstruierte Vorderseite des Tors ist heute das Hauptst\u00fcck des Pergamonmuseums Berlin.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1634,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Ishtar","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Ishtar \u2013 Duwies Cariad a Rhyfel yn Mesopotamia","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Ishtar, duwies cariad a rhyfel yn Mesopotamia. 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