{"id":191335,"date":"2026-09-07T07:25:46","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:25:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=191335"},"modified":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T07:29:24","slug":"mahakala","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/mahakala\/","title":{"rendered":"Mahakala"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"191335\" class=\"elementor elementor-191335 elementor-2021 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahakala, duw'r traddodiad Tibetaidd<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mah\u0101k\u0101la, yn Sansgrit &#8220;Y Du Mawr&#8221;, yn Tibeteg Nagpo Chenpo, yw Dharmap\u0101la (duw amddiffynnol) canolog o draddodiad Bwdhaeth Tibetaidd. Yn hanesyddol grefyddol, mae&#8217;n cyfuno agweddau Hind\u0175aidd Shiva \u00e2 soteroleg dantrig-Fwdhaidd, ac erbyn yr 8fed ganrif roedd wedi ymsefydlu yn India a Thibet fel gwarcheidwad y ddysgeidiaeth. Ym mhob un o&#8217;r pedwar ysgol o Fwdhaeth Tibetaidd, mae&#8217;n cyfrif yn un o&#8217;r duwiau amddiffynnol mwyaf parchedig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Duw \/ Duwies: Grym uchaf wedi'i bersonoli o fewn pantheon diwylliant, gyda chyfrifoldebau clir, grymoedd natur, tynged, rhyfel, ffrwythlondeb. Yn cael eu haddoli trwy gwltau, offrymau ac sefydliadau teml.\">Duw<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/tibet\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Traddodiad Bwdhaeth Tibetaidd a B\u00f6n, Yidam, Dharmap\u0101la, byd y Naga.\">Tibet<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dosbarth duwiau amddiffynnol Bwdhaeth Tibetaidd.\">Dharmap\u0101la<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ni chanfuwyd unrhyw benawdau ar y dudalen hon.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCynnwys\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_tibet_mahakala-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-193490\" alt=\"Mahakala - Duwiau o draddodiad Tibet, darluniadol-hanesyddol\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_tibet_mahakala-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_tibet_mahakala-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_tibet_mahakala-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_tibet_mahakala.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahakala<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae Mah\u0101k\u0101la yn ymddangos ar lawer o ffurfiau eiconograffig, dau, pedwar neu chwe arm, corff du neu las tywyll, gyda coron benglog, garlant o bennau wedi&#8217;u torri i ffwrdd, a ffedog o groen teigr.<\/p><p>Ystyrir ffurf ddwy-armog Bernagchen fel prif amddiffyniad ysgol Karma Kagyu, ffurf bedwar-armog Caturbhuja fel amddiffyniad ysgolion Sakya a Gelug, a ffurf chwe-armog Shadbhuja fel amddiffyniad yng nghyd-destun Avalokite\u015bvara. Yn swyddogaethol, mae&#8217;n amddiffyn ymarferwyr, mynachlogydd a throsglwyddiad y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn y crefyddau Indiaidd, y ddysgeidiaeth a threfn gywir gweithredu.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span> ei hun, yn gwrthsefyll rhwystrau ac yn cynorthwyo gweithgaredd goleuedig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ar Olwg: Mahakala<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Math:<\/strong> Prif dduw Bwdhaidd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Cerbyd Diemwnt'; ffurf dantrig o Fwdhaeth Mahayana, yn bennaf yn Tibet, gyda ymarfer Yidam a thechneg mantra yn ganolog.\">Vajrayana<\/span>, Yidam amddiffynnol dychrynllyd<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm duwiau crefydd neu ddiwylliant.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Bwdhaeth Tibetaidd (pob ysgol), wedi&#8217;i fenthyg o Bhairava\/Shiva Hind\u0175aidd<br>Swyddogaeth: Amddiffyn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn y crefyddau Indiaidd, y ddysgeidiaeth a threfn gywir gweithredu.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>, dinistrio rhwystrau a grymoedd dieflig, gwarcheidwad llinachau mynachaidd<br>Priodoleddau prif: Chwe arm (ffurf chwe-armog, y fwyaf poblogaidd), coron benglog, aureole yn ffagl, ffedog croen teigr, cwpan penglog<br>Prif safleoedd cwlt: pob mynachlog Tibetaidd (yn ystafell amddiffynnol ganolog fel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duwiol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">duwdod<\/span> canolog), Mynydd Wutai (Tsieina)<br>Prif ffurfiau: Mahakala chwe-armog, Mahakala pedwar-armog, Brahmanrupa-Mahakala, Pancanatha-Mahakala (5-pen)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyd-destun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyfnod y Testunau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cododd Mahakala (Sansgrit, &#8220;y Du Mawr&#8221; neu &#8220;amser mawr&#8221;) yn nhraddodiad tantrig Hind\u0175aidd fel agwedd ddychrynllyd o Shiva (= <em>Bhairava<\/em>), cafodd ei fenthyg gan Fwdhaeth Vajrayana yn yr 8fed-9fed ganrif, a daeth yn brif dduw amddiffynnol y traddodiad Tibetaidd.<\/p><p>Prif gyfnod blodeuo addoliad Mahakala yn Tibet: 11fed-14eg ganrif gyda&#8217;r ail ledaeniad o Fwdhaeth gan Atisha. Yn Tibet modern mae&#8217;n dal i fod yn ganolog ym mhob mynachlog. Ym Mwdhaeth Tsieineaidd fel <em>Daheitian<\/em> (noddwr y ceginau), yn Siapan fel <em>Daikokuten<\/em> (un o&#8217;r saith duw ffawd, wedi&#8217;i drawsffurfio&#8217;n ffraeth i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duwiol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> ffyniant mwyn).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ardal Ledaeniad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prif safleoedd cwlt: ym <strong>mhob mynachlog Tibetaidd<\/strong> mae gan Mahakala ei ystafell amddiffynnol ei hun (<em>Gonkhang<\/em>). Prif fynachlogydd gyda thraddodiad Mahakala arbennig: <strong>Tashilhunpo<\/strong> (sedd y Panchen Lama), <strong>Drepung<\/strong>, <strong>Sera<\/strong>, <strong>Gand\u00e4n<\/strong>, <strong>Sakya<\/strong>. Yn bresennol mewn llawer o gyfadeiladau mynachaidd yn Bhutan a Nepal.<\/p><p>Yn ganolog yn Mongolia (traddodiad Bogd Khan). Yn Siapan ym mhob <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu fwy o dduwiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> fel Daikokuten (gydag ymddangosiad mwyn nodweddiadol, sachaid reis yn lle cwpan penglog), yn demlau Tsieineaidd fel Daheitian.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sail y Ffynonellau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prif ffynonellau: <em>Mahakala-Tantra<\/em> (gwahanol fersiynau ar gyfer y gwahanol ffurfiau Mahakala), <em>Sadhanamala<\/em>, <em>Nispannayogavali<\/em>. Testunau ymarfer Tibetaidd: corpws <em>Mahakala-Sadhana<\/em> pob ysgol.<\/p><p>Llenyddiaeth eilaidd: Linrothe, <em>Ruthless Compassion. Wrathful Deities in Early Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art<\/em> (gwaith safonol); Stablein, <em>The Mah\u00e2k\u00e2la Tantra. A Lectionary on Vajray\u00e2na Buddhism<\/em>; Kohn, <em>Lord of the Dance. The Mani Rimdu Festival in Tibet and Nepal<\/em>; Lopez, <em>Religions of Tibet in Practice<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enw<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Darlunnir Mahakala gyda elfennau eiconograffig penodol sydd wedi&#8217;u codio&#8217;n symbolaidd ac yn cario ystyr ddwys. Mae&#8217;r elfennau hyn yn cyfleu&#8217;n ganolog swyddogaethau, ffynonellau grym, cyfrifoldebau a r\u00f4l gosmig y bod hwn. Mae&#8217;r system weledol yn caniat\u00e1u i&#8217;r rhai wedi&#8217;u cychwyn a&#8217;r rhai diwylliannol wybodus i amgyffred yr ystyr ddwys.<\/p><p>Yn ddarluniau Mahakala, mae pob elfen weledol wedi&#8217;i bennu gan y testunau Sadhana Tibetaidd: y lliw corff du neu las tywyll, y cyllell fachyn (Kartika) yn y llaw dde a&#8217;r cwpan penglog (Kapala) yn y llaw chwith, ynghyd \u00e2 coron benglog ac aureole yn ffagl. Mae peintwyr yn y mynachlogydd wedi ailgynhyrchu&#8217;r cyfarwyddiadau hyn ers canrifoedd yn \u00f4l yr un rheolau eiconometrig, felly mae ffurf amddiffynnol Avalokiteshvara yn parhau i fod yn adnabyddadwy&#8217;n glir ar draws yr holl ysgolion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nodweddion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Roedd Mahakala yn ganolog i arferion crefyddol a dealltwriaeth bob dydd pobl Tibet. Byddai pobl yn troi at yr endid hwn mewn sefyllfaoedd argyfyngus neu ar amserau defodol penodol yn y flwyddyn, gyda defodau strwythuredig, gwedd\u00efau neu offrymau. Trosglwyddwyd yr arfer yn fanwl gywir, ac yn aml c\u00e2i ei arwain gan offeiriaid neu arbenigwyr.<\/p><p>Y ffaith bod mynachlogydd Tibetaidd yn dal i gynnal defodau Mahakala yn ddyddiol hyd heddiw yn dangos pa mor rwymol yw&#8217;r arfer diogelu hwn o fewn y traddodiad. Mae&#8217;r dyletswyddau a briodolir iddo wedi&#8217;u rhannu&#8217;n glir: fel Dharmapala mae Mahakala yn atal rhwystrau cyn iddynt darfu ar yr arfer, mae&#8217;n dileu rwystrau presennol ar y llwybr ymarfer, yn cyd-deithio ag ymarferwyr drwy ymgysegriadau tantrig, ac yn gwylio&#8217;n barhaol fel gwarcheidwad mynachlog dros y ddysgeidiaeth a&#8217;i lleoedd.<\/p><p><strong>Ymddangosiad a Symboliaeth<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Mahakala<\/em> a ddarlunnir fel duw du neu las tywyll gyda gwallt gwyllt, yn aml gyda phedwar braich. Mae&#8217;n gwisgo diadem penglog, mwclis o bennau, ac yn dal cwpan penglog a llafn cyrliog. Mae ei drydydd llygad yn fflamio. Saif ar gyrff meirw neu ellyllon. Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Astudiaeth o gynnwys delweddau a'u hystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">eiconograffeg<\/span> hon yn symboli dinistrio&#8217;r ego a glynu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proffil: Mahakala<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prif nodweddion Mahakala ar gip. Mae&#8217;r meysydd isod yn crynhoi tarddiad, swyddogaeth, ymddangosiad, addoliad, symbolau a chymariaethau diwylliannol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cyd-destun Diwylliannol<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tarddodd Mahakala o&#8217;r traddodiad Hind\u0175aidd-tantrig fel agwedd wrathful ar Shiva (Bhairava), neu fel ffurf a ymenir o Avalokitesvara yn ei agwedd wrathful (un o&#8217;r ail-ddehongliadau Bwdhaidd). Yn y system Tibetaidd mae gwahanol brif ffurfiau: <em>Mahakala Chwe Braich<\/em> (y fwyaf poblogaidd, diogelu dysgeidiaeth Karma), <em>Mahakala Pedair Braich<\/em> (traddodiad Sakya), <em>Brahmanrupa-Mahakala<\/em> (ar ffurf Brahmin), <em>Pancanatha-Mahakala<\/em> (pum pen). Mae gan bob ffurf ei thantra a&#8217;i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Arfer ysbrydol yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth; yn cynnwys mantra, delweddu a defod, yn aml gyda yidam penodol.\">sadhana<\/span> ei hun.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gwrthrych gweithredu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yidam diogelu (duwdod diogelu myfyrdod) y ddysgeidiaeth Fwdhaidd a&#8217;r Sangha ymarferol. Yn dileu rwystrau, grymoedd dieflig, ac ysbrydion maleisus. Yn fynachlogydd Tibetaidd mae cylch Puja Mahakala misol yn cadw&#8217;r ddysgeidiaeth a&#8217;r fynachlog yn ddiogel. Noddwr trosglwyddiad athro-disgybl. Yn ddawnsiau Cham, cyfrontasiwn defodol \u00e2&#8217;r grymoedd negyddol. Yn Japan fel Daikokuten, trawsffurfiad paradocsaidd yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Endid a addolir yn dduwiol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> llewyrch mwyn (cyd-ddyrnau a sedd sach reis).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ymddangosiad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ffurf chwe braich (y fwyaf poblogaidd): corff dynol wrathful, du glo (neu las tywyll), cyhyrog dros ben, tri llygad (y trydydd yn fertigol ar y talcen), ceg agored gyda dannedd rhwygo, gwallt fflamllyd anniben gyda choron o bum penglog. Chwe braich: mewn dwylo <em>cleddyf<\/em> (Khadga), <em>cwpan penglog<\/em> (Kapala) \u00e2 gwaed\/Amrita, <em>Khatvanga<\/em> (teplu-benglog), <em>Damaru<\/em> (drwm), <em>Pasha<\/em> (rhaff-lasso), Trishula (trident).<\/p><p><em>Cadach ffwr teigr<\/em>, mwclis nadroedd, addurniadau esgyrn. Saif neu gwrcyda ar gorff dynol llesg (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Arwydd sy'n cynrychioli syniad neu ystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> yr hunanoldeb goresgynedig), amgylchynwyd gan aureole fflamllyd. Yn Japan fel Daikokuten, yn baradocsaidd mwyn a heddychlon gyda sach reis a ffon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Effeithiau Mahakala<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Maes gweithredu:<\/strong> Addolir Mahakala mewn pob mynachlog Tibetaidd yn ddyddiol. <em>Puja Mahakala<\/em> (yn aml ar y 29ain diwrnod o&#8217;r calendr lloeren Tibetaidd, dydd diogelu) yw defod bwysig. Mewn arfer tantrig, myfyrir arno fel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Yn Bwdhaeth Tibetaidd, duwdod myfyrdod y mae ymarferydd yn gweithio drwy uniaethu ag ef er mwyn ymgorffori agweddau o oleuedigaeth.\">yidam<\/span>.<\/p><p>Yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm gweithredoedd addoliad crefyddol ar gyfer duwdod neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">cwlt<\/span> salwch personol, ceir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y weithred o ymbil neu alw ar dduwdod neu rym.\" tabindex=\"0\">ap\u00eal<\/span> am ddiogelwch rhag achosion salwch dieflig. Yn ddawnsiau Cham (yn arbennig g\u0175yl Mani-Rimdu yn mynachlogydd Sherpa) mae&#8217;n ffigwr masgiedig canolog. Yn Japan fel Daikokuten mewn pob allor gartrefol fel duw llewyrch. Yn Mongolia ac yn Tsieina fel Daheitian.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amddiffyniad<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cleddyf (Khadga), cwpan penglog (Kapala), Khatvanga (teplu-benglog), Damaru (drwm), Pasha (rhaff-lasso), Trishula (trident). Coron benglog (5 penglog), gwallt fflamllyd, trydydd llygad, cadach ffwr teigr, addurniadau nadroedd, addurniadau esgyrn. Anifail cludo (yn rai ffurfiau): dyn dan y traed. Planhigion sanctaidd: y goeden Bilva. Lliwiau sanctaidd: du, glas tywyll. Diwrnodau sanctaidd: 29ain diwrnod y calendr lloeren.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cymariaethau<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Bhairava<\/em> (Hind\u0175aeth, rhagflaenydd uniongyrchol), <em>Shiva<\/em> (Hind\u0175aeth, agwedd tantrig), <em>Yamantaka<\/em> (Vajrayana, tudalen ei hun, ffurf wrathful gysylltiedig), <em>Daikokuten<\/em> (Japan, trawsffurfiad paradocsaidd ei hun), <em>Daheitian<\/em> (Tsieina, ffurf Fwdhaidd Tsieineaidd), <em>Yamadaharaja<\/em> (Tibet, duwdod wrathful gysylltiedig), <em>Hayagriva<\/em> (Bwdhaeth). Cymariaethau byd-eang o dduwdodau wrathful: <em>Sechmet<\/em> (Yr Aifft), <em>Set<\/em> (Yr Aifft, agwedd anhrefn), <em>Erinyes<\/em> (Groeg), <em>Kali<\/em> (Hind\u0175aeth, cymhariaeth fenywaidd).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahakala, cymariaethau mewn diwylliannau eraill<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Duwiau amddiffynnol dig, sy&#8217;n ymddangos fel agweddau ar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duwiol o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> uwch, yw thema gyffredin ym Bwdhaeth Indo-Tibetaidd, i&#8217;w cymharu \u00e2 Bhairava, Yamantaka neu&#8217;r ffigyrau Heruka; erys y swyddogaeth fel gwarcheidwad trothwyol a cheidwad <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yn y crefyddau Indiaidd, y ddysgeidiaeth a'r drefn gywir o weithredu.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span>&#8216;n gyson.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Traddodiad Iddewig:<\/strong> Nid oes cyfatebiaeth uniongyrchol; yn perthyn o bell mae rhyfelwyr-archangylion megis Mihangel, y mae eu swyddogaeth amddiffynnol yn erbyn gwrthwynebwyr cosmig yn baralel yn strwythurol i r\u00f4l y dharmap\u0101la (cymh. Gershom Scholem: Ursprung und Anf\u00e4nge der <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mysticiaeth Iddewig gyda phrif weithiau Sefer Yetzira, Sohar a'r ysgol Luriaidd; dysgeidiaeth am Sephirot, y Tetragrammaton a Tikkun.\">Kabbala<\/span>, Berlin 1962).<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Y byd Groegaidd-Rufeinig:<\/strong> I&#8217;w cymharu mae duwiau ofnadwy cthonig megis Hecate-Brimo neu Plwton yn ei agwedd ddig, sydd hwythau&#8217;n gweithredu fel gwarcheidwaid trothwyon defodol. Mae Walter Burkert (Griechische Religion, M\u00fcnchen 1977) yn nodi&#8217;r baralel strwythurol rhwng duwiau du apotropaig mewn crefyddau Indo-Ewropeaidd.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Mesopotamia:<\/strong> Mae Nergal, duw&#8217;r isfyd a difodiant milwrol, yn dwyn elfennau eiconograffig cyfatebol (penglogau, arfau, lliw du). Mae Jean Bott\u00e9ro (Die Religion in Mesopotamien, M\u00fcnchen 1985) yn disgrifio ei swyddogaeth fel troswr afiechyd a rhyfel, sy&#8217;n cyfateb yn strwythurol i weithgarwch dig Mah\u0101k\u0101la.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet><strong>India\/Asia:<\/strong> Deillia Mah\u0101k\u0101la o agwedd Hind\u0175aidd Shiva o&#8217;r un enw (Linga-Pur\u0101\u1e47a, Skanda-Pur\u0101\u1e47a), ac fe&#8217;i addolir fel prif Bhairava yn y cwltiau tantrig Yogini. Ym Bwdhaeth Tsieineaidd ymddengys fel Daheitian (\u5927\u9ed1\u5929), ac ym Bwdhaeth Shingon Japan fel Daikokuten, lle y cafodd ei ail-ddehongli&#8217;n gryf fel duw ffawd (cymh. Bernard Faure: Protectors and Predators, Honolulu 2016).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe558ae4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe558ae4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcce325f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcce325f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y trosglwyddiad o India i Tibet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb6dfa6b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb6dfa6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3f39156 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3f39156\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nid ffigwr Tibetaidd cynhenid yw Mah\u0101k\u0101la, ond fe&#8217;i mabwysiadwyd o Fwdhaeth tantrig India a&#8217;i ddatblygu ymhellach yn Tibet dros ganrifoedd.<\/p><p>Mae ei wreiddiau Indiaidd yn gorwedd yn rhannol yn amgylchfyd \u015aiva, lle mae <em>mah\u0101k\u0101la<\/em> (&#8220;yr amser mawr&#8221;, &#8220;y du mawr&#8221;) yn enw arall am agwedd ddinistriol \u015aiva, ac yn rhannol yn y meddiannu Bwdhaidd a&#8217;i wnaeth yn dduwdod amddiffynnol (<em>dharmap\u0101la<\/em>). Mae tantras Bwdhaidd megis y testunau ynghylch Cakrasa\u1e43vara a Hevajra yn rhoi iddo ei le yn y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagram cylchol sy'n cynrychioli'r cosmos yn Hind\u0175aeth a Bwdhaeth.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span>.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r dderbyniad Tibetaidd yn dechrau gyda&#8217;r ail lledaeniad Bwdhaeth o&#8217;r ddegfed a&#8217;r unfed ganrif ar ddeg ymlaen.<\/p><p>Cyfieithwyr ac athrawon megis y ffigyrau o gwmpas traddodiad cynnar Sakya a ddaeth \u00e2 thantras Mah\u0101k\u0101la i Tibet a sefydlu ei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y cyfanrwydd o weithredoedd defosiwn crefyddol ar gyfer duwdod neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwlt<\/span>. Aeth pob un o&#8217;r ysgolion mawr yn ei blaen i ddatblygu ei ffocws ei hun: mae traddodiad Sakya&#8217;n meithrin yn benodol y Mah\u0101k\u0101la deuarfog ar ffurf <em>Pa\u00f1jaran\u0101tha<\/em>, &#8220;Arglwydd y Baldachin&#8221; neu &#8220;Mah\u0101k\u0101la&#8217;r Babell&#8221;, sy&#8217;n gysylltiedig yn agos \u00e2 chylch Hevajra.<\/p><p>Mae ysgol Karma Kagy\u00fc yn cynnal ei llinach ei hun, lle mae Mah\u0101k\u0101la, fel amddiffynnwr y Karmapau, yn cyflawni r\u00f4l amlwg.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r hanes trosglwyddo hwn yn egluro pam nad un Mah\u0101k\u0101la sydd, ond teulu cyfan o ffurfiau a wahaniaethir yn \u00f4l nifer y breichiau, y ffigyrau cyd-ddigwydd a&#8217;r cyswllt defodol.<\/p><p>Nid gwrthddywediadau yw&#8217;r amrywiadau deuarfog, pedwararfog a chwecharfog, ond agweddau gwahanol, y mae pob un yn glwm wrth gylchoedd tantra a llinachau trosglwyddo penodol. Rhaid i unrhyw un a fyn ddeall Mah\u0101k\u0101la ei ddarllen fel casgliad o draddodiadau a dyfodd yn hanesyddol, nid fel ffigwr unigol sefydlog.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpde6d358 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpde6d358\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6f8f58e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6f8f58e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eiconograffiaeth y ffurf chwecharfog<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8bb3c4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp8bb3c4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd215f7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd215f7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y darluniad mwyaf cyffredin yn y byd Tibetaidd yw&#8217;r Mah\u0101k\u0101la chwecharfog, a elwir yn Tibeteg yn aml <em>mGon po phyag drug pa<\/em>. Mae&#8217;r ffurf hon yn gysylltiedig yn agos ag ysgol Gelug, ond hefyd yn cael ei addoli mewn traddodiadau eraill. Mae&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Y ddysgeidiaeth am gynnwys delweddau a'u hystyr.\" tabindex=\"0\">eiconograffiaeth<\/span> yn cael ei rheoli&#8217;n gaeth ac wedi ei sefydlu yn y testunau s\u0101dhana, felly gall darluniad a wneir yn gywir wasanaethu fel sail myfyrdod.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r corff yn ddu neu&#8217;n las tywyll, cryno a chryf, gydag wyneb dig, tri llygad a choron o bum penglog, sy&#8217;n symboleiddio&#8217;r pum gwenwyn meddwl trawsffurfiedig.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r chwe braich yn dwyn priodoleddau penodol yr un: cyllell gam (<em>kart\u1e5bk\u0101<\/em>), powlen benglog (<em>kap\u0101la<\/em>), gleiniau gweddi o esgyrn, drwm llaw bach (<em>\u1e0damaru<\/em>), tryfer a las\u0175 neu grafanc.<\/p><p>Nid arfau yn unig yw&#8217;r gwrthrychau hyn, ond cludwyr ystyr codedig: mae&#8217;r gyllell gam yn torri glyniad, mae&#8217;r powlen benglog yn dal y byd ymddangosiadol wag, mae&#8217;r las\u0175&#8217;n rhwymo&#8217;r grymoedd tarfus.<\/p><p>O dan y traed mae&#8217;n aml fod bod \u00e2 phen eliffant, sy&#8217;n cynrychioli&#8217;r rhwystrau i&#8217;w gorchfygu. Saif Mah\u0101k\u0101la mewn awra o fflamau, wedi&#8217;i amgylchynu gan briodoleddau maes claddu, sy&#8217;n dangos ei gysylltiad \u00e2&#8217;r Meysydd Corff, y mannau claddu marwolion a ystyrir yn dantra fel gofodau trawsffurfiad radical.<\/p><p>Mae paentio thangka a chastio efydd wedi trosglwyddo&#8217;r fformwla ddelweddol hon dros ganrifoedd; ceir enghreifftiau y gellir eu dyddio&#8217;n dda yn y casgliadau amgueddfa mawr ac yn drysorfeydd y mynachlogydd. Mae&#8217;r arwahanrwydd gwyllt hwn yn eiconograffig gywir mewn gwirionedd: mae pob manylyn yn cyfeirio at agwedd o&#8217;r llwybr, nid yn fygythiad noeth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcceee43 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpcceee43\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe2ce5fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe2ce5fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Duwdod amddiffynnol, nid cythraul: y dosbarthiad diwinyddol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0c308aa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0c308aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpefcc766 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpefcc766\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae camddealltwriaeth gyffredin y tu allan i&#8217;r cyd-destun Tibetaidd yn trin ffigyrau llidiog fel Mah\u0101k\u0101la fel ysbrydion drwg neu gythreuliaid. O fewn Bwdhaeth Tibetaidd, mae&#8217;r dosbarthiad hwn yn anghywir. Mae Mah\u0101k\u0101la yn perthyn i ddosbarth y <em>dharmap\u0101la<\/em>, gwarcheidwaid y Ddysgeidiaeth.<\/p><p>O fewn y drefn ehangach, ystyrir ef yn ymrwymiad llidiog o wead goleuedig, yn dibynnu ar y traddodiad naill ai&#8217;r Bodhisattva Avalokite\u015bvara neu un o&#8217;r Bwdhau. Nid yw&#8217;r ffurf llidiog yn fynegiant o gasineb, ond yn ffurf benodol o weithgarwch goleuedig sy&#8217;n dileu rhwystrau heb fod ynghlwm \u00e2 chasineb.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r traddodiad Tibetaidd yn gwahaniaethu yma rhwng gwarcheidwaid &#8220;bydol&#8221;, a all fod yn ysbrydion lleol heb eu dofi, a gwarcheidwaid &#8220;tros-fydol&#8221;, sy&#8217;n bodoli y tu hwnt i&#8217;r cylch bodolaeth. Mae Mah\u0101k\u0101la yn perthyn yn ddiamwys i&#8217;r ail gr\u0175p.<\/p><p>Cyfeirir ei weithredoedd yn erbyn y grymoedd mewnol ac allanol sy&#8217;n tynnu&#8217;r ymarferydd o&#8217;r llwybr: yn erbyn ymlyniad, casineb a rhithiau, yn ogystal ag yn erbyn bygythiadau pendant i gymuned y fynachlog.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r dosbarthiad hwn yn cael canlyniadau ymarferol i&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol i dduw neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwyl<\/span>. Mae&#8217;r ymarfer Mah\u0101k\u0101la yn cael ei ragflaenu gan gychwyniad (<em>abhi\u1e63eka<\/em>) gan athro cymwys; nid yw wedi ei fwriadu ar gyfer ei ymarfer heb baratoad. Mae&#8217;r seremon\u00efau amddiffynnol rheolaidd yn y mynachlogydd, yn cael eu cynnal yn aml ar ddiwedd y mis, yn arferion cymunedol lle mae&#8217;r gymuned fynachaidd yn adnewyddu&#8217;r cysylltiad \u00e2&#8217;r gwarcheidwad.<\/p><p>Mae unrhyw un sy&#8217;n cymysgu Mah\u0101k\u0101la \u00e2&#8217;r ysbrydion niweidiol y mae ef ei hun yn cael ei ddefnyddio yn eu herbyn yn camddeall strwythur sylfaenol y pantheon tantrig. Ffigyrau sydd yn debyg o lidiog ac eto&#8217;n glir wedi eu dosbarthu fel gwarcheidwaid yw <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/palden-lhamo\/\">Palden Lhamo<\/a> a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/yamantaka\/\">Yamantaka<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpab5cfe5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpab5cfe5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp203ee75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp203ee75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mah\u0101k\u0101la fel duw ymerodrol: y cyd-destun Mongolaidd a Tsieineaidd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe06ad03 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe06ad03\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp65b74bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp65b74bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Y tu hwnt i furiau&#8217;r fynachlog, roedd hanes gwleidyddol i Mah\u0101k\u0101la. Gyda lledaeniad Bwdhaeth Tibetaidd tua&#8217;r gogledd, daeth yn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duw o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span> o bwysigrwydd dynastig.<\/p><p>O dan reolwyr Mongolaidd cyfnod Yuan, pan gynhaliai hierarchiaid Sakya gysylltiadau agos \u00e2 llys Mongolaidd, cafodd Mah\u0101k\u0101la statws duwdod amddiffynnol i deulu&#8217;r rheolwyr. Mae adroddiadau&#8217;n cysylltu ei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol i dduw neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwyl<\/span> \u00e2 llwyddiant milwrol a chyfreithlondeb y dynasti.<\/p><p>Parhaodd y llinyn hwn yn gyfnod Qing. Comisiynodd yr ymerawdwyr Manchu, a hyrwyddai Fwdhaeth Tibetaidd fel offeryn integreiddio ymerodrol, gysegrfeydd Mah\u0101k\u0101la; yn Mukden, sef Shenyang heddiw, bodolai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adeilad a ddefnyddir i addoli un neu ragor o dduwiau.\" tabindex=\"0\">deml<\/span> Mah\u0101k\u0101la o bwys, wedi ei chysylltu \u00e2 grym y wladwriaeth.<\/p><p>Yma, nid yn unig amddiffynnwr ymarfer unigol oedd y duw, ond gwarant trefn yr ymerodraeth.<\/p><p>Yn ystyr grefyddol-astudiaethol, mae&#8217;r canfyddiad hwn yn bwysig gan ei fod yn dangos bod swyddogaeth <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duw o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">duwdod<\/span> yn dibynnu ar y gymuned sy&#8217;n ei chynnal. Gallai&#8217;r un Mah\u0101k\u0101la, a oedd yn taflu i lawr rhwystrau mewnol y myfyriwr yn y ddefod fynachaidd, ymddangos yn y llys fel gwarant lwc mewn brwydr a sefydlogrwydd rheolaeth.<\/p><p>Mae&#8217;r ddwy ddehongliad yn seiliedig ar y traddodiad, gan y gellir llenwi &#8220;dileu rhwystrau&#8221; yn ysbrydol neu&#8217;n wleidyddol yn dibynnu ar y cyd-destun.<\/p><p>Mae ymchwil fodern, er enghraifft ar hanes crefyddol Tibet-Mongolaidd, wedi manylu ar y cydblethiad hwn o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cyfanswm y gweithredoedd addoli crefyddol i dduw neu ffigwr sanctaidd.\" tabindex=\"0\">gwyl<\/span> a grym. Ar y llaw arall, mae&#8217;n rhybuddio yn erbyn lleihau&#8217;r gwarcheidwad i&#8217;w ddefnydd gwleidyddol yn unig: y gwyl fynachaidd oedd y gwir gynhalydd traddodiad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb432a51 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpb432a51\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1dc2792 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp1dc2792\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ymarfer defodol a sail testunol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8f50c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp8f50c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdf3276e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpdf3276e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mae ymarfer Mah\u0101k\u0101la yn seiliedig ar sail testunol eang. Wrth y craidd mae&#8217;r S\u0101dhanau, cyfarwyddiadau myfyrdod defodol sy&#8217;n cyflwyno cam wrth gam weledigaeth y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duw o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span>, adrodd y mantra, a chyflwyno offrymau. Yn ogystal, ceir testunau moliant (<em>stotra<\/em>), testunau hanes am y llinach drosglwyddiad, a llawlyfrau defodol manwl ar gyfer seremon\u00efau amddiffynnol mynachaidd.<\/p><p>Yr wrthrych defodol nodedig yw&#8217;r <em>gtor ma<\/em>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Offrwm i dduwdod i fynegi diolch, cais neu addoliad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offrwm<\/span> wedi ei ffurfio o flawd barlys a menyn, a gaiff ffurf benodol yn dibynnu ar yr achlysur, ac a gyflwynir i&#8217;r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bod a addolir fel duw o fewn crefydd.\" tabindex=\"0\">dduwdod<\/span>.<\/p><p>Yn y mynachlogydd mawr, mae seremon\u00efau Mah\u0101k\u0101la yn rhan o&#8217;r cylch blynyddol sefydlog, yn enwedig yn y dyddiau cyn Blwyddyn Newydd Tibetaidd, pan fydd angen puro&#8217;r amser sydd ar ddod i ben rhag dylanwadau aflonyddgar. Mewn rhai traddodiadau, mae dawnsfeydd masg (<em>&#8216;cham<\/em>), lle mae dawnswyr yn ymgorffori&#8217;r gwarcheidwaid, yn rhan o hyn.<\/p><p>Yn bwysig i&#8217;r ddealltwriaeth yw r\u00f4l yr athro. Mae ymarfer Mah\u0101k\u0101la difrifol yn ymgysylltiedig \u00e2&#8217;r cychwyniad a chyfarwyddyd llafar; ni ystyrir y testunau ar eu pen eu hunain yn ddigonol.<\/p><p>Nid pen ei hun sefydliadol yw&#8217;r cysylltiad hwn \u00e2&#8217;r llinach (<em>brgyud<\/em>), ond mae&#8217;n dilyn y ddealltwriaeth dantrig fod effeithiolrwydd yr ymarfer yn dibynnu ar drosglwyddiad di-dor y grym cychwyniadol.<\/p><p>Mae casgliadau gorllewinol yn dal nifer o lawysgrifau Mah\u0101k\u0101la ac argraffiadau bloc, sydd erbyn hyn yn rhannol wedi eu digideiddio, gan alluogi ymchwil i&#8217;r gwahanol linachau. Felly mae sail y ffynonellau&#8217;n gymharol dda, ond mae&#8217;n gofyn am gyfarwydddeb \u00e2&#8217;r Tibetaidd defodol a rhesymeg fewnol y Tantra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cysylltiadau pellach<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/bhairava\/\">Bhairava, gwreiddyn Hind\u0175aidd<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/shiva\/\">Shiva, y ffynhonnell eithaf<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/yamantaka\/\">Yamantaka, ffurf ddigofus gysylltiedig o&#8217;r Vajrayana<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/avalokiteshvara\/\">Avalokitesvara, mewn un traddodiad gwreiddyn tangnefeddus Mahakala<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/bwdhaeth\/\">Bwdhaeth, trosolwg y pantheon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/duwiau-uchel\/\">Duwiau uchel, is-gategori<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/duwiau\/\">Duwiau, trosolwg dosbarthiadau<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ffynonellau a llenyddiaeth<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Stablein, William: <em>The Mah&acirc;k&acirc;la Tantra. A Lectionary on Vajray&acirc;na Buddhism<\/em>. Columbia 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kohn, Richard J.: <em>Lord of the Dance. The Mani Rimdu Festival in Tibet and Nepal<\/em>. Albany 2001.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Gol.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (cofnod &bdquo;Mah&acirc;k&acirc;la&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Rhagor o weithiau safonol yn y <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/cy\/llenyddiaeth\/\">Rhestr Lyfryddiaeth<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc877ef e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fc877ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dda227b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dda227b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Cwestiynau cyffredin am Mahakala<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Pwy yw Mahakala ym Mwdhaeth Tibet?<\/h3><p>Mahakala (Sansgrit, y tywyllwch mawr neu&#8217;r amser mawr) yw un o&#8217;r Dharmapalas pwysicaf, y duwiau gwarcheidwad digofus ym Mwdhaeth Tibet. Nid ydyn nhw&#8217;n fodau drygionus, ond yn bwerau goleuedig sy&#8217;n ymddangos ar ffurf frawychus i warchod y dysgeidiaeth Fwdhaidd a&#8217;i hymarferwyr rhag rwystrau.<\/p><p>Fel arfer darlunnir Mahakala yn las tywyll neu ddu, gyda choron o gnau pen meirw, tri llygad a torch o benau wedi&#8217;u torri. Mae ei olwg ddigofus wedi&#8217;i chyfeirio at elynion mewnol trachwant, casineb a rhithdyb.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Sut mae Mahakala yn gysylltiedig \u00e2 Shiva Hind\u0175aidd?<\/h3><p>Mae gwreiddiau Mahakala yn y duw Hind\u0175aidd Shiva, sydd \u00e2&#8217;r ail enw Mahakala (Arglwydd Amser, Trechwr Marwolaeth). Wrth i Fwdhaeth dantrig ddatblygu, mabwysiadwyd y ffigwr hwn a&#8217;i ail-ddehongli fel gwarcheidwad Bwdhaidd.<\/p><p>Mae Mahakala yn bodoli ar lawer ffurf \u00e2 dau, pedwar neu chwe braich, sy&#8217;n perthyn i wahanol linachau traddodiad. Trwy Fwdhaeth Tibet cyrhaeddodd hyd i Fongolia a Japan, lle daeth yn Daikokuten, hyd yn oed yn un o&#8217;r saith duwdod ffawd a gwarcheidwad y gegin a chyfoeth.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Pwy yw Mahakala ym Mwdhaeth Tibet?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Mahakala (Sansgrit, y tywyllwch mawr neu'r amser mawr) yw un o'r Dharmapalas pwysicaf, y duwiau gwarcheidwad digofus ym Mwdhaeth Tibet. Nid ydyn nhw'n fodau drygionus, ond yn bwerau goleuedig sy'n ymddangos ar ffurf frawychus i warchod y dysgeidiaeth Fwdhaidd a'i hymarferwyr rhag rwystrau. Fel arfer darlunnir Mahakala yn las tywyll neu ddu, gyda choron o gnau pen meirw, tri llygad a torch o benau wedi'u torri. Mae ei olwg ddigofus wedi'i chyfeirio at elynion mewnol trachwant, casineb a rhithdyb.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Sut mae Mahakala yn gysylltiedig \u00e2 Shiva Hind\u0175aidd?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Mae gwreiddiau Mahakala yn y duw Hind\u0175aidd Shiva, sydd \u00e2'r ail enw Mahakala (Arglwydd Amser, Trechwr Marwolaeth). Wrth i Fwdhaeth dantrig ddatblygu, mabwysiadwyd y ffigwr hwn a'i ail-ddehongli fel gwarcheidwad Bwdhaidd. Mae Mahakala yn bodoli ar lawer ffurf \u00e2 dau, pedwar neu chwe braich, sy'n perthyn i wahanol linachau traddodiad. Trwy Fwdhaeth Tibet cyrhaeddodd hyd i Fongolia a Japan, lle daeth yn Daikokuten, hyd yn oed yn un o'r saith duwdod ffawd a gwarcheidwad y gegin a chyfoeth.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1767,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Mahakala","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Mahakala \u2013 Duw Amddiffynnol yn Bwdhaeth Tibetaidd","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Mahakala, arglwydd amddiffynnol dysgeidiaeth Bwdhaidd a gwarcheidwad tantrig Tibet. Ffurf chwe-armog, swyddogaethau amddiffynnol a r\u00f4l ym Mwdhaeth Vajrayana.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"tibet","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-191335","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mahakala \u2013 Duw Amddiffynnol yn Bwdhaeth Tibetaidd<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Mahakala, arglwydd amddiffynnol dysgeidiaeth Bwdhaidd a gwarcheidwad tantrig Tibet. 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